Subtlety

Download Subtlety full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Subtlety ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Age of Subtlety

Author : Javier Patiño Loira
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 1644533464
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (445 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Age of Subtlety by : Javier Patiño Loira

Download or read book The Age of Subtlety written by Javier Patiño Loira and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2024-06-14 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A craze for intricate metaphors, referred to as conceits, permeated all forms of communication in seventeenth-century Italy and Spain, reshaping reality in highly creative ways. The Age of Subtlety: Nature and Rhetorical Conceits in Early Modern Europe situates itself at the crossroads of rhetoric, poetics, and the history of science, analyzing technical writings on conceits by such scholars as Baltasar Gracián, Matteo Peregrini, and Emanuele Tesauro against the background of debates on telescopic and microscopic vision, the generation of living beings, and the boundaries between the natural and the artificial. It contends that in order to understand conceits, we must locate them within the early modern culture of ingenuity that was also responsible for the engineer’s machines, the juggler’s sleight of hand, the wiles of the statesman, and the discovery of truths about nature.

The Subtlety of Sameness

Author : Robert Matthew French
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262061803
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (618 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Subtlety of Sameness by : Robert Matthew French

Download or read book The Subtlety of Sameness written by Robert Matthew French and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research described in this book is based on the premise that human analogy-making is an extension of our constant background process of perceiving--in other words, that analogy-making and the perception of sameness are two sides of the same coin. Foreword by Daniel Dennett While it is fashionable today to dismiss the "bad old days" of artificial intelligence and rave about emergent self-organizing systems, Robert French has created a model of human analogy-making that attempts to bridge the gap between classical top-down AI and more recent bottom-up approaches. The research described in this book is based on the premise that human analogy-making is an extension of our constant background process of perceiving--in other words, that analogy-making and the perception of sameness are two sides of the same coin. At the heart of the author's theory and computer model of analogy-making is the idea that the building-up and the manipulation of representations are inseparable aspects of mental functioning, in contrast to traditional AI models of high-level cognitive processes, which have almost always depended on a clean separation. A computer program called Tabletop forms analogies in a microdomain consisting of everyday objects on a table set for a meal. The theory and the program rely on the idea that myriad stochastic choices made on the microlevel can add up to statistical robustness on a macrolevel. To illustrate this, French includes the results of thousands of runs of his program on several dozen interrelated analogy problems in the Tabletop microworld. French's work is exciting not only because it reveals analogy-making to be an extension of our complex and subtle ability to perceive sameness but also because it offers a computational model of mechanisms underlying these processes. This model makes significant strides in putting into practice microlevel stochastic processing, distributed processing, simulated parallelism, and the integration of representation-building and representation-processing. A Bradford Book

Foundations of Tʻien-Tʻai Philosophy

Author : Paul Loren Swanson
Publisher : Jain Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0895819198
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (958 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Foundations of Tʻien-Tʻai Philosophy by : Paul Loren Swanson

Download or read book Foundations of Tʻien-Tʻai Philosophy written by Paul Loren Swanson and published by Jain Publishing Company. This book was released on 1989 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A chronological account of the development of the Two-Truth theory which forms the foundation of T'ien T'ai philosophy, the teaching of the Threefold Truth, and includes an annotated translation of Chih-i's Fa hua hsuan i."...a "must" for all major libraries..." Choice"...a "must" for all Buddhist collections..." Religious Studies Review

Psychological Subtleties

Author : Banachek
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780970643841
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Psychological Subtleties by : Banachek

Download or read book Psychological Subtleties written by Banachek and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Leadership Step by Step

Author : Joshua Spodek
Publisher : AMACOM
ISBN 13 : 081443794X
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Leadership Step by Step by : Joshua Spodek

Download or read book Leadership Step by Step written by Joshua Spodek and published by AMACOM. This book was released on 2017-02-16 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Don’t be content with simply learning what makes a great leader. Take the time to put in the work building those character traits inside you. Why is it that most of the principles and ideas we are inspired with when we read leadership books rarely end up leaving the page? Because we’ve learned what successful leaders are doing, as well as why we should be implementing it ourselves, but we have no idea how we can specifically do all this in our unique circumstances. Leadership Step by Step walks you through what to do and how to do it by taking you through an integrated and comprehensive progression of exercises designed to cultivate key abilities, behaviors, and beliefs through experience. By the end of the 22 exercises in this hands-on book, you will learn to: Build self-awareness Manage emotions Speak in an authentic voice Create meaningful connections Inspire others Each chapter opens with a story demonstrating a vital leadership skill. Then, it guides you through the process of developing that skill for yourself. Leadership Step by Step teaches you how to be that leader you’ve read so much about!

