Synthesis And Analysis Of ATP-Independent Enzyme-Powered Micropumps

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Synthesis And Analysis Of ATP-Independent Enzyme-Powered Micropumps by : Arjun Agrawal

Download or read book Synthesis And Analysis Of ATP-Independent Enzyme-Powered Micropumps written by Arjun Agrawal and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The next generation of smart devices will need to incorporate the ability to self-regulate, in the absence of a constantly supplied source of energy, and be bio-friendly. The system demonstrated here displays these characteristics using enzymatic reactions as a power source for micropumps that can be used for sensing and detection.Surface-immobilized enzymes can function as both sensors and micropumps that create the pumping of fluid in a directional manner in response to increasing substrate concentration. These systems are independent of cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, and depend only on the enzyme's substrate to create fluid flow. They are minutely self-regulating depending on the amount of substrate concentration available in surrounding fluid. The robustness of this system was demonstrated via spatial and temporal analysis, and the pumping mechanism was determined to be density-dependent.These surface-immobilized enzyme systems were then adapted for use in more biocompatible hydrogel scaffold systems. These gels could be loaded with small molecules such as dyes or drugs and pump these molecules out in the presence of substrate. It was demonstrated here that enzymes electrostatically attached to the surface of gels could be used to generate fluid flows through their pumping mechanism and help to actively release various concentrations of drug in response to substrate concentration. This led to the eventual design of two important systems, one which pumped out insulin in the presence of glucose, and another which rapidly pumped out 2-PAM, a potent antidote to treat nerve agent poisoning. The creation of these systems will be intrinsic to the next generation of smart devices as sensors and pumps, potentially for use within the human body.

DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ENZYME-POWERED DEVICES.

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ENZYME-POWERED DEVICES. by : Lyanne Valdez

Download or read book DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ENZYME-POWERED DEVICES. written by Lyanne Valdez and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface-immobilized enzyme systems can be used as micropumps in the presence of enzyme-specific substrates. In other words, the enzymes transduce chemical energy from the reaction into fluid motion. This discovery enables the design of non-mechanical, self-powered nano/microscale pumps that precisely control flow rate and turn on and off in response to specific analytes. In order to obtain spatio-temporal control over enzyme micropumps with different architectures, it is essential to understand in detail how solutal and thermal buoyancy affect the speed and pumping directionality. Presented are the results of separately probing the effects of solutal and thermal buoyancy on the behavior of phosphatase-based micropumps through experiments and modeling. One of the key outcomes of this study is that even though the reactions catalyzed by phosphatases are fairly exothermic, the primary driver behind pumping is the difference between the densities of the products versus the reactants. To further investigate the mechanisms driving enzyme micropumps, both glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), enzymes that catalyze reversible reactions with the assistance of cofactors, were studied. These types of reactions are important to consider as a part of the fundamental understanding of pumps because many of the enzymes found in nature catalyze reversible reactions, including enzymes that are involved in metabolism, by which cells can harvest energy to perform important functions. GLDH and ADH pumps have been studied with the substrates only (in the absence of the respective cofactors) to understand the pumping behavior when these enzymes are not catalyzing any reaction. The resulting dehydrogenase pumping behavior in the presence of only substrates implies that the interaction between substrates and enzyme is sufficient to power the enzyme microfluidic pumping. Supplementary experiments were done to confirm that the interaction of enzyme and substrate can produce sufficient mechanical work. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was done to show that the diffusion of free enzymes increases in the presence of only substrates. In addition, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was done to determine the thermodynamic parameters of GLDH and its substrates.Another goal of this work was the development of an alternative enzyme pump architecture, particle-based enzyme pumps, which can potentially be used in directed fluid transport. Different enzyme particle pumps were studied in the presence of their substrates and proved more versatile in comparison to the 2D surface-patterned pumps previously studied. In one study, enzymes were anchored onto microparticles resulting in enhanced and directed fluid pumping. In a final study, enzymes were encapsulated inside virus-like particles and demonstrated their ability to move and power the motion of other particles, similar to a mobile pump. These two systems could aid in the development of enzyme pump networks, which can be explored for its application in fluidic delivery.

