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Author : Vasily Sartakov
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (117 download)
Download or read book Systems Support for Emerging Memory Technologies written by Vasily Sartakov and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Yuan Xie
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 144199551X
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)
Download or read book Emerging Memory Technologies written by Yuan Xie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-21 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the design implications of emerging, non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies on future computer memory hierarchy architecture designs. Since NVM technologies combine the speed of SRAM, the density of DRAM, and the non-volatility of Flash memory, they are very attractive as the basis for future universal memories. This book provides a holistic perspective on the topic, covering modeling, design, architecture and applications. The practical information included in this book will enable designers to exploit emerging memory technologies to improve significantly the performance/power/reliability of future, mainstream integrated circuits.
Author : Guangyu Sun
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319006819
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)
Download or read book Exploring Memory Hierarchy Design with Emerging Memory Technologies written by Guangyu Sun and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-18 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book equips readers with tools for computer architecture of high performance, low power, and high reliability memory hierarchy in computer systems based on emerging memory technologies, such as STTRAM, PCM, FBDRAM, etc. The techniques described offer advantages of high density, near-zero static power, and immunity to soft errors, which have the potential of overcoming the “memory wall.” The authors discuss memory design from various perspectives: emerging memory technologies are employed in the memory hierarchy with novel architecture modification; hybrid memory structure is introduced to leverage advantages from multiple memory technologies; an analytical model named “Moguls” is introduced to explore quantitatively the optimization design of a memory hierarchy; finally, the vulnerability of the CMPs to radiation-based soft errors is improved by replacing different levels of on-chip memory with STT-RAMs.
Author : Saransh Gupta
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Processing in Memory Using Emerging Memory Technologies written by Saransh Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in the amount of generated data, owing to the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT). Processing such huge data on traditional computing systems is highly inefficient, mainly due to the limited cache capacity and memory bandwidth. Processing in-memory (PIM) is an emerging paradigm which tries to address this issue. It uses memories as computing units, hence reducing the data transfers between memory and processing cores. However, the application of present PIM techniques is restricted by their limited functionality and inability to process large amounts of data efficiently. In this thesis, we propose novel techniques which exploit the analog properties of emerging memory technologies. Not only do these support more complex functions such as addition, multiplication, and search but also manage and process large data more efficiently. We present a new blocked PIM architecture which uses inter-block interconnects to accelerate data intensive processing. We also introduce a heterogeneous architecture having general purpose cores and PIM-enable memory and a data-dependent task allocation scheme for it. We also apply application specific optimizations and approximation techniques to further design accelerators for neural networks and database query systems. While we design a multiplication-by-constant hardware for neural networks, query processing is accelerated by a novel in-memory nearest search technique. Our neural network accelerator achieves 113.9x higher energy efficiency and 56.3x speedup as compared to AMD GPU. Also, the query accelerator provides 49.3x performance speedup and 32.9x energy savings as compared to recent Intel CPU.
Author : Wen Siang Lew
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811569126
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)
Download or read book Emerging Non-volatile Memory Technologies written by Wen Siang Lew and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-09 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a balanced and comprehensive guide to the core principles, fundamental properties, experimental approaches, and state-of-the-art applications of two major groups of emerging non-volatile memory technologies, i.e. spintronics-based devices as well as resistive switching devices, also known as Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM). The first section presents different types of spintronic-based devices, i.e. magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), domain wall, and skyrmion memory devices. This section describes how their developments have led to various promising applications, such as microwave oscillators, detectors, magnetic logic, and neuromorphic engineered systems. In the second half of the book, the underlying device physics supported by different experimental observations and modelling of RRAM devices are presented with memory array level implementation. An insight into RRAM desired properties as synaptic element in neuromorphic computing platforms from material and algorithms viewpoint is also discussed with specific example in automatic sound classification framework.