History of Aesthetics

Author : Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 9780826488558
Total Pages : 606 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (885 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis History of Aesthetics by : Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz

Download or read book History of Aesthetics written by Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2006-04-01 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tatarkiewicz's History of Aesthetics is an extremely comprehensive account of the development of European aesthetics from the time of the ancient Greeks to the 1700s. Published originally in Polish in 1962-7, it achieved bestseller status and acclaim as the best work of its kind in the world. The English translation of 1970-74 is a rare masterpiece. Covering ancient, medieval and modern aesthetics, Tatarkiewicz writes substantial essays on the views of beauty and art through the ages and then goes on to demonstrate these with extracts from original texts from each period. The authors he cites include Homer, Democritus, Plato, St Augustine, Boethius, Thomas Aquinas, Dante, William of Ockham, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Galileo, Bacon, Shakespeare and Rubens. His study is systematic and extremely wide, including the aesthetics of the archaic period, the classical period, Hellenistic aesthetics, Eastern Aesthetics, Western Aesthetics, the Renaissance, sixteenth-century visual arts, poetry and music, Italian, English, Spanish and Polish aesthetics of the sixteenth century, Baroque aesthetics, and theories of painting and architecture in the seventeeth century. Tatarkiewicz (1886-1981) was the most distinguished Polish historian of philosophy of the twentieth century, with an international reputation as an aesthetician and authority in art criticism, the history of art and classical scholarship. The erudition, lucidity and clarity of his writing make this unique work an accessible and invaluable source for the study of the history of aesthetics.

Whereabouts

Author : Jhumpa Lahiri
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0593318323
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (933 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Whereabouts by : Jhumpa Lahiri

Download or read book Whereabouts written by Jhumpa Lahiri and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2021-04-27 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • A marvelous new novel from the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of The Lowland and Interpreter of Maladies about a woman questioning her place in the world, wavering between stasis and movement, between the need to belong and the refusal to form lasting ties. “Another masterstroke in a career already filled with them.” —O, the Oprah Magazine Exuberance and dread, attachment and estrangement: in this novel, Jhumpa Lahiri stretches her themes to the limit. In the arc of one year, an unnamed narrator in an unnamed city, in the middle of her life’s journey, realizes that she’s lost her way. The city she calls home acts as a companion and interlocutor: traversing the streets around her house, and in parks, piazzas, museums, stores, and coffee bars, she feels less alone. We follow her to the pool she frequents, and to the train station that leads to her mother, who is mired in her own solitude after her husband’s untimely death. Among those who appear on this woman’s path are colleagues with whom she feels ill at ease, casual acquaintances, and “him,” a shadow who both consoles and unsettles her. Until one day at the sea, both overwhelmed and replenished by the sun’s vital heat, her perspective will abruptly change. This is the first novel Lahiri has written in Italian and translated into English. The reader will find the qualities that make Lahiri’s work so beloved: deep intelligence and feeling, richly textured physical and emotional landscapes, and a poetics of dislocation. But Whereabouts, brimming with the impulse to cross barriers, also signals a bold shift of style and sensibility. By grafting herself onto a new literary language, Lahiri has pushed herself to a new level of artistic achievement.

