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Temperature Dependent Shock Initiation Of Tatb Based High Explosives
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Book Synopsis Temperature-dependent Shock Initiation of TATB-based High Explosives by :
Download or read book Temperature-dependent Shock Initiation of TATB-based High Explosives written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of temperature on the shock sensitivity of two TATB formulations PBX 9502 and LX-17 are studied over the temperature range -54°C to 252°C. The shock Hugoniot curves over this same temperature range are developed. Thermal expansion properties and porosities are used to help determine the mechanisms of thermal sensitization. Impact sensitivities over the range from ambient to 300°C are reported. Analyses of these results imply that thermal sensitization is the result of purely chemical kinetics enhancement and intracrystalline hot-spot growth. Additional results on the ambient shock sensitivity of PBX 9502 and LX-17 following thermal cycling to 252°C and back to ambient is presented.
Book Synopsis Shock Initiation of the TATB-based Explosive PBX-9502 Heated to 76C. by :
Download or read book Shock Initiation of the TATB-based Explosive PBX-9502 Heated to 76C. written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library, Vol. 5 by : Blaine Asay
Download or read book Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library, Vol. 5 written by Blaine Asay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-16 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Los Alamos National Laboratory is an incredible place. It was conceived and born amidst the most desperate of circumstances. It attracted some of the most brilliant minds, the most innovative entrepreneurs, and the most c- ative tinkerers of that generation. Out of that milieu emerged physics and engineering that beforehand was either unimagined, or thought to be f- tasy. One of the ?elds essentially invented during those years was the science of precision high explosives. Before 1942, explosives were used in munitions and commercial pursuits that demanded proper chemistry and con?nement for the necessary e?ect, but little else. The needs and requirements of the Manhattan project were of a much more precise and speci?c nature. Spatial and temporal speci?cations were reduced from centimeters and milliseconds to micrometers and nanoseconds. New theory and computational tools were required along with a raft of new experimental techniques and novel ways of interpreting the results. Over the next 40 years, the emphasis was on higher energy in smaller packages, more precise initiation schemes, better and safer formulations, and greater accuracy in forecasting performance. Researchers from many institutions began working in the emerging and expanding ?eld. In the midst of all of the work and progress in precision initiation and scienti?c study, in the early 1960s, papers began to appear detailing the ?rst quantitative studies of the transition from de?agration to detonation (DDT), ?rst in cast, then in pressed explosives, and ?nally in propellants.
Book Synopsis A Literature Review of Shock Sensitivity Changes of TATB Due to Thermal Cycling by :
Download or read book A Literature Review of Shock Sensitivity Changes of TATB Due to Thermal Cycling written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insensitive high explosives (IHEs) based on 1,3,5-triamino 2,4,6-trinitro-benzene (TATB) are the IHEs of choice for use in nuclear warheads over conventional high explosives when safety is the only consideration, because they are very insensitive to thermal or mechanical initiation stimuli. It is this inherent insensitivity to high temperatures, shock, and impact, which provides detonation design challenges when designing TATB explosive systems while at the same time providing a significant level of protection against accidental initiation. Although classified as IHE, over the past few years the focus on explosive safety has demonstrated that the shock sensitivity of TATB is influenced with respect to temperature. A number of studies have been performed on TATB and TATB formulations, plastic bonded explosives (PBX) 9502, and LX-17-01 (LX-17), which demonstrates the increase in shock sensitivity of the explosive after it has been preheated or thermally cycled over various temperature ranges. Many studies suggest the change in sensitivity is partly due to the decomposition rates of the temperature elevated TATB. Others point to the coefficient of thermal expansion, the crystalline structures of TATB and/or the combination of all factors, which create voids which can become active hot spots. During thermal cycling, TATB is known to undergo an irreversible increase in specific volume called ratchet growth. This increase in specific volume correlates to a decrease in density. This decrease in density and increase in volume, demonstrate the creations of additional void spaces which could serve as potential new initiation hot spots thus, increasing the overall sensitivity of the HE. This literature review evaluates the published works to understand why the shock sensitivity of TATB-based plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) changes with temperature.
