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Author : Martin Neumaier
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)
Download or read book Structural Restoration and Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling written by Martin Neumaier and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Kenneth E. Peters
Publisher : AAPG
ISBN 13 : 0891819037
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (918 download)
Download or read book Basin Modeling written by Kenneth E. Peters and published by AAPG. This book was released on 2012-04-20 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This special volume contains a selection of articles presented at the AAPG Hedberg Research Conference on Basin and Petroleum System Modeling (BPSM) held in Napa, California, on May 3-8, 2009."--P. 1.
Author : Thomas Hantschel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540723188
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)
Download or read book Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling written by Thomas Hantschel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-09 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive presentation of methods and algorithms used in basin modeling, this text provides geoscientists and geophysicists with an in-depth view of the underlying theory and includes advanced topics such as probabilistic risk assessment methods.
Author : Meng He
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (795 download)
Download or read book Evaluating Petroleum Systems Using Advanced Geochemistry and Basin Modeling written by Meng He and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past decade, three-dimensional (3-D) basin and petroleum system modeling of the subsurface through geological time has evolved as a major research focus of both the petroleum industry and academia. The major oil companies have independently recognized the need for basin and petroleum system modeling to archive data, facilitate visualization of risk, convert static data into dynamic processed data, and provide an approach to evaluate potential prospects in oil and gas exploration. Basin and petroleum system modeling gives geoscientists the opportunity to examine the dynamics of sedimentary basins and their associated fluids to determine if past conditions were suitable for hydrocarbons to fill potential reservoirs and be preserved there. The success of any exploration campaign requires basin and petroleum system modeling as a methodology to predict the likelihood of success given available data and associated uncertainties. It is not guaranteed that hydrocarbons will be found by drilling a closed subsurface structure. Early petroleum system studies began more than 50 years ago. Geoscientists seek to describe how basins form, fill and deform, focusing mainly on compacting sediments and the resulting rock structures. Since then, tremendous efforts have been concentrated on developing methods to model these geological processes quantitatively. Studies such as applying mathematical algorithms to seismic, stratigraphic, palentologic, petrophysical data, and well logs were employed to reconstruct the evolution of sedimentary basins. In the early 1970s, geochemists developed methods to predict the petroleum generation potentials of source rocks in quantitative terms. After that, they began to use sedimentary basin models as geological frameworks for correlations between hydrocarbons and their potential source rocks. Since then, many concepts have been widely used in the petroleum industry, such as oil system, hydrocarbon system, hydrocarbon machine, and petroleum system. The term "petroleum system" is now commonly used in the industry. A petroleum system comprises a pod of active source rock and the oil and gas derived from it as established by geochemical correlation. The concept embodies all of the geologic elements and processes needed for oil and gas to accumulate. The essential elements include effective source rock, reservoir, seal and overburden rock. The processes include trap formation and the generation, migration and accumulation of petroleum. These elements and processes must occur in a proper order for the organic matter in a source rock to be converted into petroleum and then preserved. Absence of any of those elements can cause a dry prospect. In this dissertation, we use "basin and petroleum system modeling" (BPSM) as a method to track the evolution of a basin through geological time as it fills with sediments that could generate or contain hydrocarbons. We could also use it to evaluate and predict undiscovered conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources and to further understand the controls on petroleum generation, migration, accumulation. In deterministic forward modeling, basin and petroleum system processes are modeled from past to present using inferred starting conditions. Basin and petroleum system modeling is analogous to a reservoir simulation, but BPSM represents dynamic simulation through geological time. All of the dynamic processes in the basin and petroleum system modeling can be examined at several levels, and complexity typically increases with spatial dimensionality. The simplest is 1D modeling which examines burial history at a point location in a pseudowell. Two-dimensional modeling can be used to reconstruct oil and gas generation, migration and accumulation along a cross section. Three-dimensional modeling reconstructs petroleum systems at reservoir and basin scales and has the ability to display the output in 1D, 2D or 3D and through time. In general, which modeling approach is chosen depends on the purpose of the study and the types of problems to be resolved. Basin and petroleum system modeling continues to