Barbarous Antiquity

Author : Miriam Jacobson
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812290070
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Barbarous Antiquity by : Miriam Jacobson

Download or read book Barbarous Antiquity written by Miriam Jacobson and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2014-08-25 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the late sixteenth century, English merchants and diplomats ventured into the eastern Mediterranean to trade directly with the Turks, the keepers of an important emerging empire in the Western Hemisphere, and these initial exchanges had a profound effect on English literature. While the theater investigated representations of religious and ethnic identity in its portrayals of Turks and Muslims, poetry, Miriam Jacobson argues, explored East-West exchanges primarily through language and the material text. Just as English markets were flooded with exotic goods, so was the English language awash in freshly imported words describing items such as sugar, jewels, plants, spices, paints, and dyes, as well as technological advancements such as the use of Arabic numerals in arithmetic and the concept of zero. Even as these Eastern words and imports found their way into English poetry, poets wrestled with paying homage to classical authors and styles. In Barbarous Antiquity, Jacobson reveals how poems adapted from Latin or Greek sources and set in the ancient classical world were now reoriented to reflect a contemporary, mercantile Ottoman landscape. As Renaissance English writers including Shakespeare, Jonson, Marlowe, and Chapman weighed their reliance on classical poetic models against contemporary cultural exchanges, a new form of poetry developed, positioned at the crossroads of East and West, ancient and modern. Building each chapter around the intersection of an Eastern import and a classical model, Jacobson shows how Renaissance English poetry not only reconstructed the classical past but offered a critique of that very enterprise with a new set of words and metaphors imported from the East.

Sense and Nonsense of Statistical Inference

Author : Charmont Wang
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824787981
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (879 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sense and Nonsense of Statistical Inference by : Charmont Wang

Download or read book Sense and Nonsense of Statistical Inference written by Charmont Wang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-12-16 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on the abuse of statistical inference in scientific and statistical literature, as well as in a variety of other sources, presenting examples of misused statistics to show that many scientists and statisticians are unaware of, or unwilling to challenge the chaotic state of statistical practices.;The book: provides examples of ubiquitous statistical tests taken from the biomedical and behavioural sciences, economics and the statistical literature; discusses conflicting views of randomization, emphasizing certain aspects of induction and epistemology; reveals fallacious practices in statistical causal inference, stressing the misuse of regression models and time-series analysis as instant formulas to draw causal relationships; treats constructive uses of statistics, such as a modern version of Fisher's puzzle, Bayesian analysis, Shewhart control chart, descriptive statistics, chi-square test, nonlinear modeling, spectral estimation and Markov processes in quality control.

50 Christian Books: Scripture, History, Theology, Spirituality and Fiction

Author : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Publisher : DigiCat
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20247 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis 50 Christian Books: Scripture, History, Theology, Spirituality and Fiction by : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Download or read book 50 Christian Books: Scripture, History, Theology, Spirituality and Fiction written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2023-11-15 with total page 20247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DigiCat presents to you this unique Christianity collection with carefully picked out religious works from the earliest times to modern days, showing the development of Christian religion and spirituality. Scripture: Bible First Clement Second Clement Didache Epistle of Barnabas Shepherd of Hermas The Infancy Gospel of Thomas Apocalypse of Peter History: History of the Christian Church (Philip Schaff) Creeds of Christendom (Philip Schaff) Philosophy of Religion: The Confessions of St. Augustine On the Incarnation (Athanasius) On the Soul and the Resurrection (Gregory of Nyssa) On the Holy Spirit (Basil) Pastoral Care (Gregory I) An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith (John of Damascus) Summa Theologica (Saint Thomas Aquinas) The Imitation of Christ (Thomas à Kempis) A Treatise on Christian Liberty (Martin Luther) The Interior Castle (St. Teresa of Ávila) The Practice of the Presence of God (Brother Lawrence) The Age of Reason (Thomas Paine) The Natural History of Religion (David Hume) The Religious Affections (Jonathan Edwards) The Essence of Christianity (Ludwig Feuerbach) Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche) All of Grace (Charles Spurgeon) Humility (Andrew Murray) Orthodoxy (Chesterton) The Everlasting Man (Chesterton) The Sovereignty of God (Arthur Pink) The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Tolstoy) Religious Fiction: Divine Comedy (Dante) Paradise Lost (John Milton) The Pilgrim's Progress (John Bunyan) Zadig (Voltaire) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (Lew Wallace) Quo Vadis (Henryk Sienkiewicz) In His Steps (Charles M. Sheldon) The Story of the Other Wise Man (Henry Van Dyke) The Ball and the Cross (Chesterton) The Enchanted Barn (Grace Livingston Hill) The Grand Inquisitor (Dostoevsky Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (Goethe) Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche) Spirituality: The Conduct of Life (Ralph Waldo Emerson) Lessons in Truth (H. Emilie Cady) As a Man Thinketh (James Allen) Thoughts are Things (Prentice Mulford) The Game of Life and How to Play It (Florence Scovel Shinn)