Author : Yoshio Nishi
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857098098
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)
Download or read book Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology written by Yoshio Nishi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-24 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New solutions are needed for future scaling down of nonvolatile memory. Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology provides an overview of developing technologies and explores their strengths and weaknesses. After an overview of the current market, part one introduces improvements in flash technologies, including developments in 3D NAND flash technologies and flash memory for ultra-high density storage devices. Part two looks at the advantages of designing phase change memory and resistive random access memory technologies. It looks in particular at the fabrication, properties, and performance of nanowire phase change memory technologies. Later chapters also consider modeling of both metal oxide and resistive random access memory switching mechanisms, as well as conductive bridge random access memory technologies. Finally, part three looks to the future of alternative technologies. The areas covered include molecular, polymer, and hybrid organic memory devices, and a variety of random access memory devices such as nano-electromechanical, ferroelectric, and spin-transfer-torque magnetoresistive devices. Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology is a key resource for postgraduate students and academic researchers in physics, materials science, and electrical engineering. It is a valuable tool for research and development managers concerned with electronics, semiconductors, nanotechnology, solid-state memories, magnetic materials, organic materials, and portable electronic devices. Provides an overview of developing nonvolatile memory and storage technologies and explores their strengths and weaknesses Examines improvements to flash technology, charge trapping, and resistive random access memory Discusses emerging devices such as those based on polymer and molecular electronics, and nanoelectromechanical random access memory (RAM)
Author : Naveen Muralimanohar
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031017358
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)
Download or read book Phase Change Memory written by Naveen Muralimanohar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As conventional memory technologies such as DRAM and Flash run into scaling challenges, architects and system designers are forced to look at alternative technologies for building future computer systems. This synthesis lecture begins by listing the requirements for a next generation memory technology and briefly surveys the landscape of novel non-volatile memories. Among these, Phase Change Memory (PCM) is emerging as a leading contender, and the authors discuss the material, device, and circuit advances underlying this exciting technology. The lecture then describes architectural solutions to enable PCM for main memories. Finally, the authors explore the impact of such byte-addressable non-volatile memories on future storage and system designs. Table of Contents: Next Generation Memory Technologies / Architecting PCM for Main Memories / Tolerating Slow Writes in PCM / Wear Leveling for Durability / Wear Leveling Under Adversarial Settings / Error Resilience in Phase Change Memories / Storage and System Design With Emerging Non-Volatile Memories
Author : Manan Suri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811383790
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)
Download or read book Applications of Emerging Memory Technology written by Manan Suri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-16 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book intends to bring under one roof research work of leading groups from across the globe working on advanced applications of emerging memory technology nanodevices. The applications dealt in the text will be beyond conventional storage application of semiconductor memory devices. The text will deal with material and device physical principles that give rise to interesting characteristics and phenomena in the emerging memory device that can be exploited for a wide variety of applications. Applications covered will include system-centric cases such as – caches, NVSRAM, NVTCAM, Hybrid CMOS-RRAM circuits for: Machine Learning, In-Memory Computing, Hardware Security - RNG/PUF, Biosensing and other misc beyond storage applications. The book is envisioned for multi-purpose use as a textbook in advanced UG/PG courses and a research text for scientists working in the domain.
Author : Juno Kim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (138 download)
Download or read book Advanced Software Techniques for Emerging Memory Technologies written by Juno Kim and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging memory technologies, such as persistent memory and ultra-low-latency SSDs, change the tradeoffs system designers must consider. As storage, they offer considerably faster persistence than traditional SSDs and hard disks. As memory, they expand the capacity of main memory in a single machine at a lower price than conventional, expensive DRAM. Despite these advantages, efficiently leveraging them remains challenging in a variety of software stacks including file systems, databases, graph processing systems, and serverless computing. This dissertation first presents a comprehensive study that reveals the impact of state-of-the-art persistent memory (PMem) storage systems on IO-intensive applications and explores how those applications can best leverage the performance of PMem. It examines various performance problems that PMem introduces at both the file system and application level, and suggests potential optimization paths while discussing their different tradeoffs. Second, the dissertation introduces SubZero, a novel file system API that allows fast and easy access to files residing in PMem file systems. SubZero offers mmap()-like performance for both read and write while providing similar isolation semantics as read() and write(), taking the best of both worlds from file-oriented and memory-oriented IO for efficient access to PMem-resident files. Third, it presents Blaze, a new out-of-core graph processing framework optimized for ultra-low-latency SSDs. While current out-of-core systems cannot fully leverage the high IOPs these devices can deliver due to the high CPU overhead, Blaze achieves high performance on these SSDs with its novel, lightweight parallel value propagation technique using a highly concurrent bin data structure, overcoming the limitations of traditional parallel graph computation techniques such as synchronization or message passing. Finally, it introduces TOSS, our ongoing effort to support a cost-efficient serverless offering based on memory tiering. TOSS aims to maximize the use of slow memory (e.g., PMem, CXL memory) for the execution of serverless functions while achieving similar performance to the executions solely backed by fast memory (e.g., DRAM). Our evaluation shows that TOSS can offload a significant portion of guest VM memory pages to slow memory while achieving minimal slowdown on a variety of serverless workloads.
