Taking Scope

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Taking Scope

Author : Mark Steedman
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262017075
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Taking Scope by : Mark Steedman

Download or read book Taking Scope written by Mark Steedman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A novel view of the syntax and semantics of quantifier scope that argues for a "combinatory" theory of natural language syntax. In Taking Scope, Mark Steedman considers the syntax and semantics of quantifier scope in interaction with negation, polarity, coordination, and pronominal binding, among other constructions. The semantics is "surface compositional," in that there is a direct correspondence between syntactic types and operations of composition and types and compositions at the level of logical form. In that sense, the semantics is in the "natural logic" tradition of Aristotle, Leibniz, Frege, Russell, and others who sought to define a psychologically real logic directly reflecting natural language grammar. The book reunites the generative-transformational tradition initiated by Chomsky--which views the formal syntactic component as entirely autonomous---with the older, strongly lexicalist, construction-based tradition, which has sought to define a more lingistically transparent theory of meaning representation. Steedman offers a logical formalism that relates directly to the surface form of language and to the process of inference and proof that it must support. Such a natural logic, although formal by definition, should be allowed to grow organically from attested language phenomena rather than be axiomatized a priori in terms of any standard logic. Steedman also considers the application of natural semantic interpretations to practical natural language processing tasks, emphasizing throughout the elimination of traditional quantifiers from semantic formalism in favor of devices such as Skolem terms and structure-sharing among representations in processing.

Ways of Scope Taking

Author : A. Szabolcsi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401158142
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Ways of Scope Taking by : A. Szabolcsi

Download or read book Ways of Scope Taking written by A. Szabolcsi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume is as much a book co-authored by all the contributors as it is an edited collection of their papers. Most of the contributors have been involved in regular discussions over the past years, often inspiring the questions, or some aspects of the proposals, in each other's papers or actually collaborating on co-authored papers. ! For this reason, the contributions make related assumptions and explore highly related issues. The organization of the volume reflects this unity of aims and interests. It starts out with an overview of some of the shared formal background, and the chapters are arranged in a sequence that is intended to invite the reader to proceed from one directly to the next. Nevertheless, there has been no attempt to eliminate individual differences in either assumptions or choice of topic. All the chapters are entirely self-contained, so the reader will find it equally possible to read any of them in isolation. Two members of the UCLA community do not appear in this volume but have been an important source of inspiration for this project: Ed Keenan and Feng-hsi Liu. Many of Keenan's works have drawn attention to the empirically diverse behavior of natural language determiners and developed theoretical tools for studying them. Liu's 1990 dissertation examined the abilities of a representative sample of noun phrases to participate in scopal dependencies and branching, coming up with provocative generalizations and pointing out their significance for then-standard theories in powerful terms.

Ways of Scope Taking

Author : A. Szabolcsi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0792344464
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (923 download)

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Book Synopsis Ways of Scope Taking by : A. Szabolcsi

Download or read book Ways of Scope Taking written by A. Szabolcsi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1997-03-31 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ways of Scope Taking is concerned with syntactic, semantic and computational aspects of scope. Its starting point is the well-known but often neglected fact that different types of quantifiers interact differently with each other and other operators. The theoretical examination of significant bodies of data, both old and novel, leads to two central claims. (1) Scope is a by-product of a set of distinct Logical Form processes; each quantifier participates in those that suit its particular features. (2) Scope interaction is further constrained by the semantics of the interacting operators. The arguments are developed using Minimalist syntax, Generalized Quantify theory, Discourse Representation Theory, and algebraic semantics. The contributors (Beghelli, Ben-Shalom, Doetjes, Farkas, Gutiérrez Rexach, Honcoop, Stabler, Stowell, Szabolcsi and Zwarts) make tightly related theoretical assumptions and focus on related empirical phenomena, which include the direct and inverse scope of quantifiers, distributivity, negation, modal and intensional contexts, weak islands, event-related readings, interrogatives, wh/quantifier interactions, and Hungarian syntax. An introduction to the formal semantics background is provided. Audience: Linguists, philosophers, computational and psycholinguists; advanced undergraduates, graduate students and researchers in these fields.