John Morton

Author : Stuart Bradley
Publisher : Amberley Publishing Limited
ISBN 13 : 1445679647
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (456 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis John Morton by : Stuart Bradley

Download or read book John Morton written by Stuart Bradley and published by Amberley Publishing Limited. This book was released on 2019-02-15 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most unfairly neglected figures in English history, who served three kings, opposed Richard III and enabled the Tudor dynasty.

Leadership in Education

Author : Russ Marion
Publisher : Waveland Press
ISBN 13 : 1478609508
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (786 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Leadership in Education by : Russ Marion

Download or read book Leadership in Education written by Russ Marion and published by Waveland Press. This book was released on 2013-06-12 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With new coauthor Leslie Gonzales, Russ Marion maintains the tradition of well-balanced, well-researched, and lively discussions of classic and contemporary leadership theories and their applications. The extensively revised Second Edition adds coverage of leader-member exchange theory, sensemaking, group conflict, and critical race and critical feminist perspectives, as well as a fuller treatment of transformational leadership. The authors begin with a brief look at the pros and cons of general entity- and collectivist-based approaches to leadership, reflecting key debates in the leadership literature. Next, readers encounter the history and applications of specific entity-based theories, followed by a discussion of conflict theory, which provides an apt transition to the exploration of collectivist ideas. The book finishes with coverage of critical theory, institutionalism, and population ecologytheories that focus more on the organizational context for leadership than on leadership styles. Throughout this updated edition, the authors use metaphors and real-world examples from inside and outside educational contexts. Numerous figures, case studies, roundtable discussions, group activities, and reflective exercises engage readers and accelerate learning. Link Forward and Link Back sections reference upcoming or previous chapters to show that theories are dynamic. Leadership in Education, Second Edition, raises the bar for understanding and reinforcing practical applications of various theories in settings and situations that school administrators are likely to encounter.

Buddhavacana and Dei Verbum

Author : Michael Fuss
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004658599
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Buddhavacana and Dei Verbum by : Michael Fuss

Download or read book Buddhavacana and Dei Verbum written by Michael Fuss and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-08-07 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Challenged by the teaching of Vatican II about the "seeds of the Word" in non-Christian religions, this book investigates the sacred character of the Saddharmapuṇḍarika Sūtra and its relation to the fundamental theological category of scriptural inspiration. In applying the methods of modern exegesis, the Sūtra in its ingenious composition is disclosed as a religious drama about the inspirational experience of the Buddha. The draft of a theology of inspiration along the guide lines of the Dogmatic Constitution Dei Verbum of Vatican II elaborates a 'christology of the Word' as its core, which allows an extension of inspiration in analogical manner to non-Biblical scriptures. The contrast of Christ, the "Word incarnate", and Buddha, the "Inspired One", offers a new contribution to an inter- religious dialogue.

Logodaedalus

Author : Alexander Marr
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Press
ISBN 13 : 0822986302
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Logodaedalus by : Alexander Marr

Download or read book Logodaedalus written by Alexander Marr and published by University of Pittsburgh Press. This book was released on 2019-02-15 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Before Romantic genius, there was ingenuity. Early modern ingenuity defined every person—not just exceptional individuals—as having their own attributes and talents, stemming from an “inborn nature” that included many qualities, not just intelligence. Through ingenuity and its family of related terms, early moderns sought to understand and appreciate differences between peoples, places, and things in an attempt to classify their ingenuities and assign professions that were best suited to one’s abilities. Logodaedalus, a prehistory of genius, explores the various ways this language of ingenuity was defined, used, and manipulated between 1470 and 1750. By analyzing printed dictionaries and other lexical works across a range of languages—Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, English, German, and Dutch—the authors reveal the ways in which significant words produced meaning in history and found expression in natural philosophy, medicine, natural history, mathematics, mechanics, poetics, and artistic theory.