Author : Qi Wu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)
Download or read book Design Techniques to Facilitate the Adoption of Emerging Memory Technologies in Computing Systems written by Qi Wu and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Abhishek Bhattacharjee
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031017579
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)
Download or read book Architectural and Operating System Support for Virtual Memory written by Abhishek Bhattacharjee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides computer engineers, academic researchers, new graduate students, and seasoned practitioners an end-to-end overview of virtual memory. We begin with a recap of foundational concepts and discuss not only state-of-the-art virtual memory hardware and software support available today, but also emerging research trends in this space. The span of topics covers processor microarchitecture, memory systems, operating system design, and memory allocation. We show how efficient virtual memory implementations hinge on careful hardware and software cooperation, and we discuss new research directions aimed at addressing emerging problems in this space. Virtual memory is a classic computer science abstraction and one of the pillars of the computing revolution. It has long enabled hardware flexibility, software portability, and overall better security, to name just a few of its powerful benefits. Nearly all user-level programs today take for granted that they will have been freed from the burden of physical memory management by the hardware, the operating system, device drivers, and system libraries. However, despite its ubiquity in systems ranging from warehouse-scale datacenters to embedded Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the overheads of virtual memory are becoming a critical performance bottleneck today. Virtual memory architectures designed for individual CPUs or even individual cores are in many cases struggling to scale up and scale out to today's systems which now increasingly include exotic hardware accelerators (such as GPUs, FPGAs, or DSPs) and emerging memory technologies (such as non-volatile memory), and which run increasingly intensive workloads (such as virtualized and/or "big data" applications). As such, many of the fundamental abstractions and implementation approaches for virtual memory are being augmented, extended, or entirely rebuilt in order to ensure that virtual memory remains viable and performant in the years to come.
Author : Abhishek Bhattacharjee
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783031006296
Total Pages : 157 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (62 download)
Download or read book Architectural and Operating System Support for Virtual Memory written by Abhishek Bhattacharjee and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-29 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides computer engineers, academic researchers, new graduate students, and seasoned practitioners an end-to-end overview of virtual memory. We begin with a recap of foundational concepts and discuss not only state-of-the-art virtual memory hardware and software support available today, but also emerging research trends in this space. The span of topics covers processor microarchitecture, memory systems, operating system design, and memory allocation. We show how efficient virtual memory implementations hinge on careful hardware and software cooperation, and we discuss new research directions aimed at addressing emerging problems in this space. Virtual memory is a classic computer science abstraction and one of the pillars of the computing revolution. It has long enabled hardware flexibility, software portability, and overall better security, to name just a few of its powerful benefits. Nearly all user-level programs today take for granted that they will have been freed from the burden of physical memory management by the hardware, the operating system, device drivers, and system libraries. However, despite its ubiquity in systems ranging from warehouse-scale datacenters to embedded Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the overheads of virtual memory are becoming a critical performance bottleneck today. Virtual memory architectures designed for individual CPUs or even individual cores are in many cases struggling to scale up and scale out to today's systems which now increasingly include exotic hardware accelerators (such as GPUs, FPGAs, or DSPs) and emerging memory technologies (such as non-volatile memory), and which run increasingly intensive workloads (such as virtualized and/or "big data" applications). As such, many of the fundamental abstractions and implementation approaches for virtual memory are being augmented, extended, or entirely rebuilt in order to ensure that virtual memory remains viable and performant in the years to come.
Author : Youngjin Kwon (Ph. D.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Designing Systems for Emerging Memory Technologies written by Youngjin Kwon (Ph. D.) and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging memory technologies open new challenges in system software: diversity and large capacity. Non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies will have excellent performance, byte- addressability, and large capacity, blurring the line between traditional volatile DRAM and non-volatile storage. NVM diverges from DRAM in significant ways, like limited write bandwidth. It is likely that future storage market will be diversified, having DRAM, NVM, SSD, and hard disk. Unfortunately, current file systems, built on top of old design ideas, cannot provide an efficient way to take advantage of the different storage media. Strata is a cross-media file system, fundamentally redesigning file systems to leverage different strengths of storage technologies while compensating their weaknesses. Modern applications such as large-scale machine learning and graph analytics want to load huge datasets into memory for fast computation. For these workloads, merely adding more RAM to a machine reaches a point of diminishing returns for performance because their poor spatial locality causes them to suffer high virtual to physical memory translation costs. NVM will make this problem worse because it provides cheaper cost-per-capacity than DRAM. Ingens, a efficient memory management system, addresses the shortcomings in modern operating systems and hypervisors that underlies these excessive address translation overheads and redesign huge page memory systems to make huge page widely used in practice.
