Author : Marziehossadat Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)
Book Synopsis Sustainable Hydrogen Production Via Glycerol Steam Reforming with and Without In-situ CO2 Removal by : Marziehossadat Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh
Download or read book Sustainable Hydrogen Production Via Glycerol Steam Reforming with and Without In-situ CO2 Removal written by Marziehossadat Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, hydrogen has attracted a great deal of attention as a green energy carrier. Currently, more than 95 % of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, which has been questioned by the depletion of resources andincrease of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, renewable, carbon-neutral resources such as biomass and biomass-derived chemicals has been receiving a growing interest as an option to produce hydrogen. As a main by product in the biodiesel manufacturing process, glycerol has emerged as a promising source for hydrogen production. Although steam reforming (SR) is being recognized as a promising approach for converting glycerol to hydrogen, this process faces a number of challenges including the presence of equilibrium-limited reactions and the need of an expensive downstream purification system. To alleviate these problems, a promising alternative is sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR) process, in which steam reforming, water gas shift (WGS), and CO2 capture reactions occur simultaneously using areforming catalyst and a CO2solid sorbent. In this process, CO2 removal occurs simultaneously with the reforming reaction, shifting the WGS reaction towards hydrogen production and producing a hydrogen-enriched gas stream in a single step. The key factors in the successful application of this technology are mainly: (i) reforming catalysts and CO2 sorbents that can work efficiently under the harsh conditions of SESR process and (ii) mixing pattern of catalyst and sorbent. This thesis focuses on the development of efficient catalyst and catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials for sustainable hydrogen production by SR and SESR of glycerol (SRG and SESRG). More specifically, four main objectives of our workare: (i) investigating the influence of steam addition during either carbonation or calcination on the CO2 capture performance of Ca9Al6O18-CaO sorbent, (ii) developing Ca9Al6O18−CaO/xNiO (x = 15, 20, and 25 wt.%) and Ca9Al6O18−CaO/20NiO−yCeO2(y = 5, 10, and 15 wt %) catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials and studying the influence of CeO2 on the material stability incyclic SESRG/regeneration operation, (iii) proposing a new method for the synthesis of a more readily reducible NiAl2O4 spinel and studying the influence of CeO2 addition on its catalytic performance, and (iv) novel synthesis of two Ni-CaO-based catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials with highlyuniform distribution of catalytic active sites. (i) CO2 capture performance of Ca9Al6O18-CaO sorbent was investigated in the presence of two concentrations of steam, 2.3 and 9.5 vol. %.The obtained results revealed that the sorbent reactivity was remarkably enhanced for both concentrations of steam injected during carbonation step. In the case of steam addition during calcination, the CO2 capture performance was influenced negatively or positively depending on the concentration of steam. For 2.3 vol.% steam, the sorbent reactivity was worsened, while the presence of 9.5 vol.% steam led to an increase in the CO2capture capacity during 9 initial cycles.(ii) Two series of catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials were developed for the sustainable production of high-purity hydrogen by SESRG. Using Ca9Al6O18−CaO/xNiO (x = 15,20, and 25 wt.%) materials during five SESRG/regeneration cycles revealed that their reactivity was rapidly deteriorated mainly due to CaO sintering and coke deposition. As a result, the pre-breakthrough time and hydrogen yield decreased notably over five cycles. Interestingly, the addition of CeO2 to the most efficient catalyst (Ca9Al6O18−CaO/20NiO) led to a significant enhancement in material stability during cyclic operation. The bifunctional material promoted with 10 wt.% of CeO2 demonstrated the best performance, with a stable H2purity of ∼98% and H2yield of ∼91% over 20SESRG/regeneration cycles. (iii) A novel method, involving one-or two-step calcination of Ni-Al mixed-metal alkoxide((Ni-Al)-Glycerate), was developed for the synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel. For comparison purposes, the NiAl2O4 spinel was also synthesized throughthe conventional co-precipitation method followed by two-step calcination technique. The characterization results revealed that the synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel through two-step calcination of (Ni-Al)-Glycerateresulted in the formation of a more easily reducible catalyst and a more developed porous structure. This sample showed the highest H2yield (76.38 %) and glycerol conversion into gaseous products (95.42 %) when compared to other two samples. In order to avoid or reduce coke formation, 10 wt.% of CeO2 was incorporated into the sample prepared by two-step calcination of (Ni-Al)-Glycerate. The thermogravimetric analysis of the CeO2-promoted catalyst after SRG reaction revealed that the coke formation was almost completely suppressed. The method developed for the synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel in the previous work was combined with the ethanol/water treatment of CaO-based sorbents to synthesistwo new NiCaO-based catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials for hydrogen production via SESRG. Cyclic SESRG/regeneration experiments showed that the Ca3Al2O6-CaO/NiO-CeO2 bifunctional material possessed higher activity and stability when compared to NiAl2O4-CaO/NiAl2O4-CeO2. The former one exhibited a high constant H2 purity of around 96% over 10 cycles, while the latter showed a H2 purity of approximately 90% over the first 6 cycles, followed by the further decrease to 86 % over the last 4 cycles. In conclusion, the results presented in this thesis show that SESRG can be a very promising approach for high-purity hydrogen production in a single step, providing that the employed catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials possess uniform distribution of catalytic and sorption active sites on nanoscale and high resistance against CaO sintering and coke formation. To prepare catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials with these characteristics, two main approaches were employed in this work: (i) developing new synthesis methods that provide a homogeneous distribution of targeted elements (Ca, Ni, Al, and Ce in this study) and (ii) using CeO2 as a promising promoter to reduce or suppress coke formation and enhance the cyclic stability of CaO particles.