Book Synopsis Temperature-dependent Shock Initiation of LX-17 Explosive by :
Download or read book Temperature-dependent Shock Initiation of LX-17 Explosive written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Embedded Electromagnetic Gauge Measurements and Modeling of Shock Initiation in the TATB Based Explosives PBX 9502 and LX-17 by :
Download or read book Embedded Electromagnetic Gauge Measurements and Modeling of Shock Initiation in the TATB Based Explosives PBX 9502 and LX-17 written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have completed a series of shock initiation experiments on PBX 9502 (95 weight % dry aminated TATB explosive, 5 weight % Kel-F 800 binder) and LX-17 (92.% wet aminated TATB, 7.5 % Kel-F 800). These experiments were performed on the gas/gas two stage gun at Los Alamos. Samples were prepared with ten or eleven embedded electromagnetic particle velocity gauges to measure the evolution of the wave leading up to a detonation. Additionally, one to three shock tracker gauges were used to track the position of the shock front with time and determine the point where detonation was achieved. Wave profiles indicate little delay between formation of hot-spots in the shock front and release of hotspot energy. In other words, a great deal of the buildup occurs in the shock front, rather than behind it. Run distances and times to detonation as a function of initial pressure are consistent with published data. The Ignition and Growth model with published parameters for LX-17 replicate the data very well.
Book Synopsis The Thermal Response of TATB-Based PBXs by :
Download or read book The Thermal Response of TATB-Based PBXs written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the design mode of operation, TATB-based PBXs, such as PBX 9502 or LX-17, are promptly initiated by a detonator and booster system. In abnormal situations, such as accidents, a wide variety of non-design-mode insults can arise and it is desirable that these do not produce detonation but rather that, at most, they lead to a low chemical energy release. The most significant abnormal hazard is the direct shock initiation threat arising from high-velocity fragment impact. This is quite well defined and may result in a detonative response if the fragment is large enough and fast enough. However, it is of considerably greater significance to the safety envelope of these explosives whether they are at all capable of DDT (deflagration-to-detonation transition), either at ambient or elevated temperatures since accidental insults to the explosive, either mechanical or thermal, that may produce local burning are both more numerous and more likely than shock loading. The purpose of this document is to demonstrate, based on the accumulated body of conservative experimental testing, that in explosive geometries and masses relevant to the Weapons Program, TATB-based PBXs do not present a deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) hazard at any temperature. This is a significant statement since it removes detonative outcome concerns from the majority of insult scenarios on TATB-based charges. It does not address the response of included detonator and booster assemblies, the response of which must be considered separately.
Book Synopsis Shock Initiation of UF-TATB at 250°C. by :
Download or read book Shock Initiation of UF-TATB at 250°C. written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The shock initiation properties of pure ultrafine grade triaminotrinitrobenzne (UF-TATB) pressed to an initial density of 1.80 g/cm3 and fired at ambient temperature and 250 C are reported. Embedded manganin pressure gauges are used to measure the pressure histories during the buildup to detonation at several input pressures. The ambient temperature results confirm previous run distance to detonation versus shock pressure results. UF-TATB at 250 C is shown to be much more shock sensitive than it is at ambient temperature. At high impact pressures, the shock sensitivity of UF-TATB at 250 C approaches that of HMX-based explosives under ambient conditions. Ignition and Growth reactive flow models are developed for UF-TATB at both temperatures to allow predictions to be made for other scenarios.
Book Synopsis Nature of the Buildup to Detonation in Solid High Explosives During Plane Shock Initiation. [PBX-9404 and PBX-9502]. by :
Download or read book Nature of the Buildup to Detonation in Solid High Explosives During Plane Shock Initiation. [PBX-9404 and PBX-9502]. written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two models for the initiation process are compared to results of experimental studies of initiation of detonation in two high explosives, PBX-9404 (HMX-based) and PBX-9502 (TATB-based), by sustained shock waves. A critical examination of the model known as single-curve buildup is made. Several comparisons are made with experimental results for the two explosives. The model describes the observed shock trajectories moderately well although it has some limitations. These are manifested by an examination of the relation between input pressure and distance of run to detonation. The data are also compared with model solutions for the initiation process which assume self-similar flow. The model can fit the experimental shock trajectory reasonably well but difficulties are encountered in attempting to complete the solution for the entire flow field. For PBX-9404, published pressure-time profiles are examined for self-similar character. The measured profiles show substantial disagreement with the similarity model.