Author : Meenakshi Sundaram Bhaskaran
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (967 download)
Download or read book Micro-Architecture and Systems Support for Emerging Non-Volatile Memories written by Meenakshi Sundaram Bhaskaran and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging non-volatile memory technologies such as phase-change memory, resistive random access memory, spin-torque transfer memory and 3D XPoint memory promise to significantly increase the I/O sub-system performance. But, current disk-centric systems fall short in taking advantage of the bandwidth and latency characteristics of such memories. This dissertation presents three systems that address: hardware, system software and micro-architecture support for faster-than-flash non-volatile memories. First, we explore system design for using emerging non-volatile memories (NVM) as a persistent cache that bridges the price and density gap between NVMs and denser storage. Bankshot is a prototype PCIe-based intelligent cache with access latencies an order of magnitude lower than conventional SSDs. Unlike previous designs of SSD caches, Bankshot relies on the OS for heavyweight operations such as servicing misses and write-backs while allows cache hits to bypass the operating system (OS) and its associated software overhead entirely. Second, we extend the ability to define application specific interface to emerging NVM SSDs such that a broad range of applications can benefit from low-latency, high-bandwidth access to the SSD's data. Our prototype system, called Willow, supports concurrent execution of an application and trusted code within the SSD without compromising on file system protections. We present three SSD apps - Caching, Append and zero-out that showcase Willows capabilities. Caching extends Willows semantics to use the SSD storage as a persistent cache while file-append and zero-out extends the semantics for file system operations. Finally, we address the challenge of accessing byte-addressable, emerging NVMs with higher than DRAM latency when attached to the processor memory bus; specifically for loads. We propose Non-Blocking Load (NBLD), an instruction set extension to mitigate pipeline stalls from long-latency memory accesses. NBLD is a non-blocking instruction that brings data into the upper levels of the cache hierarchy, however, unlike prefetch instructions, NBLD triggers the execution of application-specific code once data is resident in the cache, effectively hiding the latency of the memory.
Author : Gogte Vaibhav
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303179205X
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)
Download or read book A Primer on Memory Persistency written by Gogte Vaibhav and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to emerging persistent memory (PM) technologies that promise the performance of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) with the durability of traditional storage media, such as hard disks and solid-state drives (SSDs). Persistent memories (PMs), such as Intel's Optane DC persistent memories, are commercially available today. Unlike traditional storage devices, PMs can be accessed over a byte-addressable load-store interface with access latency that is comparable to DRAM. Unfortunately, existing hardware and software systems are ill-equipped to fully avail the potential of these byte-addressable memory technologies as they have been designed to access traditional storage media over a block-based interface. Several mechanisms have been explored in the research literature over the past decade to design hardware and software systems that provide high-performance access to PMs.Because PMs are durable, they can retain data across failures, such as power failures and program crashes. Upon a failure, recovery mechanisms may inspect PM data, reconstruct state and resume program execution. Correct recovery of data requires that operations to the PM are properly ordered during normal program execution. Memory persistency models define the order in which memory operations are performed at the PM. Much like memory consistency models, memory persistency models may be relaxed to improve application performance. Several proposals have emerged recently to design memory persistency models for hardware and software systems and for high-level programming languages. These proposals differ in several key aspects; they relax PM ordering constraints, introduce varying programmability burden, and introduce differing granularity of failure atomicity for PM operations.This primer provides a detailed overview of the various classes of the memory persistency models, their implementations in hardware, programming languages and software systems proposed in the recent research literature, and the PM ordering techniques employed by modern processors.
Author : Seiichi Aritome
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119132606
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)
Download or read book NAND Flash Memory Technologies written by Seiichi Aritome and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-12-29 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a comprehensive overview of NAND flash memories, with insights into NAND history, technology, challenges, evolutions, and perspectives Describes new program disturb issues, data retention, power consumption, and possible solutions for the challenges of 3D NAND flash memory Written by an authority in NAND flash memory technology, with over 25 years’ experience
Author : Joe Brewer
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118211626
Total Pages : 766 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)
Download or read book Nonvolatile Memory Technologies with Emphasis on Flash written by Joe Brewer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-23 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presented here is an all-inclusive treatment of Flash technology, including Flash memory chips, Flash embedded in logic, binary cell Flash, and multilevel cell Flash. The book begins with a tutorial of elementary concepts to orient readers who are less familiar with the subject. Next, it covers all aspects and variations of Flash technology at a mature engineering level: basic device structures, principles of operation, related process technologies, circuit design, overall design tradeoffs, device testing, reliability, and applications.
