Green Sustainable Process For Chemical And Environmental Engineering And Science

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Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science

Author : Inamuddin
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128198516
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science by : Inamuddin

Download or read book Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science written by Inamuddin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-17 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Switchable Solvents explores the preparation, properties, chemical processes and applications of this class of green solvents. The book provides an in-depth overview on the area of switchable solvents in various industrial applications, focusing on the purification and extraction of chemical compounds utilizing green chemistry protocols that include liquid-liquid, solid-liquid, liquid-gas and lipids separation technologies. In addition, it includes recent advances in greener extraction and separation processes. This book will be an invaluable guide to students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial specialists working in the field of sustainable chemistry, organic, analytical, chemical engineering, environmental and pharmaceutical sciences. Provides a broad overview of switchable solvents in sustainable chemical processes Compares the use of switchable solvents as greener solvents over conventional solvents Outlines eco-friendly organic synthesis and chemical processes using switchable solvents Lists various industrial separations/extraction processes using switchable solvents

Sustainability Science and Engineering

Author : Martin A. A. Abraham
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080481272
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (812 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainability Science and Engineering by : Martin A. A. Abraham

Download or read book Sustainability Science and Engineering written by Martin A. A. Abraham and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-12-16 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable development is commonly defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Sustainability in engineering incorporates ethical and social issues into the design of products and processes that will be used to benefit society as a whole. Sustainability Science and Engineering, Volume 1: Defining Principles sets out a series of "Sustainable Engineering Principles" that will help engineers design products and services to meet societal needs with minimal impact on the global ecosystem. Using specific examples and illustrations, the authors cleverly demonstrate opportunities for sustainable engineering, providing readers with valuable insight to applying these principles. This book is ideal for technical and non-technical readers looking to enhance their understanding of the impact of sustainability in a technical society. * Defines the principles of sustainable engineering * Provides specific examples of the application of sustainable engineering in industry * Represents the viewpoints of current leaders in the field and describes future needs in new technologies

Sustainable Process Engineering

Author : Gyorgy Szekely
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110717301
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Process Engineering by : Gyorgy Szekely

Download or read book Sustainable Process Engineering written by Gyorgy Szekely and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2021-03-08 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable process engineering is a methodology to design new and redesign existing processes that follow the principles of green chemistry and green engineering, and ultimately contribute to a sustainable development. The newest achievements of chemical engineering, opened new opportunities to design more efficient, safe, compact and environmentally benign chemical processes. The book provides a guide to sustainable process design applicable in various industrial fields. • Discusses the topic from a wide angle: chemistry, materials, processes, and equipment. • Includes state-of-the-art research achievements that are yet to be industrially implemented. • Transfers knowledge between chemists and chemical engineers. • QR codes direct the readers to animations, short videos, magazines, and blogs on specific topics • Worked examples deepen the understanding of the sustainable assessment of chemical manufacturing processes

Green Chemistry and Engineering

Author : Mukesh Doble
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 9780080524771
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

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Book Synopsis Green Chemistry and Engineering by : Mukesh Doble

Download or read book Green Chemistry and Engineering written by Mukesh Doble and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-07-27 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical processes provide a diverse array of valuable products and materials used in applications ranging from health care to transportation and food processing. Yet these same chemical processes that provide products and materials essential to modern economies, also generate substantial quantities of wastes and emissions. Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in design. Due to extravagant costs needed to managing these wastes, tens of billions of dollars a year, there is a need to propose a way to create less waste. Emission and treatment standards continue to become more stringent, which causes these costs to continue to escalate. Green Chemistry and Engineering describes both the science (theory) and engineering (application) principles of Green Chemistry that lead to the generation of less waste. It explores the use of milder manufacturing conditions resulting from the use of smarter organic synthetic techniques and the maintenance of atom efficiency that can temper the effects of chemical processes. By implementing these techniques means less waste, which will save industry millions of dollars over time. Chemical processes that provide products and materials essential to modern economies generate substantial quantities of wastes and emissions, this new book describes both the science (theory) and engineering (application) principles of Green Chemistry that lead to the generation of less waste This book contains expert advise from scientists around the world, encompassing developments in the field since 2000 Aids manufacturers, scientists, managers, and engineers on how to implement ongoing changes in a vast developing field that is important to the environment and our lives

Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials

Author : Sneha Mohan
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0081019769
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials by : Sneha Mohan

Download or read book Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials written by Sneha Mohan and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials: Advances and Key Technologies discusses the latest advancements in the synthesis of various types of nanomaterials. The book's main objective is to provide a comprehensive review regarding the latest advances in synthesis protocols that includes up-to-date data records on the synthesis of all kinds of inorganic nanostructures using various physical and chemical methods. The synthesis of all important nanomaterials, such as carbon nanostructures, Core-shell Quantum dots, Metal and metal oxide nanostructures, Nanoferrites, polymer nanostructures, nanofibers, and smart nanomaterials are discussed, making this a one-stop reference resource on research accomplishments in this area. Leading researchers from industry, academia, government and private research institutions across the globe have contributed to the book. Academics, researchers, scientists, engineers and students working in the field of polymer nanocomposites will benefit from its solutions for material problems. Provides an up-to-date data record on the synthesis of all kinds of organic and inorganic nanostructures using various physical and chemical methods Presents the latest advances in synthesis protocols Includes the latest techniques used in the physical and chemical characterization of nanomaterials Covers the characterization of all the important materials groups, such as carbon nanostructures, core-shell quantum dots, metal and metal oxide nanostructures, Nano ferrites, polymer nanostructures and nanofibers

Sustainability in the Design, Synthesis and Analysis of Chemical Engineering Processes

Author : Gerardo Ruiz Mercado
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128020644
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainability in the Design, Synthesis and Analysis of Chemical Engineering Processes by : Gerardo Ruiz Mercado

Download or read book Sustainability in the Design, Synthesis and Analysis of Chemical Engineering Processes written by Gerardo Ruiz Mercado and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2016-07-29 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainability in the Design, Synthesis and Analysis of Chemical Engineering Processes is an edited collection of contributions from leaders in their field. It takes a holistic view of sustainability in chemical and process engineering design, and incorporates economic analysis and human dimensions. Ruiz-Mercado and Cabezas have brought to this book their experience of researching sustainable process design and life cycle sustainability evaluation to assist with development in government, industry and academia. This book takes a practical, step-by-step approach to designing sustainable plants and processes by starting from chemical engineering fundamentals. This method enables readers to achieve new process design approaches with high influence and less complexity. It will also help to incorporate sustainability at the early stages of project life, and build up multiple systems level perspectives. Ruiz-Mercado and Cabezas’ book is the only book on the market that looks at process sustainability from a chemical engineering fundamentals perspective. Improve plants, processes and products with sustainability in mind; from conceptual design to life cycle assessment Avoid retro fitting costs by planning for sustainability concerns at the start of the design process Link sustainability to the chemical engineering fundamentals

Sustainable Environmental Engineering

Author : Walter Z. Tang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119085586
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Environmental Engineering by : Walter Z. Tang

