Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Synthesis Of Multi Metallic Catalysts For Fuel Cell Applications
Download Synthesis Of Multi Metallic Catalysts For Fuel Cell Applications full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Synthesis Of Multi Metallic Catalysts For Fuel Cell Applications ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Synthesis of Multi-metallic Catalysts for Fuel Cell Applications by : Sivapregasen Naidoo
Download or read book Synthesis of Multi-metallic Catalysts for Fuel Cell Applications written by Sivapregasen Naidoo and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The direct methanol fuel cell or DMFC is emerging as a promising alternative energy source for many applications. Developed and developing countries, through research, are fast seeking a cheap and stable supply of energy for an ever-increasing number of energy-consuming portable devices. The research focus is to have DMFCs meeet this need at an affordable cost is problematic. There are means and ways of making this a reality as the DMFC is found to be complementary to secondary batteries when used as a trickle charger, full charger, or in some other hybrid fuel cell combination. the core functioning component is a catalyst containing MEA, where when pure platinum is used, carbon monoxide is the thermodynamic sink and poisons by preventing further reactions at catalytic sites decreasing the life span of the catalyst if the CO is not removed. research has shown that the bi-functional mechanism of a platinum-ruthenium catalyst is best because methanol dehydrogenates best on platinumand water dehydrogenation is best facilitated on ruthenium. It is also evident that the addition of other metals to that of PtRu/C can make the catalyst more effective and effective and increase the life span even further. In addition to this, my research has attempted to reduce catalyst cost for DMFCs by developing a low-cost manufacturing technique for catalysts, identify potential non-noblel, less expensive metallic systems to formbinary, ternary and quarternary catalysts.
Book Synopsis New and Future Developments in Catalysis by : Shaojun Guo
Download or read book New and Future Developments in Catalysis written by Shaojun Guo and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-13 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Non-Noble Metal Fuel Cell Catalysts by : Zhongwei Chen
Download or read book Non-Noble Metal Fuel Cell Catalysts written by Zhongwei Chen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-04-03 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written and edited by top fuel cell catalyst scientists and engineers from both industry and academia, this is the first book to provide a complete overview of this hot topic. It covers the synthesis, characterization, activity validation and modeling of different non-noble metal electrocatalysts, as well as their integration into fuel cells and their performance validation, while also discussing those factors that will drive fuel cell commercialization. With its well-structured approach, this is a must-have for researchers working on the topic, and an equally valuable companion for newcomers to the field.
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Nanostructure by : Bridgid Nekesa Wanjala
Download or read book Synthesis and Nanostructure written by Bridgid Nekesa Wanjala and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Multimetallic Catalysts in Organic Synthesis by : Masakatsu Shibasaki
Download or read book Multimetallic Catalysts in Organic Synthesis written by Masakatsu Shibasaki and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-03-06 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first book to comprehensively cover this hot topic presents the information hitherto scattered throughout smaller reviews or single book chapters to provide an introduction to this rapidly expanding field. In ten chapters, the international team of expert authors treats asymmetric syntheses, new transformations, and organometallic reactions using homo- and hetero-bimetallic catalysts. Written for advanced researchers, this very timely publication is of significant benefit to organic and organometallic chemists in both academia and industry.
Book Synopsis Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Energy Applications by : Anuj Kumar
Download or read book Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Energy Applications written by Anuj Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis One-dimensional Nanostructures for PEM Fuel Cell Applications by : Shangfeng Du
Download or read book One-dimensional Nanostructures for PEM Fuel Cell Applications written by Shangfeng Du and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-08-07 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One-dimensional Nanostructures for PEM Fuel Cell Applications provides a review of the progress made in 1D catalysts for applications in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. It highlights the improved understanding of catalytic mechanisms on 1D nanostructures and the new approaches developed for practical applications, also including a critical perspective on current research limits. The book serves as a reference for the design and development of a new generation of catalysts to assist in the realization of successful commercial use that have the potential to decarbonize the domestic heat and transport sectors. In addition, a further commercialization of this technology requires advanced catalysts to address major obstacles faced by the commonly used Pt/C nanoparticles. The unique structure of one-dimensional nanostructures give them advantages to overcome some drawbacks of Pt/C nanoparticles as a new type of excellent catalysts for fuel cell reactions. In recent years, great efforts have been devoted in this area, and much progress has been achieved. Provides a review of 1D catalysts for applications in polymer electrolyte fuel cells Presents an ideal reference for the design and development of a new generation of catalysts to assist in the realization of successful commercial use Highlights the progress made in recent years in this emerging field
Book Synopsis Characterization and Optimization of Carbon Based Electrocatalysts and Supports for Fuel Cell Applications by : Abhinav Poozhikunnath
