Supermax Prison

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Supermax

Author : Sharon Shalev
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134026749
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Supermax by : Sharon Shalev

Download or read book Supermax written by Sharon Shalev and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the rise and proliferation of 'Supermaxes', large prisons dedicated to holding prisoners in prolonged and strict solitary confinement, in the United States since the late 1980s. Drawing on unique access to two Supermax prisons and on in-depth interviews with prison officials, prison architects, current and former prisoners, mental health professionals, penal, legal, and human rights experts, it provides a holistic view of the theory, practice and consequences of these prisons. Given the historic uses of solitary confinement, the book also traces continuities and discontinuities in its use on both sides of the Atlantic over the last two centuries. It argues that rather than being an entirely 'new' form of imprisonment, Supermax prisons draw on principles of architecture, surveillance and control which were set out in the early 19th century but which are now enhanced by the most advanced technologies available to current day prison planners and administrators. It asks why a form of confinement which had been discredited in the past is now proposed as the best solution for dealing with 'difficult', 'dangerous' or 'disruptive' prisoners, and assesses the true costs of Supermax confinement.

Supermax Prison

Author : Jd Rakesh Chandra MD
Publisher : History Publishing Company LLC
ISBN 13 : 9781933909837
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Supermax Prison by : Jd Rakesh Chandra MD

Download or read book Supermax Prison written by Jd Rakesh Chandra MD and published by History Publishing Company LLC. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Tamms supermax prison reduced violence, protected the staff and inmates, and provided the mental health needs of a unique population. But time eroded public confidence in a facility that imposed long-term solitary confinement years beyond acceptable practice. While there are stories of unimaginable violence, sadness, and injustice, there are hues of happiness and hope. We present the good and bad, the certain and unimaginable. The reader can choose sides on the issue, or embrace the broader story of "Supermax Prison: Controlling the most dangerous criminals."

Total Confinement

Author : Lorna A. Rhodes
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 9780520240766
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Total Confinement by : Lorna A. Rhodes

Download or read book Total Confinement written by Lorna A. Rhodes and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2004-02-26 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Ethnographically rich, thick with gritty details and original insights, Rhodes's revelatory book about US prisons--those who are incarcerated in them and those who run them--should be read by everyone who cares about social justice and the nature of power."—Emily Martin, author of Flexible Bodies "Thank you, Lorna Rhodes, for taking us to where the 'worst of the worst' are kept out of sight and out of mind in the new millennium. This powerful ethnography of the correctional high tech machine reveals how institutional power suffocates individual agency and redefines rationality and insanity. Good, bad and evil fall by the wayside."—Philippe Bourgois, author of In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio "A truly remarkable book. The inside look at supermax confinement alone is worth the price of admission, and the prose sometimes verges on poetry. This is meticulous scholarship."—Hans Toch, author of Living in Prison

The Globalization of Supermax Prisons

Author : Jeffrey Ian Ross
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813557429
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis The Globalization of Supermax Prisons by : Jeffrey Ian Ross

Download or read book The Globalization of Supermax Prisons written by Jeffrey Ian Ross and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2013-02-10 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Supermax” prisons, conceived by the United States in the early 1980s, are typically reserved for convicted political criminals such as terrorists and spies and for other inmates who are considered to pose a serious ongoing threat to the wider community, to the security of correctional institutions, or to the safety of other inmates. Prisoners are usually restricted to their cells for up to twenty-three hours a day and typically have minimal contact with other inmates and correctional staff. Not only does the Federal Bureau of Prisons operate one of these facilities, but almost every state has either a supermax wing or stand-alone supermax prison. The Globalization of Supermax Prisons examines why nine advanced industrialized countries have adopted the supermax prototype, paying particular attention to the economic, social, and political processes that have affected each state. Featuring essays that look at the U.S.-run prisons of Abu Ghraib and Guantanemo, this collection seeks to determine if the American model is the basis for the establishment of these facilities and considers such issues as the support or opposition to the building of a supermax and why opposition efforts failed; the allegation of human rights abuses within these prisons; and the extent to which the decision to build a supermax was influenced by developments in the United States. Additionally, contributors address such domestic matters as the role of crime rates, media sensationalism, and terrorism in each country’s decision to build a supermax prison.