Download or read book Sustainable Environmental Engineering written by Walter Z. Tang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The important resource that explores the twelve design principles of sustainable environmental engineering Sustainable Environmental Engineering (SEE) is to research, design, and build Environmental Engineering Infrastructure System (EEIS) in harmony with nature using life cycle cost analysis and benefit analysis and life cycle assessment and to protect human health and environments at minimal cost. The foundations of the SEE are the twelve design principles (TDPs) with three specific rules for each principle. The TDPs attempt to transform how environmental engineering could be taught by prioritizing six design hierarchies through six different dimensions. Six design hierarchies are prevention, recovery, separation, treatment, remediation, and optimization. Six dimensions are integrated system, material economy, reliability on spatial scale, resiliency on temporal scale, and cost effectiveness. In addition, the authors, two experts in the field, introduce major computer packages that are useful to solve real environmental engineering design problems. The text presents how specific environmental engineering issues could be identified and prioritized under climate change through quantification of air, water, and soil quality indexes. For water pollution control, eight innovative technologies which are critical in the paradigm shift from the conventional environmental engineering design to water resource recovery facility (WRRF) are examined in detail. These new processes include UV disinfection, membrane separation technologies, Anammox, membrane biological reactor, struvite precipitation, Fenton process, photocatalytic oxidation of organic pollutants, as well as green infrastructure. Computer tools are provided to facilitate life cycle cost and benefit analysis of WRRF. This important resource: • Includes statistical analysis of engineering design parameters using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) • Presents Monte Carlos simulation using Crystal ball to quantify uncertainty and sensitivity of design parameters • Contains design methods of new energy, materials, processes, products, and system to achieve energy positive WRRF that are illustrated with Matlab • Provides information on life cycle costs in terms of capital and operation for different processes using MatLab Written for senior or graduates in environmental or chemical engineering, Sustainable Environmental Engineering defines and illustrates the TDPs of SEE. Undergraduate, graduate, and engineers should find the computer codes are useful in their EEIS design. The exercise at the end of each chapter encourages students to identify EEI engineering problems in their own city and find creative solutions by applying the TDPs. For more information, please visit www.tang.fiu.edu.

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science

Author : Dr. Inamuddin
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128219009
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science by : Dr. Inamuddin

Download or read book Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science written by Dr. Inamuddin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-11-19 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Plant-Derived Green Solvents: Properties and Applications provide a comprehensive review on the green solvents such as bio solvents, terpenes, neem, alkyl phenols, cyrene, limenone, and ethyl lactate, etc. which are derived from plant sources. Chapters discuss introduction, properties, and advantages to the practical use of plant-derived solvents. Plants-derived solvents are an excellent choice for real-world applications to reduce the environmental and health safety considerations. This book is the result of commitments by top researchers in the field of biosolvents from various backgrounds and fields of expertise. This book is a one-stop reference for plant solvents and overviews up-to-date accounts in the field of modern applications and the first book in this research community. Introduces properties and application of green solvents from plants Gives an in-depth accounts on plant-derived solvents for various applications Outlines the benefits and possibilities of plant-derived solvents vs conventional solvents Outlines eco-friendly green solvents synthesis, properties and applications Key references to obtain great results in plant-derived green solvents

Sustainable Design

Author : Daniel A. Vallero
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470130628
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Design by : Daniel A. Vallero

Download or read book Sustainable Design written by Daniel A. Vallero and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-25 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific Principles to Guide Sustainable Design Decisions From thermodynamics to fluid dynamics to computational chemistry, this book sets forth the scientific principles underlying the need for sustainable design, explaining not just the "hows" of sustainable design and green engineering, but also the "whys." Moreover, it provides readers with the scientific principles needed to guide their own sustainable design decisions. Throughout the book, the authors draw from their experience in architecture, civil engineering, environmental engineering, planning, and public policy in order to build an understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of sustainable design. Written to enable readers to take a more scientific approach to sustainable design, the book offers many practical features, including: Case studies presenting the authors' firsthand accounts of actual green projects Lessons learned from Duke University's Smart House Program that demonstrate the concepts and techniques discussed in the book Exercises that encourage readers to use their newfound knowledge to solve green design problems Figures, tables, and sidebars illustrating key concepts and summarizing important points For architects, designers, and engineers, this book enables them to not only implement green design methods, but also to choose these methods based on science. With its many examples, case studies, and exercises, the book is also an ideal textbook for students in civil and environmental engineering, construction, and architectural engineering.