Engineering of Micro/Nano Biosystems

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811365490
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineering of Micro/Nano Biosystems by : Gregory Barbillon

Download or read book Engineering of Micro/Nano Biosystems written by Gregory Barbillon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-02 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This tutorial book offers an in-depth overview of the fundamental principles of micro/nano technologies and devices related to sensing, actuation and diagnosis in fluidics and biosystems. Research in the MEMS/NEMS and lab-on-chip fields has seen rapid growth in both academic and industrial domains, as these biodevices and systems are increasingly replacing traditional large size diagnostic tools. This book is unique in describing not only the devices and technologies but also the basic principles of their operation. The comprehensive description of the fabrication, packaging and principles of micro/nano biosystems presented in this book offers guidance for researchers designing and implementing these biosystems across diverse fields including medical, pharmaceutical and biological sciences. The book provides a detailed overview of the fundamental mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic principles involved, together with the technologies required for the design, fabrication and characterization of micro/nano fluidic systems and bio-devices. Written by a collaborative team from France and Korea, the book is suitable for academics, researchers, advanced level students and industrial manufacturers.

Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

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Publisher : Wiley-VCH
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by : Heinrich Klefenz

Download or read book Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology written by Heinrich Klefenz and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 2002-04-22 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on pharmaceutical biotechnology as a key area of life sciences. The complete range of concepts, processes and technologies of biotechnology is applied in modern industrial pharmaceutical research, development and production. The results of genome sequencing and studies of biological-genetic function are combined with chemical, micro-electronic and microsystem technology to produce medical devices and diagnostic biochips. A multitude of biologically active molecules is expanded by additional novel structures created with newly arranged gene clusters and bio-catalytic chemical processes. New organisational structures in the co-operation of institutes, companies and networks enable faster knowledge and product development and immediate application of the results of research and process development. This book is the ideal source of information for scientists and engineers in research and development, for decision-makers in biotech, pharma and chemical corporations, as well as for research institutes, but also for founders of biotech companies and people working for venture capital corporations.

An Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

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Publisher : Wiley-ISTE
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology by : Alain Nouailhat

Download or read book An Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology written by Alain Nouailhat and published by Wiley-ISTE. This book was released on 2008-01-14 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Part of this book adapted from "Introduction aux nanosciences et aux nanotechnologies" published in France by Hermes Science/Lavoisier in 2006."

Mobile Microrobotics

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262341018
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Mobile Microrobotics by : Metin Sitti

Download or read book Mobile Microrobotics written by Metin Sitti and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-06-16 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first textbook on micron-scale mobile robotics, introducing the fundamentals of design, analysis, fabrication, and control, and drawing on case studies of existing approaches. Progress in micro- and nano-scale science and technology has created a demand for new microsystems for high-impact applications in healthcare, biotechnology, manufacturing, and mobile sensor networks. The new robotics field of microrobotics has emerged to extend our interactions and explorations to sub-millimeter scales. This is the first textbook on micron-scale mobile robotics, introducing the fundamentals of design, analysis, fabrication, and control, and drawing on case studies of existing approaches. The book covers the scaling laws that can be used to determine the dominant forces and effects at the micron scale; models forces acting on microrobots, including surface forces, friction, and viscous drag; and describes such possible microfabrication techniques as photo-lithography, bulk micromachining, and deep reactive ion etching. It presents on-board and remote sensing methods, noting that remote sensors are currently more feasible; studies possible on-board microactuators; discusses self-propulsion methods that use self-generated local gradients and fields or biological cells in liquid environments; and describes remote microrobot actuation methods for use in limited spaces such as inside the human body. It covers possible on-board powering methods, indispensable in future medical and other applications; locomotion methods for robots on surfaces, in liquids, in air, and on fluid-air interfaces; and the challenges of microrobot localization and control, in particular multi-robot control methods for magnetic microrobots. Finally, the book addresses current and future applications, including noninvasive medical diagnosis and treatment, environmental remediation, and scientific tools.