Solitary

Author : Terry A. Kupers
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520292235
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis Solitary by : Terry A. Kupers

Download or read book Solitary written by Terry A. Kupers and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2017-09-05 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “When I testify in court, I am often asked: ‘What is the damage of long-term solitary confinement?’ . . . Many prisoners emerge from prison after years in solitary with very serious psychiatric symptoms even though outwardly they may appear emotionally stable. The damage from isolation is dreadfully real.” —Terry Allen Kupers Imagine spending nearly twenty-four hours a day alone, confined to an eight-by-ten-foot windowless cell. This is the reality of approximately one hundred thousand inmates in solitary confinement in the United States today. Terry Allen Kupers, one of the nation’s foremost experts on the mental health effects of solitary confinement, tells the powerful stories of the inmates he has interviewed while investigating prison conditions during the past forty years. Touring supermax security prisons as a forensic psychiatrist, Kupers has met prisoners who have been viciously beaten or raped, subdued with immobilizing gas, or ignored in the face of urgent medical and psychiatric needs. Kupers criticizes the physical and psychological abuse of prisoners and then offers rehabilitative alternatives to supermax isolation. Solitary is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding the true damage that solitary confinement inflicts on individuals living in isolation as well as on our society as a whole.

The Big House

Author : James (Jim) H. Bruton
Publisher : Voyageur Press
ISBN 13 : 1616738073
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (167 download)

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Book Synopsis The Big House by : James (Jim) H. Bruton

Download or read book The Big House written by James (Jim) H. Bruton and published by Voyageur Press. This book was released on 2004-07-26 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The warden tells all! "The Big House" is a frightening insiders look at life in a world-famous, maximum-security prison and the first to be told from the wardens perspective. Let Warden James H. Bruton lead you beyond the massive coils of razor ribbon and into the cell blocks of some of Americas most dangerous prisoners. Experience the shocking reality of working everyday with murderers, robbers, rapists, and thieves. Meet the inmates who have killed or maimed and who would take human life in a heartbeat. Who are they, and what are they all about? Walk inside with the Warden to this world of unimaginable ferocity and numbing reality. Experience in graphic detail the grim and sinister realities of prison existence as you come face-to-face with child molesters, predators, drug smugglers, and gang members. Learn the management techniques of controlling the most violent and difficult-to-manage offenders as well as why the staffs approach to treating inmates has made Oak Park Heights supermax prison one of the safest and most secure prisons in existence. About the Author: Jim Bruton was the warden at Oak Park Heights for five years, from 1996-2001. He worked in correctional facilities for 14 years and has 35 years of experience in the field of corrections. He is an adjunct faculty member in Criminal Justice/Sociology at five Twin Cities colleges/universities.

The Marion Experiment

Author : Stephen C. Richards
Publisher : SIU Press
ISBN 13 : 0809333775
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis The Marion Experiment by : Stephen C. Richards

Download or read book The Marion Experiment written by Stephen C. Richards and published by SIU Press. This book was released on 2015-01-21 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking readers into the darkness of solitary confinement, this searing collection of convict experiences, academic research, and policy recommendations shines a light on the proliferation of supermax (super-maximum-security) prisons and the detrimental effects of long-term high-security confinement on prisoners and their families. Stephen C. Richards, an ex-convict who served time in nine federal prisons before earning his PhD in criminology, argues the supermax prison era began in 1983 at USP Marion in southern Illinois, where the first “control units” were built by the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The Marion Experiment, written from a convict criminology perspective, offers an introduction to long-term solitary confinement and supermax prisons, followed by a series of first-person accounts by prisoners—some of whom are scholars—previously or currently incarcerated in high-security facilities, including some of the roughest prisons in the western world. Scholars also address the widespread “Marionization” of solitary confinement; its impact on female, adolescent, and mentally ill prisoners and families; and international perspectives on imprisonment. As a bold step toward rethinking supermax prisons, Richards presents the most comprehensive view of the topic to date to raise awareness of the negative aspects of long-term solitary confinement and the need to reevaluate how prisoners are housed and treated.