Book Synopsis Increased Shock Sensitivity of the Insensitive Explosive LX-17 at High Temperatures by :
Download or read book Increased Shock Sensitivity of the Insensitive Explosive LX-17 at High Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explosive formulations based on TATB (1.3.5-trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) have proven to be remarkably insensitive to shock and thermal stimuli. However, hazards to an insensitive high explosive (IHE) charge do not always confine themselves to a single stimulus. In the study reported here, we have investigated the response of the LLNL explosive LX-17 (92.5%/7.5% TATB/Kel-F 800) to shock when the explosive is at an elevated temperature. The motivation for the work was to learn the extent to which the shock initiation threshold and critical initiation area of LX-17 are lowered by exposure to elevated temperature.
Book Synopsis Summary of Shock Initiation Data for TATB-based Explosives by :
Download or read book Summary of Shock Initiation Data for TATB-based Explosives written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This short summary of previously published data was compiled to provide the actual in-situ gauge data to allow modeling of these experiments. Although the purpose here is to fulfill a deliverable for a JOWOG 9 Focused Exchange (09-006), it is just as applicable to other exchanges as well. The TATB materials described here are Ultra Fine (UF) TATB and LX-17 (92.5% TATB and 7.5% Kel-F by weight), with the details of the experiments provided in the prior publications. The data is provided in the appendices of the document, but will be provided electronically as text files due to being amenable to importing into the code in that manner for comparison.
Book Synopsis High-temperature Shock Initiation of Explosives by :
Download or read book High-temperature Shock Initiation of Explosives written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Shock Compression of Condensed Matter--2003 by : Michael D. Furnish
Download or read book Shock Compression of Condensed Matter--2003 written by Michael D. Furnish and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two volumes contain 350 papers presented at the 13th Biennial International Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (Portland, Oregon, July 2003). One of the three plenary lectures was given by James Asay (Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State U., Pullman, Washington) on wave structure studies in condensed matter physics. The papers in v.1 address nonenergetic materials; energetic materials; phase transitions; the modeling, simulation, theory, and molecular dynamics modeling of nonreactive and reactive materials; spall, fracture, and fragmentation; constitutive and microstructural properties of metals; mechanical properties of polymers and composites; and mechanical properties of ceramics, glasses, ionic solids, and liquids. The largest number of papers in v.2 are under the headings mechanical properties of reactive materials; detonation and burn phenomena; explosive and initiation studies; experimental techniques; and geophysics, structures, and medical applications. The contributors represent 14 countries, where they work in state and private industry and academic settings. Indexed by both author and subject. Annotation :2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).
Book Synopsis The Hydrodynamic Hot Spot and Shock Initiation of Homogeneous Explosives by : Charles L. Mader
Download or read book The Hydrodynamic Hot Spot and Shock Initiation of Homogeneous Explosives written by Charles L. Mader and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis SHOCK INITIATION EXPERIMENTS ON THE TATB BASED EXPLOSIVE RX-03-GO WITH IGNITION AND GROWTH MODELING. by :
Download or read book SHOCK INITIATION EXPERIMENTS ON THE TATB BASED EXPLOSIVE RX-03-GO WITH IGNITION AND GROWTH MODELING. written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shock initiation experiments on the TATB based explosive RX-03-GO (92.5% TATB, 7.5% Cytop A by weight) were performed to obtain in-situ pressure gauge data, characterize the run-distance-to-detonation behavior, and calculate Ignition and Growth modeling parameters. A 101 mm diameter propellant driven gas gun was utilized to initiate the explosive sample with manganin piezoresistive pressure gauge packages placed between sample slices. The RX-03-GO formulation utilized is similar to that of LX-17 (92.5% TATB, 7.5% Kel-f by weight) with the notable differences of a new binder material and TATB that has been dissolved and recrystallized in order to improve the purity and morphology. The shock sensitivity will be compared with that of prior data on LX-17 and other TATB formulations. Ignition and Growth modeling parameters were obtained with a reasonable fit to the experimental data.
Book Synopsis Shock Compression of Condensed Matter--1995 by : S. C. Schmidt
Download or read book Shock Compression of Condensed Matter--1995 written by S. C. Schmidt and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 876 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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