Nanomachines

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527651470
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanomachines by : Joseph Wang

Download or read book Nanomachines written by Joseph Wang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-06-04 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomachines represent one of the most fascinating topics in of nanotechnology. These tiny devices provide diverse opportunities towards a wide range of important applications, ranging from targeted delivery of drug payloads to environmental remediation. This book addresses comprehensively the latest developments and discoveries in the field of nano- and microscale machines. It covers the evolution of nanomachines in general from a historical perspective, the fundamental challenges for motion at the nanoscale, different categories of biological and synthetic nano/microscale motors based on different propulsion mechanisms, ways for controlling the movement directionality and regulated speed, followed by detailed of major areas for which nanomachines has the potential to make a transformational impact. It ends with a futuristic look at nano/microscale machines and into their impact on the society. Key Features: * The only nanomachine introductory textbook currently available. * Written with college graduate level in mind to appeal to a broad interdisciplinary audience. * Covers the fundamental challenges for nanoscale motion. * Covers the latest advances in the design and operaton of a wide range of small-scale machines. * Covers diverse biomedical, environmental and technological applications of nanomachines. * Written in review format with cited articles to cover latest research and developments.

Microactuators

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461554454
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Microactuators by : Massood Tabib-Azar

Download or read book Microactuators written by Massood Tabib-Azar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 219 8. 2 Sensors 221 8. 3 Physical Sensors 222 8. 3. 1 Electrical Sensing Means 223 8. 3. 2 Magnetic Field Methods 231 8. 3. 3 Optical Methods 232 8. 4 Chemical Sensors 241 8. 4. 1 Electrical Gas and Chemical Sensors 243 8. 4. 2 Guided-Optics Intrinsic Chemical Sensors 246 8. 4. 3 Extrinsic Chemical Sensors 250 8. 4. 4 Polymer Waveguide Chemical Sensors 251 8. 4. 5 Surface Plasmon Chemical Sensors 252 8. 4. 6 Indicator-Mediated Extrinsic Sensing 253 8. 4. 7 Optical Biosensors 256 8. 4. 8 Ultrasonic Gas and Chemical Sensors 257 8. 4. 9 Intelligent Sensors 258 8. 5 Connections/Links and Wiring 258 8. 5. 1 Optical Links 260 8. 5. 2 Requirement on the Processing Unit/Intelligence 262 8. 6 Actuators 263 8. 7 Signal Processing/Computing 264 8. 7. 1 Implicit Computation 266 8. 7. 2 Explicit Computation 267 8. 8 References 274 Subject Index 279 Micro-Actuators (Electrical, Magnetic, Thermal, Optical, Mechanical, and Chemical) It has become quite apparent that sensors and actuators are the main bottleneck of the modem information processing and control systems. Microprocessors and computers used to be the main limiting element in most information processing systems. But thanks to the enonnous progress in the microelectronics industry, most information analysis tasks can be processed in real time. The data has to be acquired by the processor in some form and processed and used to produce some useful function in the real world.

Clinical Regenerative Medicine in Urology

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811027234
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Clinical Regenerative Medicine in Urology by : Bup Wan Kim

Download or read book Clinical Regenerative Medicine in Urology written by Bup Wan Kim and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-14 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This multidisciplinary book provides up-to-date information on clinical approaches that combine stem or progenitor cells, biomaterials and scaffolds, growth factors, and other bioactive agents in order to offer improved treatment of urologic disorders including lower urinary tract dysfunction, urinary incontinence, neurogenic bladder, and erectile dysfunction. In providing clinicians and researchers with a broad perspective on the development of regenerative medicine technologies, it will assist in the dissemination of both regenerative medicine principles and a variety of exciting therapeutic options. After an opening section addressing current developments and future perspectives in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, fundamentals such as cell technologies, biomaterials, bioreactors, bioprinting, and decellularization are covered in detail. The remainder of the book is devoted to the description and evaluation of a range of cell and tissue applications, with individual chapters focusing on the kidney, bladder, urethra, urethral sphincter, and penis and testis.