Green Engineering

Author : David T. Allen
Publisher : Pearson Education
ISBN 13 : 0132441853
Total Pages : 683 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (324 download)

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Book Synopsis Green Engineering by : David T. Allen

Download or read book Green Engineering written by David T. Allen and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2001-09-06 with total page 683 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A chemical engineer's guide to managing and minimizing environmental impact. Chemical processes are invaluable to modern society, yet they generate substantial quantities of wastes and emissions, and safely managing these wastes costs tens of millions of dollars annually. Green Engineering is a complete professional's guide to the cost-effective design, commercialization, and use of chemical processes in ways that minimize pollution at the source, and reduce impact on health and the environment. This book also offers powerful new insights into environmental risk-based considerations in design of processes and products. First conceived by the staff of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Green Engineering draws on contributions from many leaders in the field and introduces advanced risk-based techniques including some currently in use at the EPA. Coverage includes: Engineering chemical processes, products, and systems to reduce environmental impacts Approaches for evaluating emissions and hazards of chemicals and processes Defining effective environmental performance targets Advanced approaches and tools for evaluating environmental fate Early-stage design and development techniques that minimize costs and environmental impacts In-depth coverage of unit operation and flowsheet analysis The economics of environmental improvement projects Integration of chemical processes with other material processing operations Lifecycle assessments: beyond the boundaries of the plant Increasingly, chemical engineers are faced with the challenge of integrating environmental objectives into design decisions. Green Engineering gives them the technical tools they need to do so.

Assessing and Measuring Environmental Impact and Sustainability

Author : Jiří J Klemeš
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128022337
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing and Measuring Environmental Impact and Sustainability by : Jiří J Klemeš

Download or read book Assessing and Measuring Environmental Impact and Sustainability written by Jiří J Klemeš and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2015-01-20 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assessing and Measuring Environmental Impact and Sustainability answers the question “what are the available methodologies to assess the environmental sustainability of a product, system or process? Multiple well-known authors share their expertise in order to give a broad perspective of this issue from a chemical and environmental engineering perspective. This mathematical, quantitative book includes many case studies to assist with the practical application of environmental and sustainability methods. Readers learn how to efficiently assess and use these methods. This book summarizes all relevant environmental methodologies to assess the sustainability of a product and tools, in order to develop more green products or processes. With life cycle assessment as its main methodology, this book speaks to engineers interested in environmental impact and sustainability. Helps engineers to assess, evaluate, and measure sustainability in industry Provides workable approaches to environmental and sustainability assessment Readers learn tools to assess the sustainability of a process or product and to design it in an environmentally friendly way

Sustainable Process Engineering

Author : David Brennan
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814316784
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Process Engineering by : David Brennan

Download or read book Sustainable Process Engineering written by David Brennan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-10-01 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces chemical engineering students to key concepts, strategies, and evaluation methods in sustainable process engineering. The book is intended to supplement chemical engineering texts in fundamentals and design, rather than replace them. The key objectives of the book are to widen system boundaries beyond a process plant to include utility supplies, interconnected plants, wider industry sectors, and entire product life cycles; identify waste and its sources in process and utility systems and adopt waste minimization strategies; broaden evaluation to include technical, economic, safety, environmental, social, and sustainability criteria and to integrate the assessments; and broaden the engineering horizon to incorporate planning, development, design, and operations. Case examples are integrated with chapter topics throughout, and defined problems that reflect current industry challenges are provided. Contexts include electricity generation, waste sulfuric acid minimization, petroleum fuel desulfurization, and byproduct hydrogen utilization.

Green Chemistry

Author : Tatsiana Savitskaya
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811637466
Total Pages : 157 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Green Chemistry by : Tatsiana Savitskaya

Download or read book Green Chemistry written by Tatsiana Savitskaya and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-17 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates in detail the concepts and principles of green chemistry and related methodologies, including green synthesis, green activation methods, green catalysis, green solvents, and green design to achieve process intensification while at the same time ensuring process safety and promoting ecological civilization and environmental protection. Moreover, it incorporates elements of chemical management and chemical education, highlighting chemists’ responsibility to protect humankind and foster green and sustainable development in chemistry. Combining Chinese and Belarus wisdom, this book is intended for those working in the chemical industry who are interested in environmental protection and sustainable development, as well as undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in green chemistry and related technologies.

Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309476550
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-03-08 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental engineers support the well-being of people and the planet in areas where the two intersect. Over the decades the field has improved countless lives through innovative systems for delivering water, treating waste, and preventing and remediating pollution in air, water, and soil. These achievements are a testament to the multidisciplinary, pragmatic, systems-oriented approach that characterizes environmental engineering. Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges outlines the crucial role for environmental engineers in this period of dramatic growth and change. The report identifies five pressing challenges of the 21st century that environmental engineers are uniquely poised to help advance: sustainably supply food, water, and energy; curb climate change and adapt to its impacts; design a future without pollution and waste; create efficient, healthy, resilient cities; and foster informed decisions and actions.

2D Monoelements

Author : Inamuddin
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119655250
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis 2D Monoelements by : Inamuddin

Download or read book 2D Monoelements written by Inamuddin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2D Monoelements: Properties and Applications explores the challenges, research progress and future developments of the basic idea of two-dimensional monoelements, classifications, and application in field-effect transistors for sensing and biosensing. The thematic topics include investigations such as: Recent advances in phosphorene The diverse properties of two-dimensional antimonene, of graphene and its derivatives The molecular docking simulation study used to analyze the binding mechanisms of graphene oxide as a cancer drug carrier Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived carbon (graphene and carbon nanotubes) and MOF-carbon composite materials, with a special emphasis on the use of these nanostructures for energy storage devices (supercapacitors) Two-dimensional monoelements classification like graphene application in field-effect transistors for sensing and biosensing Graphene-based ternary materials as a supercapacitor electrode Rise of silicene and its applications in gas sensing

Fundamentals of Sustainable Chemical Science

Author : Stanley E. Manahan
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439882088
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Sustainable Chemical Science by : Stanley E. Manahan

Download or read book Fundamentals of Sustainable Chemical Science written by Stanley E. Manahan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-03-10 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by Stanley Manahan, Fundamentals of Sustainable Chemical Science has been carefully designed to provide a basic introduction to chemistry, including organic chemistry and biochemistry, for readers with little or no prior background in the subject. Manahan, bestselling author of many environmental texts, presents the material in a practical

Sustainability and the U.S. EPA

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309212529
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainability and the U.S. EPA by : National Research Council

Download or read book Sustainability and the U.S. EPA written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-10-08 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainability is based on a simple and long-recognized factual premise: Everything that humans require for their survival and well-being depends, directly or indirectly, on the natural environment. The environment provides the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. Recognizing the importance of sustainability to its work, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working to create programs and applications in a variety of areas to better incorporate sustainability into decision-making at the agency. To further strengthen the scientific basis for sustainability as it applies to human health and environmental protection, the EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to provide a framework for incorporating sustainability into the EPA's principles and decision-making. This framework, Sustainability and the U.S. EPA, provides recommendations for a sustainability approach that both incorporates and goes beyond an approach based on assessing and managing the risks posed by pollutants that has largely shaped environmental policy since the 1980s. Although risk-based methods have led to many successes and remain important tools, the report concludes that they are not adequate to address many of the complex problems that put current and future generations at risk, such as depletion of natural resources, climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Moreover, sophisticated tools are increasingly available to address cross-cutting, complex, and challenging issues that go beyond risk management. The report recommends that EPA formally adopt as its sustainability paradigm the widely used "three pillars" approach, which means considering the environmental, social, and economic impacts of an action or decision. Health should be expressly included in the "social" pillar. EPA should also articulate its vision for sustainability and develop a set of sustainability principles that would underlie all agency policies and programs.