Wh-Scope Marking

Author : Uli Lutz
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 902728430X
Total Pages : 491 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis Wh-Scope Marking by : Uli Lutz

Download or read book Wh-Scope Marking written by Uli Lutz and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2000-09-15 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the first comprehensive overview of the syntax and semantics of wh-scope marking. Wh-scope marking constructions have recently received a lot of attention; their very existence and their intricate properties have important consequences for syntax, semantics, and the syntax–semantics interface (e.g., with respect to the wh-criterion, the wh-movement parameter, feature checking, the theory of locality, the interpretation of wh-phrases and why-chains, and the nature of LF). The fifteen contributions share the basic assumptions of the Chomskyan approach to syntax and the model-theoretic approach to semantics; they address a variety of languages (among them German, Hindi, Hungarian, English, Frisian, Kikuyu, and Malay). A recurrent theme in all articles is whether wh-scope marking should be analyzed in terms of a direct, indirect, or mixed dependency. The wealth of cross-linguistic empirical evidence and the theory-independent relevance of the conclusions should make this book the ultimate source of information on wh-scope marking for years to come.

Case, Scope, and Binding

Author : M. Bittner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401114129
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Case, Scope, and Binding by : M. Bittner

Download or read book Case, Scope, and Binding written by M. Bittner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Case, Scope, and Binding investigates the relation between syntax and semantics within a framework which combines the syntactic Government-Binding theory with a novel cross-linguistic theory of case and semantics. It is argued that case assignment, agreement, syntactic binding relations, as well as the minimum scopes of operators, are all determined by the relations which hold at the level of s-structure. Cross-linguistic variation with respect to these phenomena is due to corresponding variations at the s-structure level. The minimum scope of an operator cannot exceed its c-command domain at s-structure, but may be reduced by certain semantic mechanisms. The availability of any wider scope option depends on the possibility of movement at LF. The proposed theory is tested in detail against the facts of Inuit (Eskimo-Aleut family), an ergative language with typologically unusual scope and binding relations. For linguists and philosophers interested in syntax, semantics, or the syntax-semantics interface.

Scope and Specificity

Author : Feng-hsi Liu
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027282358
Total Pages : 197 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis Scope and Specificity by : Feng-hsi Liu

Download or read book Scope and Specificity written by Feng-hsi Liu and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1997-12-11 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scope and Specificity is an investigation of quantifier scope interaction in natural language, with special reference to English and Chinese. In particular, it is concerned with semantic properties of NPs. Quantifier scope plays an important role in current theories of syntax and semantics. However, most studies of quantifier scope are only concerned with the behavior of a small number of quantifiers, e.g. ‘every’, ‘some’, ‘all’. As a result, the generalizations made on the basis of these quantifiers often do not hold when a wider range of quantifiers is considered. In this study a wide variety of NP types are examined with respect to how they interact with other NPs. The key concept explored is that of semantic scope dependency/independence. NPs are considered according to two properties: whether they can induce scope-dependency and whether they can be scope-dependent. By observing how in basic sentences NPs behave with respect to the two properties, the author presents a picture of quantifier scope much different from what has been assumed in the literature.

Taking the Initiative

Author : John B. Bader
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 0878406298
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (784 download)

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Book Synopsis Taking the Initiative by : John B. Bader

Download or read book Taking the Initiative written by John B. Bader and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking the Initiative shows that majority party leaders in Congress have set and successfully pushed their own policy agendas for decades--revealing the 'Contract With America' as only the most recent, and certainly not the most successful, example of independent policy making. Cutting deeply into the politics and personalities of three decades of party leadership, John B. Bader probes the strategies and evaluates the effectiveness of House and Senate leaders operating in a divided government, when Congress and the presidency are controlled by different political parties. He provides a historical context for analyzing the"Contract" and shows that aggressive agenda-setting has long been a regular feature of majority party leadership. Bader interviewed more than seventy congressional leaders, staff members, party officials, and political consultants, including speakers Thomas "Tip" O'Neill and Jim Wright, for this book. He supplemented these interviews with research in largely unexplored archival materials such as press conference transcripts, notes from White House leadership meetings, and staff memoranda on strategy.