grow in importance as a tool to understand subsurface geology and basin evolution by integrating key aspects from geochemistry, geology, geophysics and stratigraphy. Among the above key aspects, geochemistry is the most important tool to understand the processes affecting petroleum systems. Better understanding of petroleum systems improves exploration efficiency. The first step in identifying petroleum systems is to characterize and map the geographic distribution of oil and gas types. Geochemical tools such as biomarkers, diamondoids and carbon isotope analysis are used to conduct oil-oil and oil-source correlation, which is key to understand and determine the geographic extent of petroleum systems in the basin. Chapter 1 offers a good example of how basin and petroleum system modeling and geochemistry improve understanding of active petroleum systems in the San Joaquin Basin, California. The modeling results indicate that there could be a deep, previously unrecognized source rock in the study area. Chapter 2 is a detailed unconventional geochemical analysis (i.e., diamondoid analysis, compound-specific isotopes of biomarkers and diamondoids) on petroleum systems in Arctic (Barents Sea and northern Timan Pechora Basin) to investigate deep sources in that area. Cutting-edge geochemical analyses were conducted in this project to identify the oil-oil and oil-source relationships and further understand reservoir filling histories and migration pathways. Since the deep source is at a great depth, thermal cracking always occurred in the source or the deeply buried reservoir, thus generating light hydrocarbons and gas. In addition, we hope to better understand the geochemical characteristics of worldwide Phanerozoic source rocks (Paleozoic source rock in Barents Sea-Timan Pechora area, Mesozoic and Cenozoic source rocks in the Vallecitos syncline in San Joaquin Basin). These results could also provide valuable input data for building basin and petroleum system models in the Arctic area once more data become available. Chapter 1 is a study of using basin modeling and geochemical analysis to evaluate the active source rocks in the Vallecitos syncline, San Joaquin Basin, and improve our understanding of burial history and the timing of hydrocarbon generation. Our earlier 1D modeling indicated that there could be two active source rocks in the syncline: Eocene Kreyenhagen and Cretaceous Moreno formations. The results differ from earlier interpretations that the Kreyenhagen Formation was the only source rock in the Vallecitos syncline, and suggest that the bottom of the Cretaceous Moreno Formation in the syncline reached thermal maturity as early as 42 Ma. The synclinal Eocene Kreyenhagen Formation became thermally mature as early as 19 Ma. Thick (~2 km) overburden rock in the central part of the syncline with additional heating from a thermal anomaly pushed the shallow Eocene Kreyenhagen source rock into the oil window in very recent times. In contrast, the Cretaceous Moreno source rock reached extremely high maturity (past the dry gas window). The 2D model results indicate that the bottom part of the Kreyenhagen Formation is in the mature stage of hydrocarbon generation and that the formation remains immature on the flanks of the present-day syncline. In contrast, the bottom part of the Moreno Formation achieved the gas generation zone and is in the oil generation zone on the flanks of the syncline. Biomarker analysis was conducted on 22 oil samples from the syncline. Source-related biomarkers show two genetic groups, which originated from two different source rocks. The 2D model results are supported by biomarker geochemistry and are also consistent with our earlier 1D burial history model in the Vallecitos syncline. In addition, we identified two potential petroleum systems in the Vallecitos syncline. The basin models for this study were conducted by me and Stephan Graham, Allegra Hosford Scheirer, Carolyn Lampe, Leslie Magoon. The detailed geological data was provided by Stephan Graham. The modeling related references and fundamental data were provided by Allegra Hosford Scheirer, but I conducted the modeling. The geochemical laboratory work and data analysis has been completed by me and supervised by Mike Moldowan and Kenneth Peters. The funding for this project was contributed by Basin and Petroleum System Modeling (BPSM) and molecular organic geochemistry industrial affiliates (MOGIA) programs. This chapter was submitted to Marine and Petroleum Geology with co-authors Stephan Graham, Allegra Hosford Scheirer and Kenneth Peters. All co-authors contributed important ideas, discussion, and guidance. Chapter 2 documents the existing deep source in the Barents Sea and northern Timan-Pechora Basin. Total thirty-four oil samples were analyzed to understand the types and distributions of effective source rocks and evaluate the geographic extent of the petroleum systems in the study area. Taxon-specific, age-related and source--related biomarkers and isotope data provided information on the depositional environment of the source rock, source input, and source age of the oil samples. A relationship between biomarker and diamondoid concentration was used to identify mixed oils having both oil-window and highly cracked components. Compound-specific isotope analyses of diamondoids and n-alkanes were used to deconvolute co-sourced oils and identify deep source rocks in the basin. The results suggest five major source rocks in the Barents Sea and the northern Timan-Pechora Basin: Upper Jurassic shale, Lower-Middle Jurassic shale, Triassic carbonate/shale, Devonian marl and Devonian carbonate. The Upper and Lower-Middle Jurassic source rocks are dominant in the Barents Sea. Triassic source rock consists of carbonate in the ons ...