Download or read book Characterization and Optimization of Carbon Based Electrocatalysts and Supports for Fuel Cell Applications written by Abhinav Poozhikunnath and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of expensive platinum-based catalysts has been a major obstacle for the widespread use of low temperature fuel cells. As a result, there is significant commercial and scientific interest in replacing platinum-based electrocatalysts with cost-effective alternatives of comparable performance. This thesis explores the process-structure-property relationship of platinum group metal-free (PGM-free), metal-nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C) electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction synthesized by a flame spray pyrolysis process called Reactive Spray Deposition Technology (RSDT). Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon (M-N-C) type Platinum Group Metal-free (PGM-free) electrocatalyst, synthesized directly from liquid solution precursors by the partial combustion of organic material in the RSDT flame. Central to this work is the modification of the RSDT for carbon synthesis using liquid aromatic hydrocarbon-based precursors. The direct synthesis of the M-N-C electrocatalysts using an open atmosphere flame spray pyrolysis technique, has not been reported previously and offers a scalable alternative to the energy-intensive, multi-step furnace-based processes that are conventionally used for synthesizing M-N-C catalysts. The physical and chemical characteristics of the synthesized material are examined and the performance of the catalyst with respect to RSDT process parameters such as precursor composition and fuel equivalence ratio are analyzed with an aim of preparing the groundwork for further development of the synthesis process. The baseline Fe-N-C catalyst synthesized by RSDT exhibits activity towards oxygen reduction in alkaline media and shows excellent dynamic stability even after 4000 potential cycles. Based on these results, additional efforts needed to optimize the RSDT process parameters to improve catalyst activity and for mass-producing M-N-C electrodes are also discussed. As a second subject, this thesis also investigates an application of multi-scale correlative characterization in quality control of carbon black for fuel cell and battery applications. A workflow using correlative characterization techniques including X-CT, laser-milling and elemental analysis is described. Potential failure modes are discussed based on the properties of the impurities analyzed and a case is made for the use of correlative characterization for establishing standards of quality control in commercially produced fuel cell and battery components.
Book Synopsis Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Energy Applications by : GLA University
Download or read book Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Energy Applications written by GLA University and published by Springer. This book was released on 2024-05-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive overview of atomically precise electrocatalysts, including single-atom, dual-atom, and multi-atom catalysts, which are considered to be superior electrode materials for fuel cells and water electrolyzers. By presenting a systematic examination of these materials in ascending order of metal atom number, the book provides a deep understanding of their synthesis processes, energy applications, and potential for improving their performance. Unlike any contemporary book on the topic, this book explores the reaction mechanisms and structure-performance relationships in catalytic processes at atomic level. Essentially, by driving the development of fuel cells and water electrocatalyzers, this book helps meet the world's growing energy demands. With its cutting-edge insights, this book is an indispensable resource for researchers, engineers, and students working in the field of renewable energy.
Book Synopsis Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells by : Minhua Shao
Download or read book Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells written by Minhua Shao and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-08 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fuel cells are one of the most promising clean energy conversion devices that can solve the environmental and energy problems in our society. However, the high platinum loading of fuel cells - and thus their high cost - prevents their commercialization. Non- or low- platinum electrocatalysts are needed to lower the fuel cell cost. Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells: A Non and Low Platinum Approach is a comprehensive book summarizing recent advances of electrocatalysis in oxygen reduction and alcohol oxidation, with a particular focus on non- and low-Pt electrocatalysts. All twenty four chapters were written by worldwide experts in their fields. The fundamentals and applications of novel electrocatalysts are discussed thoroughly in the book. The book is geared toward researchers in the field, postgraduate students and lecturers, and scientists and engineers at fuel cell and automotive companies. It can even be a reference book for those who are interested in this area.
Book Synopsis Multi-functional Electrocatalysts by : Viswanathan S Saji
Download or read book Multi-functional Electrocatalysts written by Viswanathan S Saji and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2024-08-28 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multi-functional electrocatalysts are highly unique in that they display features that include the presence of multiple active sites that can simultaneously catalyse two or more different electrochemical reactions. They are particularly crucial for solving several pressing challenges and consequently are a priority in developing contemporary sustainable energy conversion and storage systems, such as fuel cells, metal–air batteries and electrolysers for green hydrogen production. This book will serve as a valuable reference for graduate students, researchers, and industrial practitioners working on electrochemical energy storage and conversion, electrocatalysis, materials chemistry and green hydrogen technologies.