Separations for Biotechnology 2

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400907834
Total Pages : 659 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Separations for Biotechnology 2 by : D. Leo Pyle

Download or read book Separations for Biotechnology 2 written by D. Leo Pyle and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 659 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The challenge of bioseparations is to isolate and purify identified products from the dilute product broth produced from cell culture. Innovation in bioseparations technology is increasingly driven by the requirements imposed by the growing importance of production on a process scale of injectable-grade products, and economic pressures to improve the efficiency of downstream processing. As in other areas of technical change, science does not necessarily precede new technology: progress results from a complex and messy mixture of advances in understanding, ingenious ideas, novel techniques and chance discoveries. What is certain is that close interaction between academics and practitioners, biological scientists and process engineers is needed to solve the problems of bioseparations. The Second International Conference on Separations for Biotechnology at Reading, UK, in September 1990 set out to provide a critical multidisciplinary forum for the discussion of bioseparations. This volume contains the papers presented at the meeting. The meeting was organised around six themes with oral and poster presentations on the science and practice of bioseparations technology, and the same structure has been kept for this book. We have also included the texts of the keynote review paper by Professor Alan Michaels and the introductory review papers specially commissioned for the conference. Within each part of this book the review paper is followed by the contributed papers grouped alphabetically by their first author. All the original papers published here were accepted for publication after scientific refereeing.

Point-of-care testing

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662544970
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Point-of-care testing by : Peter Luppa

Download or read book Point-of-care testing written by Peter Luppa and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-18 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The underlying technology and the range of test parameters available are evolving rapidly. The primary advantage of POCT is the convenience of performing the test close to the patient and the speed at which test results can be obtained, compared to sending a sample to a laboratory and waiting for results to be returned. Thus, a series of clinical applications are possible that can shorten the time for clinical decision-making about additional testing or therapy, as delays are no longer caused by preparation of clinical samples, transport, and central laboratory analysis. Tests in a POC format can now be found for many medical disciplines including endocrinology/diabetes, cardiology, nephrology, critical care, fertility, hematology/coagulation, infectious disease and microbiology, and general health screening. Point-of-care testing (POCT) enables health care personnel to perform clinical laboratory testing near the patient. The idea of conventional and POCT laboratory services presiding within a hospital seems contradictory; yet, they are, in fact, complementary: together POCT and central laboratory are important for the optimal functioning of diagnostic processes. They complement each other, provided that a dedicated POCT coordination integrates the quality assurance of POCT into the overall quality management system of the central laboratory. The motivation of the third edition of the POCT book from Luppa/Junker, which is now also available in English, is to explore and describe clinically relevant analytical techniques, organizational concepts for application and future perspectives of POCT. From descriptions of the opportunities that POCT can provide to the limitations that clinician’s must be cautioned about, this book provides an overview of the many aspects that challenge those who choose to implement POCT. Technologies, clinical applications, networking issues and quality regulations are described as well as a survey of future technologies that are on the future horizon. The editors have spent considerable efforts to update the book in general and to highlight the latest developments, e.g., novel POCT applications of nucleic acid testing for the rapid identification of infectious agents. Of particular note is also that a cross-country comparison of POCT quality rules is being described by a team of international experts in this field.

Cell-based Biosensors

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Publisher : Artech House
ISBN 13 : 1596934409
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (969 download)

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Book Synopsis Cell-based Biosensors by : Qingjun Liu

Download or read book Cell-based Biosensors written by Qingjun Liu and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2009-10 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by recognized experts the field, this leading-edge resource is the first book to systematically introduce the concept, technology, and development of cell-based biosensors. You find details on the latest cell-based biosensor models and novel micro-structure biosensor techniques. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this unique volume presents the latest innovative applications of cell-based biosensors in a variety of biomedical fields. The book also explores future trends of cell-based biosensors, including integrated chips, nanotechnology and microfluidics. Over 140 illustrations help clarify key topics throughout the book.

Cell Analysis on Microfluidics

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811053944
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Cell Analysis on Microfluidics by : Jin-Ming Lin

Download or read book Cell Analysis on Microfluidics written by Jin-Ming Lin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-25 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a detailed overview of the design, formatting, application, and development of microfluidic chips in the context of cell biology research, enumerating each element involved in microfluidics-based cell analysis, discussing its history, status quo, and future prospects, It also offers an extensive review of the research completed in the past decade, including numerous color figures. The individual chapters are based on the respective authors' studies and experiences, providing tips from the frontline to help researchers overcome bottlenecks in their own work. It highlights a number of cutting-edge techniques, such as 3D cell culture, microfluidic droplet technique, and microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry interfaces, offering a first-hand impression of the latest trends in the field and suggesting new research directions. Serving as both an elementary introduction and advanced guidebook, the book interests and inspires scholars and students who are currently studying microfluidics-based cell analysis methods as well as those who wish to do so.