The Hot House

Author : Pete Earley
Publisher : Bantam
ISBN 13 : 0307808319
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis The Hot House by : Pete Earley

Download or read book The Hot House written by Pete Earley and published by Bantam. This book was released on 2011-11-09 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A stunning account of life behind bars at the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas, where the nation’s hardest criminals do hard time. “A page-turner, as compelling and evocative as the finest novel. The best book on prison I’ve ever read.”—Jonathan Kellerman The most dreaded facility in the prison system because of its fierce population, Leavenworth is governed by ruthless clans competing for dominance. Among the “star” players in these pages: Carl Cletus Bowles, the sexual predator with a talent for murder; Dallas Scott, a gang member who has spent almost thirty of his forty-two years behind bars; indomitable Warden Robert Matthews, who put his shoulder against his prison’s grim reality; Thomas Silverstein, a sociopath confined in “no human contact” status since 1983; “tough cop” guard Eddie Geouge, the only officer in the penitentiary with the authority to sentence an inmate to “the Hole”; and William Post, a bank robber with a criminal record going back to when he was eight years old—and known as the “Catman” for his devoted care of the cats who live inside the prison walls. Pete Earley, celebrated reporter and author of Family of Spies, all but lived for nearly two years inside the primordial world of Leavenworth, where he conducted hundreds of interviews. Out of this unique, extraordinary access comes the riveting story of what life is actually like in the oldest maximum-security prison in the country. Praise for The Hot House “Reporting at its very finest.”—Los Angeles Times “The book is a large act of courage, its subject an important one, and . . . Earley does it justice.”—The Washington Post Book World “[A] riveting, fiercely unsentimental book . . . To [Earley’s] credit, he does not romanticize the keepers or the criminals. His cool and concise prose style serves him well. . . . This is a gutsy book.”—Chicago Tribune “Harrowing . . . an exceptional work of journalism.”—Detroit Free Press “If you’re going to read any book about prison, The Hot House is the one. . . . It is the most realistic, unbuffed account of prison anywhere in print.”—Kansas City Star “A superb piece of reporting.”—Tom Clancy

Hell Is a Very Small Place

Author : Jean Casella
Publisher : New Press, The
ISBN 13 : 1620971380
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Hell Is a Very Small Place by : Jean Casella

Download or read book Hell Is a Very Small Place written by Jean Casella and published by New Press, The. This book was released on 2014-11-11 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “An unforgettable look at the peculiar horrors and humiliations involved in solitary confinement” from the prisoners who have survived it (New York Review of Books). On any given day, the United States holds more than eighty-thousand people in solitary confinement, a punishment that—beyond fifteen days—has been denounced as a form of cruel and degrading treatment by the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture. Now, in a book that will add a startling new dimension to the debates around human rights and prison reform, former and current prisoners describe the devastating effects of isolation on their minds and bodies, the solidarity expressed between individuals who live side by side for years without ever meeting one another face to face, the ever-present specters of madness and suicide, and the struggle to maintain hope and humanity. As Chelsea Manning wrote from her own solitary confinement cell, “The personal accounts by prisoners are some of the most disturbing that I have ever read.” These firsthand accounts are supplemented by the writing of noted experts, exploring the psychological, legal, ethical, and political dimensions of solitary confinement. “Do we really think it makes sense to lock so many people alone in tiny cells for twenty-three hours a day, for months, sometimes for years at a time? That is not going to make us safer. That’s not going to make us stronger.” —President Barack Obama “Elegant but harrowing.” —San Francisco Chronicle “A potent cry of anguish from men and women buried way down in the hole.” —Kirkus Reviews

Incarceration Nations

Author : Baz Dreisinger
Publisher : Other Press, LLC
ISBN 13 : 159051727X
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Incarceration Nations by : Baz Dreisinger

Download or read book Incarceration Nations written by Baz Dreisinger and published by Other Press, LLC. This book was released on 2016-02-09 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Baz Dreisinger travels behind bars in nine countries to rethink the state of justice in a global context Beginning in Africa and ending in Europe, Incarceration Nations is a first-person odyssey through the prison systems of the world. Professor, journalist, and founder of the Prison-to-College-Pipeline, Dreisinger looks into the human stories of incarcerated men and women and those who imprison them, creating a jarring, poignant view of a world to which most are denied access, and a rethinking of one of America’s most far-reaching global exports: the modern prison complex. From serving as a restorative justice facilitator in a notorious South African prison and working with genocide survivors in Rwanda, to launching a creative writing class in an overcrowded Ugandan prison and coordinating a drama workshop for women prisoners in Thailand, Dreisinger examines the world behind bars with equal parts empathy and intellect. She journeys to Jamaica to visit a prison music program, to Singapore to learn about approaches to prisoner reentry, to Australia to grapple with the bottom line of private prisons, to a federal supermax in Brazil to confront the horrors of solitary confinement, and finally to the so-called model prisons of Norway. Incarceration Nations concludes with climactic lessons about the past, present, and future of justice.