Book Synopsis Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications by : Srabanti Ghosh
Download or read book Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications written by Srabanti Ghosh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-06-01 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timely overview of fundamental and advanced topics of conjugated polymer nanostructures Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications is a comprehensive reference on conjugated polymers for energy applications. Distinguished academic and editor Srabanti Ghosh offers readers a broad overview of the synthesis, characterization, and energy-related applications of nanostructures based on conjugated polymers. The book includes novel approaches and presents an interdisciplinary perspective rooted in the interfacing of polymer and synthetic chemistry, materials science, organic chemistry, and analytical chemistry. This book provides complete descriptions of conjugated polymer nanostructures and polymer-based hybrid materials for energy conversion, water splitting, and the degradation of organic pollutants. Photovoltaics, solar cells, and energy storage devices such as supercapacitors, lithium ion battery electrodes, and their associated technologies are discussed, as well. Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications covers both the fundamental topics and the most recent advances in this rapidly developing area, including: The design and characterization of conjugated polymer nanostructures, including the template-free and chemical synthesis of polymer nanostructures Conjugated polymer nanostructures for solar energy conversion and environmental protection, including the use of conjugated polymer-based nanocomposites as photocatalysts Conjugated polymer nanostructures for energy storage, including the use of nanocomposites as electrode materials The presentation of different and novel methods of utilizing conjugated polymer nanostructures for energy applications Perfect for materials scientists, polymer chemists, and physical chemists, Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications also belongs on the bookshelves of organic chemists and any other practicing researchers, academics, or professionals whose work touches on these highly versatile and useful structures.
Book Synopsis Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts by : Radoslav Adzic
Download or read book Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts written by Radoslav Adzic and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-08-13 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a science and technology of a new type of electrocatalysts consisting of a single atomic layer of platinum on suitable supports. This development helped overcome three major obstacles—catalysts‘ cost, activity, and stability—for a broad range of fuel cell applications. The volume begins with a short introduction to the science of electrocatalysis, covering four reactions important for energy conversion in fuel cells. A description follows of the properties of metal monolayers on electrode surfaces, and underpotential deposition of metals. The authors then describe the concept of Pt monolayer electrocatalysts and its implications and their synthesis by galvanic displacement of less-noble metal monolayers and other methods. The main part of the book presents a discussion of catalysts’ characterization and catalytic properties of Pt monolayers for the four main reactions of electrochemical energy conversion: oxygen reduction and oxidation of hydrogen, methanol and ethanol. The book concludes with a treatment of scale-up syntheses, fuel cell tests, catalysts’ stability and application prospects.
Book Synopsis Development of Novel Non-Pt Group Metal Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cell Applications by :
Download or read book Development of Novel Non-Pt Group Metal Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cell Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this multi-institutional effort was to comprehensively pursue the goal of eliminating noble metal (Pt group metals, PGM) from the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrode thereby providing a quantum leap in lowering the overall PGM loading in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC). The overall project scope encompassed (a) comprehensive materials discovery effort, (b) a concomitant effort to scale up these materials with very high (±5%) reproducibility, both intra and inter, (c) understanding mass transport in porous medium both in gas diffusion and micro-porous layers for enhanced areal activity, (d) understanding mechanistic aspects of active site structure and ORR electrocatalytic pathway. Overall project milestones and metrics were (a) first phase effort based on performance in oxygen where the project's Go/No-Go decision point milestone of 100 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V (internal resistance-free, iR-free) at 80°C, pure H2/O2, with 1.5 bar total pressure was met. Subsequently, the principle objectives were to (a) transition the project from H2/O2 to H2/Air with slated target of exceeding 30 mA/cm2 @ 0.8 V, 2.5 bar total pressure and an end of the project target of 1 A/cm2 @ 0.4 V (same total pressure), both under 100% relative humidity. The target for catalyst material scale up was to achieve 100 g batch size at the end of the program. This scale up target had a quality control milestone of less than 5% variation of activity measured with H2/Air (2.5 bar total pressure) at 0.8 V. In addition, the project also aimed at arriving at a unified understanding of the nature of active sites in these catalysts as well as some preliminary understanding of the mechanistic pathway. Also addressed is the development of an integrated method for determination of mass transport parameters using a combination of Helox experiments and modeling of the gas diffusion media, especially the micro-porous layer on the gas diffusion electrode (GDE). Detailed aspects of technical metrics and milestones are provided in Table 1 of the final report. Besides the success in meeting the DOE milestones in areal activities for oxygen and air described above one of the key successes of this effort was in understanding the nature of the active site(s) and aspects of the ORR pathway. In this it should be noted that the materials discovery effort provided for use of unconventional approaches, some of which led to very active catalysts. This aspect is described in detail in the final report. From a mechanistic perspective, a combination spectroscopic techniques confirmed that the high activity observed for most pyrolyzed Fe-based catalysts, irrespective of the precursors materials (macrocycles or individual Fe, N, and C precursors), the synthesis method (wet chemical impregnation or SSM), and final Fe-species (with or without inorganic iron species), can mainly be attributed to a single active site: non-planar Fe-N4 moiety embedded in distorted carbon matrix characterized by a high potential for the Fe2+/3+ redox transition in acidic electrolyte/environment, which is likely formed via the covalent incorporation of distorted Fe-N4 moieties in the defective centers on the carbon basal plane or in armchair edges of two adjacent graphene layers. This Fe2+-N4 active site at 0.3 V undergoes redox transition to a pentacoordinate HOFe3+−N4 at 0.90 V, and the adsorption of the *OH trigged by the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox transition poisons the active sites, thereby providing experimental evidence of the redox mechanism. Moreover, a highly active MOF-based catalyst devoid of any Fe-N moieties was also developed, and the active sites were identified as nitrogen-doped carbon fibers with embedded iron particles that are not directly involved in the oxygen reduction pathway. The h ...