Interior States

Author : Meghan O'Gieblyn
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0385543840
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Interior States by : Meghan O'Gieblyn

Download or read book Interior States written by Meghan O'Gieblyn and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of The Believer Book Award for Nonfiction "Meghan O'Gieblyn's deep and searching essays are written with a precise sort of skepticism and a slight ache in the heart. A first-rate and riveting collection." --Lorrie Moore A fresh, acute, and even profound collection that centers around two core (and related) issues of American identity: faith, in general and the specific forms Christianity takes in particular; and the challenges of living in the Midwest when culture is felt to be elsewhere. What does it mean to be a believing Christian and a Midwesterner in an increasingly secular America where the cultural capital is retreating to both coasts? The critic and essayist Meghan O'Gieblyn was born into an evangelical family, attended the famed Moody Bible Institute in Chicago for a time before she had a crisis of belief, and still lives in the Midwest, aka "Flyover Country." She writes of her "existential dizziness, a sense that the rest of the world is moving while you remain still," and that rich sense of ambivalence and internal division inform the fifteen superbly thoughtful and ironic essays in this collection. The subjects of these essays range from the rebranding (as it were) of Hell in contemporary Christian culture ("Hell"), a theme park devoted to the concept of intelligent design ("Species of Origin"), the paradoxes of Christian Rock ("Sniffing Glue"), Henry Ford's reconstructed pioneer town of Greenfield Village and its mixed messages ("Midwest World"), and the strange convergences of Christian eschatology and the digital so-called Singularity ("Ghosts in the Cloud"). Meghan O'Gieblyn stands in relation to her native Midwest as Joan Didion stands in relation to California - which is to say a whole-hearted lover, albeit one riven with ambivalence at the same time.

Participatory reading in late-medieval England

Author : Heather Blatt
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526118017
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Participatory reading in late-medieval England by : Heather Blatt

Download or read book Participatory reading in late-medieval England written by Heather Blatt and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-11 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY-NC-ND) open access license. This book traces affinities between digital and medieval media, exploring how reading functioned as a nexus for concerns about increasing literacy, audiences’ agency, literary culture and media formats from the late fourteenth to the early sixteenth centuries. Drawing on a wide range of texts, from well-known poems of Chaucer and Lydgate to wall texts, banqueting poems and devotional works written by and for women, Participatory reading argues that making readers work offered writers ways to shape their reputations and the futures of their productions. At the same time, the interactive reading practices they promoted enabled audiences to contribute to – and contest – writers’ burgeoning authority, making books and reading work for everyone.

SUMMA THEOLOGICA

Author : Thomas Aquinas
Publisher : DigiCat
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5125 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis SUMMA THEOLOGICA by : Thomas Aquinas

Download or read book SUMMA THEOLOGICA written by Thomas Aquinas and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2023-12-21 with total page 5125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ebook is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (c.1225–1274). Although unfinished, the Summa is "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature." It is intended as an instructional guide for moderate theologians, and a compendium of all of the main theological teachings of the Catholic Church. It presents the reasoning for almost all points of Christian theology in the West. The Summa Theologica is divided into three parts, and each of these three parts contains numerous subdivisions. Part 1 deals primarily with God and comprises discussions of 119 questions concerning the existence and nature of God, the Creation, angels, the work of the six days of Creation, the essence and nature of man, and divine government. Part 2 deals with man and includes discussions of 303 questions concerning the purpose of man, habits, types of law, vices and virtues, prudence and justice, fortitude and temperance, graces, and the religious versus the secular life. Part 3 deals with Christ and comprises discussions of 90 questions concerning the Incarnation, the Sacraments, and the Resurrection. Some editions of the Summa Theologica include a Supplement comprising discussions of an additional 99 questions concerning a wide variety of loosely related issues such as excommunication, indulgences, confession, marriage, purgatory, and the relations of the saints toward the damned. Scholars believe that Rainaldo da Piperno, a friend of Aquinas, probably gathered the material in this supplement from a work that Aquinas had completed before he began working on the Summa Theologica.