Maximum Insecurity

Author : William Wright
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781629670256
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Maximum Insecurity by : William Wright

Download or read book Maximum Insecurity written by William Wright and published by . This book was released on 2014-08-27 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After three decades as a successful ear surgeon, William Wright, MD is bored beyond belief. He dabbles with retirement, but finds idleness infuriating. He has to do something. Then he sees an ad for a doctor's position from the Colorado Department of Corrections at a supermax prison. Now that, he thinks, would be different. His wife has some thoughts on the matter too. She thinks her husband just lost his mind and is on a collision course with a prison shiv. After his first day on the job, he wonders if she wasn't onto something. His first patient is an arrogant, callous youth convicted of five cold-blooded murders. Dr. Wright has to steel himself not to bolt. Nothing prepares a doctor for life at the Colorado State Penitentiary. He quickly discovers treating maximum security convicts is like treating recalcitrant murderous four-year-olds. Always willing to threaten their doctors with bodily harm, they are more interested in scamming drugs than treatment. Told with self-depreciating humor and scathing wit, Maximum Insecurity describes Dr. Wright's adventures practicing medicine in a supermax correctional facility without, he's glad to say, getting killed even once.

Lettetrs from Marion

Author : Joel Blaeser
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780986405402
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (54 download)

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Book Synopsis Lettetrs from Marion by : Joel Blaeser

Download or read book Lettetrs from Marion written by Joel Blaeser and published by . This book was released on 2015-07-10 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: October 15, 1995. Congress makes a decision changing the federal drug law, inciting simultaneous riots in over 10 federal prisons as a result of the seemingly racial motivation, causing over 39 million dollars in damage.And no one reported it.Joel Blaeser survived the riot at FCI Talladega, the first of over ten, only to be charged with inciting it along with 21 other convicts, all black. An inspiring educational book that breaks many myths about the war on drugs, the american prison system and race in america. Joel's story chronicles his journey through the prison system, beginning with his trek across the globe following the Grateful Dead, then spanning the 6 federal prisons he did time in, in USP Marion, the most dangerous federal super maximum prison ever built, eventually culminating in the loss of his 2.9 million dollar lake estate and recovery from alcohol. Incarcerated (after losing his federal jury trial) as a naive Midwesterner 23 year old, Joel is amongst and one of the morally corrupt living in lock up where the guards are as corrupt as the criminals. A backstage pass to a otherwise off limits world, Joel's story's rich unvarnished details of life inside "the" most predacious super maximum prison ever devised, USP Marion during the 1990's, where the entire prison population was on 22-23 hour lock down.Sentenced to 151 months as a first time non violent offender, he grew up in a university of crime; learning how to survive both in and outside of the spiritually bereft walls of prison from the likes of John gotti, Bruce Pierce, James (Doc) Holliday and many others, some of the most predacious and sophisticated criminals of our time. The genesis of his rehabilitation was 23 hour solitary lockdown in USP Marion.A story of loss, injustice and redemption, this autobiographical account is speckled with raw, human experience in the form of Joel's letters to loved ones from USP Marion. race relations, solitary confinement, political uprising, usp marion, grateful dead tour, prison psychology, war on drugs, pop in the housing bubble, poker,

American Prisons and Jails [2 volumes]

Author : Vidisha Barua Worley
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 720 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis American Prisons and Jails [2 volumes] by : Vidisha Barua Worley

Download or read book American Prisons and Jails [2 volumes] written by Vidisha Barua Worley and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2018-12-07 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume encyclopedia provides a comprehensive and authoritative examination of the history and current character of American prisons and jails and their place in the U.S. corrections system. This encyclopedia provides a rigorous and comprehensive summary of correctional systems and practices and their evolution throughout US history. Topics include sentencing norms and contemporary developments; differences between local jails and prisons and regional, state, and federal systems; violent and nonviolent inmate populations; operations of state and federal prisons, including well-known prisons such as ADX-Florence, Alcatrez, Attica, Leavenworth, and San Quentin; privately run, for-profit prisons as well as the companies that run them; inmate culture, including prisoner-generated social hierarchies, prisoner slang, gangs, drug use, and violence; prison trends and statistics, including racial, ethnic, age, gender, and educational breakdowns; the death penalty; and post-incarceration outcomes, including recidivism. The set showcases contributions from some of the leading scholars in the fields of correctional systems and practices and will be a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning more about American prisons, jails, and community corrections.