Book Synopsis Final Report - Novel Approach to Non-Precious Metal Catalysts by :
Download or read book Final Report - Novel Approach to Non-Precious Metal Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project was directed at reducing the dependence of PEM fuel cells catalysts on precious metals. The primary motivation was to reduce the cost of the fuel cell stack as well as the overall system cost without loss of performance or durability. Platinum is currently the catalyst of choice for both the anode & the cathode. However, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) which takes place on the cathode is an inherently slower reaction compared to the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) which takes place on the anode. Therefore, more platinum is needed on the cathode than on the anode to achieve suitable fuel cell performance. As a result, developing a replacement for platinum on the cathode side will have a larger impact on overall stack cost. Thus, the specific objectives of the project, as stated in the solicitation, were to produce non-precious metal (NPM) cathode catalysts which reduce dependence on precious metals (especially Pt), perform as well as conventional precious metal catalysts currently in use in MEAs, cost 50% less compared to a target of 0.2 g Pt/peak kW, & demonstrate durability of greater than 2000 hours with less than 10% power degradation. During the term of the project, DOE refined its targets for NPM catalyst activity to encompass volumetric current density. The DOE Multi-Year RD & D Plan (2005) volumetric current density targets for 2010 & 2015 are greater than 130 A/cm3 & 300 A/cm3 at 800 mV (IR-free) respectively. The initial approach to achieve these targets was to use vacuum deposition techniques to deposit transition metal, carbon and nitrogen moieties onto 3M's nanostructured thin film (NSTF) catalyst support. While this approach yielded compounds with similar physicochemical characteristics as catalysts reported by others as active for ORR, the activity of these vacuum deposited catalysts was not satisfactory. In order to enhance catalytic activity additional process steps were introduced, the most successful of which was a thermal treatment. To withstand the high temperatures (~900 ðC), alternative supports to NSTF were introduced. A variety of carbon fabrics were tested for this purpose. Vacuum deposited materials were used as precursors & physicochemically transformed via thermal treatment to produce substantially better catalytic activity. This activity was further amplified by increasing the surface area of the carbon fabrics which lead to significant gains in fuel cell performance. The second synthetic approach is based on 3M nanotechnology & involves depositing precursor catalytic materials on high surface area supports, initially carbon. These materials were subsequently thermally treated in a nitrogen-containing gas atmosphere. While this approach is similar to others reported in the literature, we exploited 3M's nanotechnology platform & our expertise in the areas of synthesis & application of the precursor on the substrate. ORR activity proved higher for the materials produced via this approach. In fact, to our knowledge, the performance achieved on this effort exceeded the best previously reported for any NPM catalyst. With 4-nitroaniline as a precursor, the volumetric current density of our material achieved 19 A/cm3 at 800 mV, exceeding the value reported by DOE as the 2005 status (8 A/cm3) by a factor of more than two. We emphasize a unique feature of this project is that all measurements were done in real PEM fuel cells using 50-cm2 MEAs, therefore rendering credibility to the data for practical projection to a fuel cell stack application. In addition, with the price of the precursor nitroaniline only $1.5 kg on the commodity market enabling the DOE requirement of reducing the cost of the catalyst by a factor of two. A drawback of high-performing catalysts on carbon supports is their poor durability. Therefore, in the last stage of this project the focus of shifted toward improving the stability of the NPM catalyst. For that purpose alternative supports to carbon were introduced, The best catalyst synthesis methods remained practically the same for the new supports. Consequently, catalysts were made that were stable up to 1.4 V & one such material ran for over 1000 hours in a 50-cm2 fuel cell with no significant performance loss. In conclusion, by using precursor materials that are commodity items this project achieved the best performing & the most durable NPM catalyst reported thus far in PEM fuel cells. The knowledge base in the area of NPMC has been substantially increased & a solid platform for reaching the 2010 and 2015 targets of the DOE Multi-Year RD & D Plan has been established.