You Don't Know JS: Scope & Closures

Author : Kyle Simpson
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 144933556X
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (493 download)

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Book Synopsis You Don't Know JS: Scope & Closures by : Kyle Simpson

Download or read book You Don't Know JS: Scope & Closures written by Kyle Simpson and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2014-03-10 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No matter how much experience you have with JavaScript, odds are you don’t fully understand the language. This concise yet in-depth guide takes you inside scope and closures, two core concepts you need to know to become a more efficient and effective JavaScript programmer. You’ll learn how and why they work, and how an understanding of closures can be a powerful part of your development skillset. Like other books in the "You Don’t Know JS" series, Scope and Closures dives into trickier parts of the language that many JavaScript programmers simply avoid. Armed with this knowledge, you can achieve true JavaScript mastery. Learn about scope, a set of rules to help JavaScript engines locate variables in your code Go deeper into nested scope, a series of containers for variables and functions Explore function- and block-based scope, “hoisting”, and the patterns and benefits of scope-based hiding Discover how to use closures for synchronous and asynchronous tasks, including the creation of JavaScript libraries

Regimes of Derivation in Syntax and Morphology

Author : Edwin Williams
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136824812
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

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Book Synopsis Regimes of Derivation in Syntax and Morphology by : Edwin Williams

Download or read book Regimes of Derivation in Syntax and Morphology written by Edwin Williams and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2011-02-25 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regimes of Derivation in Syntax and Morphology presents a theory of the architecture of the human linguistic system that differs from all current theories on four key points. First, the theory rests on a modular separation of word syntax from phrasal syntax, where word syntax corresponds roughly to what has been called derivational morphology. Second, morphosyntax (corresponding to what is traditionally called "inflectional morphology") is the immediate spellout of the syntactic merge operation, and so there is no separate morphosyntactic component. There is no LF (logical form) derived; that is, there is no structure which 'mirrors' semantic interpretation ("LF"); instead, semantics interprets the derivation itself. And fourth, syntactic islands are derived purely as a consequence of the formal mechanics of syntactic derivation, and so there are no bounding nodes, no phases, no subjacency, and in fact no absolute islands. Lacking a morphosyntactic component and an LF representation are positive benefits as these provide temptations for theoretical mischief. The theory is a descendant of the author's "Representation Theory" and so inherits its other benefits as well, including explanations for properties of reconstruction, remnant movement, improper movement, and scrambling/scope interactions, and the different embedding regimes for clauses and DPs. Syntactic islands are added to this list as special cases of improper movement.

Philosophical Analysis

Author : D.S. Austin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400929099
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Philosophical Analysis by : D.S. Austin

Download or read book Philosophical Analysis written by D.S. Austin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytic philosophy is alive and in good health, as this collection of twenty, previously unpublished essays most ably demonstrates. The reader will find here assembled some of the finest writings of modern analytic philosophers at the top of their form. Matthews discusses Plato's attempt to deal with the problem of false belief about identities. Parson evaluates Russell's early theory of denoting phrases. Chisholm exhibits the utility of thirteen epistemic categories. Plantinga criticizes Chisholm's account of justification. Conee argues that solving the Gettier Problem is important, and Ginet proposes a solution to it. Lehrer criticizes an argument based on the simplicity of our belief in material objects and other minds. R. Feldman defends an account of having evidence. F. Feldman defends a propositional account of pleasure. Van Fraassen criticizes Garber's solution to the problem of old evidence. Castañeda investigates the nature of negation. McKay argues that de se analyses of belief do not account for belief de re. Richard argues that no Fregean semantics for belief attribution will succeed. Ryckman suggests that the Millian theory of names has little to do with the theory of belief is no threat to God's omniscience. Dunn investigates constraints imposed on non-classical modal logics by extensionality. Fitch argues that singular propositions perform important functions in modal logic. Jubien evaluates arguments for and against possible worlds. Ratzsch argues that there must be a deeper source of nomicality than ordinary subjunctives, and Stalnaker argues that there is room for determinancy of identity and indeterminacy in reference.

Scribner's Monthly

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1116 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Scribner's Monthly by :

Download or read book Scribner's Monthly written by and published by . This book was released on 1903 with total page 1116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Long Range Shooting Handbook

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780999417300
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Long Range Shooting Handbook by :

Download or read book Long Range Shooting Handbook written by and published by . This book was released on 2016-01-31 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the complete beginner's guide to long range shooting written in simple every-day language so that it's easy to follow. Included are personal tips and best advice from my years of special operations sniper schooling and experience, and as a sniper instructor. If you are an experienced shooter, this guide will be a resource covering the principles and theory of long range shooting. This is the preliminary book to help you understand fundamental concepts such as MOA vs Mils and external ballistics, that can be like a trusted resource at the range.Learning to shoot long range isn¿t that difficult. Once you understand the basics, you can start to master your technique and you¿ll be hitting targets in no time. The author has a series of online instructional videos known for their ability to take seemingly complex areas of long range shooting and breaking them down so that they're easy to understand. This book was motivated by the feedback from those videos. The handbook is broken down into three main categories: What it is/How it works, Fundamentals, and How to use it. "What it is/How it works" covers equipment, terminology, and basic principles. "Fundamentals" covers the theory of long range shooting. "How to use it" gives you practical advice on how to implement what you've learned so far to make you a long range shooter.