23/7

Author : Keramet Reiter
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300224559
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis 23/7 by : Keramet Reiter

Download or read book 23/7 written by Keramet Reiter and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-31 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How America’s prisons turned a “brutal and inhumane” practice into standard procedure Originally meant to be brief and exceptional, solitary confinement in U.S. prisons has become long-term and common. Prisoners spend twenty-three hours a day in featureless cells, with no visitors or human contact for years on end, and they are held entirely at administrators’ discretion. Keramet Reiter tells the history of one “supermax,” California’s Pelican Bay State Prison, whose extreme conditions recently sparked a statewide hunger strike by 30,000 prisoners. This book describes how Pelican Bay was created without legislative oversight, in fearful response to 1970s radicals; how easily prisoners slip into solitary; and the mental havoc and social costs of years and decades in isolation. The product of fifteen years of research in and about prisons, this book provides essential background to a subject now drawing national attention.

From Slave Ship to Supermax

Author : Patrick Elliot Alexander
Publisher : Temple University Press
ISBN 13 : 143991415X
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (399 download)

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Book Synopsis From Slave Ship to Supermax by : Patrick Elliot Alexander

Download or read book From Slave Ship to Supermax written by Patrick Elliot Alexander and published by Temple University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: antipanoptic expressivity and the new neo-slave novel -- Talking in George Jackson's shadow: neoslavery, police intimidation, and imprisoned intellectualism in Baldwin's If Beale Street could talk -- Middle passage reinstated: whispers from the women's prison in Morrison's Beloved -- "Didn't I say this was worse than prison?": the slave ship-Supermax relation in Johnson's Middle passage -- "Tell them I'm a man": slavery's vestiges and imprisoned radical intellectualism in Gaines's A lesson before dying -- Epilogue: the prison classroom and the neo-abolitionist novel

Solitary Confinement

Author : Lisa Guenther
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 0816686270
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis Solitary Confinement by : Lisa Guenther

Download or read book Solitary Confinement written by Lisa Guenther and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2013-08-01 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prolonged solitary confinement has become a widespread and standard practice in U.S. prisons—even though it consistently drives healthy prisoners insane, makes the mentally ill sicker, and, according to the testimony of prisoners, threatens to reduce life to a living death. In this profoundly important and original book, Lisa Guenther examines the death-in-life experience of solitary confinement in America from the early nineteenth century to today’s supermax prisons. Documenting how solitary confinement undermines prisoners’ sense of identity and their ability to understand the world, Guenther demonstrates the real effects of forcibly isolating a person for weeks, months, or years. Drawing on the testimony of prisoners and the work of philosophers and social activists from Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty to Frantz Fanon and Angela Davis, the author defines solitary confinement as a kind of social death. It argues that isolation exposes the relational structure of being by showing what happens when that structure is abused—when prisoners are deprived of the concrete relations with others on which our existence as sense-making creatures depends. Solitary confinement is beyond a form of racial or political violence; it is an assault on being. A searing and unforgettable indictment, Solitary Confinement reveals what the devastation wrought by the torture of solitary confinement tells us about what it means to be human—and why humanity is so often destroyed when we separate prisoners from all other people.

Supermax

Author : Sharon Shalev
Publisher : Willan
ISBN 13 : 1134026676
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Supermax by : Sharon Shalev

Download or read book Supermax written by Sharon Shalev and published by Willan. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the rise and proliferation of 'Supermaxes', large prisons dedicated to holding prisoners in prolonged and strict solitary confinement, in the United States since the late 1980s. Drawing on unique access to two Supermax prisons and on in-depth interviews with prison officials, prison architects, current and former prisoners, mental health professionals, penal, legal, and human rights experts, it provides a holistic view of the theory, practice and consequences of these prisons. Given the historic uses of solitary confinement, the book also traces continuities and discontinuities in its use on both sides of the Atlantic over the last two centuries. It argues that rather than being an entirely 'new' form of imprisonment, Supermax prisons draw on principles of architecture, surveillance and control which were set out in the early 19th century but which are now enhanced by the most advanced technologies available to current day prison planners and administrators. It asks why a form of confinement which had been discredited in the past is now proposed as the best solution for dealing with 'difficult', 'dangerous' or 'disruptive' prisoners, and assesses the true costs of Supermax confinement.