Book Synopsis New and Future Developments in Catalysis by : Steven L Suib
Download or read book New and Future Developments in Catalysis written by Steven L Suib and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-07-13 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New and Future Developments in Catalysis is a package of seven books that compile the latest ideas concerning alternate and renewable energy sources and the role that catalysis plays in converting new renewable feedstock into biofuels and biochemicals. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic processes will be discussed in a unified and comprehensive approach. There will be extensive cross-referencing within all volumes.The use of catalysts in the nanoscale offers various advantages (increased efficiency and less byproducts), and these are discussed in this volume along with the various catalytic processes using nanoparticles. However, this is not without any risks and the safety aspects and effects on humans and the environment are still unknown. The present data as well as future needs are all part of this volume along with the economics involved. Offers in-depth coverage of all catalytic topics of current interest and outlines future challenges and research areas A clear and visual description of all parameters and conditions, enabling the reader to draw conclusions for a particular case Outlines the catalytic processes applicable to energy generation and design of green processes
Book Synopsis Novel Catalyst Synthesis Methods for Fuel Cell Applications by : Irene J. Hsu
Download or read book Novel Catalyst Synthesis Methods for Fuel Cell Applications written by Irene J. Hsu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many resources have been devoted to developing novel catalytic systems in efforts to improve the activity of electrochemical reactions while more efficiently utilizing the precious metal catalyst. However, in order for these catalyst systems to be relevant industrially they must be in the form of particles. Conventional synthesis methods are too simplistic for these systems, which require a higher level of control in their synthesis. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to deposit Pt layers on tungsten monocarbide (WC) particles in an effort to produce monolayer Pt-WC catalysts. DFT calculations predicted that one monolayer of Pt on a WC substrate should perform as well as a Pt catalyst for the ORR. Pt ALD was first demonstrated on WC thin films and the growth and nucleation characteristics were studied. A nucleation period was observed where the growth per cycle was quite slow; after which the growth rate increased considerably. When few ALD cycles were used, Pt particles were well dispersed on the WC surface, but eventually with increased ALD cycles, merged to form a continuous layer. Pt monolayer growth is difficult on WC because there are few available adsorption sites for the Pt precursor, and discrete Pt particles are created instead. With increasing ALD cycles, existing Pt particles are more likely to grow rather than nucleate elsewhere on the WC surface. Therefore, in order to make thinner Pt layers the nucleation density must be increased at low ALD cycles. Pt ALD was then applied to WC powders to compare growth characteristics with the thin films. TEM imaging and Cu stripping voltammetry found that Pt ALD growth on the WC powder substrate was similar to that on WC thin films. However, the presence of excess free carbon was found to affect Pt ALD on WC powders by blocking adsorption sites on WC and also providing its own sites for Pt particle nucleation. Despite this, the ALD Pt-WC powders were found to be electrochemically equivalent to the ALD Pt-WC thin films through cyclic voltammogram analysis. The Pt-WC powders were also analyzed for ORR using a rotating disk electrode apparatus to obtain quantitative activity information. The mass specific and specific activities for the 30 and 50 ALD cycle samples were found to be comparable to a 10 wt% Pt/C catalyst with more than half the Pt loading. However, the oxygen reduction mechanism on the Pt-WC catalysts was found to be less efficient than on the Pt/C catalyst. Higher overpotentials were observed, and the reduction was found to take the 2-electron peroxide reduction pathway, the less desirable pathway for fuel cell applications. To explain some of the observations in electrochemical activity found with the ALD Pt-WC samples, WC disks with one monolayer of Pt were produced to make idealized surfaces. This system was found to have a lower-than-expected ORR activity, which was attributed to the lack of stability of the WC substrate in oxygen-saturated acid media. Regardless, the Pt-WC core shell system could be potentially useful for other reaction systems, such as hydrogen evolution reaction. Additionally, shape-controlled Pt particles were produced using pulse electrodeposition. By adjusting the applied potential, Pt particles that are spherical, cubic, or dendritic can be made. These were also shown to be useful for the methanol oxidation, a structure sensitive reaction. The dendritic particles were confirmed to be more active than cubic particles, which is in agreement with the literature.