Quantifier Scope in German

Author : Jürgen Pafel
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027228086
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantifier Scope in German by : Jürgen Pafel

Download or read book Quantifier Scope in German written by Jürgen Pafel and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive account of quantifier scope in German. The author investigates scope behavior of ordinary quantifiers and negative, adverbial, interrogative, relative and particle quantifiers. The areas which are dealt with include: relative scope in simple sentences, absolute and relative scope in complex sentences, noun-phrase internal scope, and scope behavior of indefinite noun phrases. A theory of explicit and implicit quantification is proposed and a uniform process of scope determination is sketched which encompasses the scope of explicit as well as implicit quantifiers. Quantifier scope is a challenge to linguistic theory as it is a phenomenon which is determined by the interplay of diverse syntactic and semantic factors, which interact in a weighted and cumulative way. The factors' interplay is part of the syntax/semantics-interface, i.e., the constraints relating syntax and semantics, which are considered to be relatively autonomous, parallel levels connected by an interface of correspondence constraints.

New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence

Author : Takashi Onoda
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642256554
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence by : Takashi Onoda

Download or read book New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence written by Takashi Onoda and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-11-19 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of four workshops held as satellite events of the JSAI International Symposia on Artificial Intelligence 2010, in Tokyo, Japan, in November 2010. The 28 revised full papers with four papers for the following four workshops presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 70 papers. The papers are organized in sections Logic and Engineering of Natural Language Semantics (LENLS), Juris-Informatics (JURISIN), Advanced Methodologies for Bayesian Networks (AMBN), and Innovating Service Systems (ISS).

Taking AIM!

Author : Marysol Nieves
Publisher : Fordham Univ Press
ISBN 13 : 0823234150
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (232 download)

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Book Synopsis Taking AIM! by : Marysol Nieves

Download or read book Taking AIM! written by Marysol Nieves and published by Fordham Univ Press. This book was released on 2011-10-03 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking Aim! The Business of Being an Artist Today is a practical, affordable resource guide filled with invaluable advice for the emerging artist. The book is specially designed to aid visual artists in furthering their careers through unfiltered information about the business practices and idiosyncrasies of the contemporary art world. It demystifies often daunting and opaque practices through first-hand testimonials, interviews, and commentary from leading artists, curators, gallerists, collectors, critics, art consultants, arts administrators, art fair directors, auction house experts, and other art world luminaries. Published in celebration of the 30th anniversary of Artist in the Marketplace (AIM)—the pioneering career development program at the Bronx Museum of the Arts—Taking AIM! The Business of Being an Artist Today mirrors the structure and topics featured in the AIM program’s weekly workshops and discussions. Each chapter focuses on the specific perspective of an “art world insider”—from the artist to the public art program director to the blogger. Multiple viewpoints from a range of art professionals provide emerging artists with candid, uncensored information and tools to help them better understand this complex field and develop strategies for building and sustaining successful careers as professional artists. The book ends with an annotated chronology of the past three decades in the contemporary art field and a bibliography of publications, magazine articles, online sources, funding sources, residency programs, and other useful information for emerging artists.

Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society 23, University of Ottawa

Author : North Eastern Linguistic Society. Meeting
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society 23, University of Ottawa by : North Eastern Linguistic Society. Meeting

Download or read book Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society 23, University of Ottawa written by North Eastern Linguistic Society. Meeting and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation

Author : Andrew Simpson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134431384
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation by : Andrew Simpson

Download or read book Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation written by Andrew Simpson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-03-03 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part PART I in the DP/NP -- chapter 1 NP as argument -- chapter 2 Copying variables -- chapter 3 Classi?ers and the count/mass distinction -- chapter 4 The demonstratives in modern Japanese -- part PART II of functional structure -- chapter 5 On the Re-Analysis of nominalizers in Chinese, Japanese and Korean -- chapter 6 Three types of existential quantification in Chinese -- chapter 7 On the history of place words and localizers in Chinese: A cognitive approach -- chapter PART III principles of organization -- chapter 8 Judgments, point of view and the interpretation of causee noun phrases -- chapter 9 A computational approach to case and word order in Korean -- chapter 10 Adjuncts and word order typology in east asian languages -- chapter 11 The distribution of negative NPS and some typological correlates.