3D Printed Microfluidic Devices

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Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3038974676
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (389 download)

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Book Synopsis 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices by : Savas Tasoglu

Download or read book 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices written by Savas Tasoglu and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "3D Printed Microfluidic Devices" that was published in Micromachines

Discovering Life, Manufacturing Life

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048137675
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Discovering Life, Manufacturing Life by : Pierre V. Vignais

Download or read book Discovering Life, Manufacturing Life written by Pierre V. Vignais and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-21 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Francis BACON, in his Novum Organum, Robert BOYLE, in his Skeptical Chemist and René DESCARTES, in his Discourse on Method; all of these men were witnesses to the th scientific revolution, which, in the 17 century, began to awaken the western world from a long sleep. In each of these works, the author emphasizes the role of the experimental method in exploring the laws of Nature, that is to say, the way in which an experiment is designed, implemented according to tried and tested te- niques, and used as a basis for drawing conclusions that are based only on results, with their margins of error, taking into account contemporary traditions and prejudices. Two centuries later, Claude BERNARD, in his Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, made a passionate plea for the application of the experimental method when studying the functions of living beings. Twenty-first century Biology, which has been fertilized by highly sophisticated techniques inherited from Physics and Chemistry, blessed with a constantly increasing expertise in the manipulation of the genome, initiated into the mysteries of information techn- ogy, and enriched with the ever-growing fund of basic knowledge, at times appears to have forgotten its roots.

Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in Electronics

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319138758
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in Electronics by : Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni

Download or read book Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in Electronics written by Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-19 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers graphene reinforced polymers, which are useful in electronic applications, including electrically conductive thermoplastics composites, thermosets and elastomers. It systematically introduces the reader to fundamental aspects and leads over to actual applications, such as sensor fabrication, electromagnetic interference shielding, optoelectronics, superconductivity, or memory chips. The book also describes dielectric and thermal behaviour of graphene polymer composites - properties which are essential to consider for the fabrication and production of these new electronic materials. The contributions in this book critically discuss the actual questions in the development and applications of graphene polymer composites. It will thus appeal to chemists, physicists, materials scientists as well as nano technologists, who are interested in the properties of graphene polymer composites.

Principles of Physical Biochemistry

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Publisher : Prentice Hall
ISBN 13 : 9780130464279
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (642 download)

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Book Synopsis Principles of Physical Biochemistry by : Kensal Edward Van Holde

Download or read book Principles of Physical Biochemistry written by Kensal Edward Van Holde and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Second Edition of Principles of Physical Biochemistry provides the most current look at the theory and techniques used in the study of the physical chemistry of biological and biochemical molecules--including discussion of mass spectrometry and single-molecule methods. As leading experts in biophysical chemistry, these well-known authors offer unique insights and coverage not available elsewhere. Physical techniques currently used by practicing biochemists, including new chapters dedicated to extended material on mass spectrometry and single-molecule methods are included. The book's streamlined organization groups all hydrodynamic methods in Chapter 5 and combines Raman spectroscopy with the spectroscopy section. Relevant problems and applications help readers develop critical-thinking skills that they can apply to real biochemical and biological situations facing professionals in the industry. Biological Macromolecules; Thermodynamics and Biochemistry; Molecular Thermodynamics; Statistical Thermodynamics; Methods for the Separation and Characterization of Macromolecules; X-Ray Diffraction; Scattering From Solutions of Macromolecules; Quantum Mechanics and Spectros© Absorption Spectros© Linear and Circular Dichroism; Emission Spectros© Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectros© Macromolecules in Solution: Thermodynamics and Equilibria; Chemical Equilibria Involving Macromolecules; Mass Spectrometry of Macromolecules; Single-Molecule Methods. A useful reference for biochemistry professionals or for anyone interested in learning more about biochemistry.