Author : Jean Emmanuel Yazou
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (387 download)
Download or read book Three-dimensional Petroleum Systems Modelling of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming written by Jean Emmanuel Yazou and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study’s objectives were to develop a three-dimensional structural framework of the Wind River Basin of Wyoming and if possible to use it as input into a petroleum systems model for the basin. It was hoped that this model would then be used to identify existing, as well as new unconventional reservoir sweet spots within the basin. Different data types were assembled to achieve that objective as well as the use of modeling techniques. While 1D and 2D petroleum system models within the basin already exists in the literature, this study used modeling techniques to attempt the simulation of not only the basin’s history through geologic time but also the thermal maturity of the basin. To perform this study, the following phases were defined: the structural framework development, the geothermal and thermal data input and the 3D modeling input for simulation. Even though no successful simulation was achieved, the reconstructed structural framework of the Wind River Basin from the Precambrian to the topography was of high degree of accuracy, detailing main structural features and populated with geothermal and thermal data. A present heat flow map of the Wind River Basin was another important input in this study with the highest values found around the center of the Wind River Basin.
Author : R.M. Larsen
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483291057
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)
Download or read book Structural and Tectonic Modelling and its Application to Petroleum Geology written by R.M. Larsen and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph presents a unique combination of structural and tectonic modelling with applied petroleum geological problems. Focussing on the Norwegian Continental Shelf and neighbouring areas, it includes discussion covering all scales - from development of sedimentary basins, to formation of fractures and joints on a microscale - and from exploration, to the exploitation of hydrocarbons. The book's coverage of structural and tectonic modelling, petroleum geology applications, and the treatment of the Norwegian Continental Shelf should make this book an invaluable resource book for advanced students of structural and tectonic modelling, teachers, and researchers; as well as for geologists and geophysicists in the petroleum industry.
Author : Philip A. Allen
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118450302
Total Pages : 645 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)
Download or read book Basin Analysis written by Philip A. Allen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-30 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basin Analysis is an advanced undergraduate and postgraduate text aimed at understanding sedimentary basins as geodynamic entities. The rationale of the book is that knowledge of the basic principles of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the lithosphere, the dynamics of the mantle, and the functioning of sediment routing systems provides a sound background for studying sedimentary basins, and is a pre-requisite for the exploitation of resources contained in their sedimentary rocks. The third edition incorporates new developments in the burgeoning field of basin analysis while retaining the successful structure and overall philosophy of the first two editions. The text is divided into 4 parts that establish the geodynamical environment for sedimentary basins and the physical state of the lithosphere, followed by a coverage of the mechanics of basin formation, an integrated analysis of the controls on the basin-fill and its burial and thermal history, and concludes with an application of basin analysis principles in petroleum play assessment, including a discussion of unconventional hydrocarbon plays. The text is richly supplemented by Appendices providing mathematical derivations of a wide range of processes affecting the formation of basins and their sedimentary fills. Many of these Appendices include practical exercises that give the reader hands-on experience of quantitative solutions to important basin analysis processes. Now in full colour and a larger format, this third edition is a comprehensive update and expansion of the previous editions, and represents a rigorous yet accessible guide to problem solving in this most integrative of geoscientific disciplines. Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/allen/basinanalysis.
Author : Willy Fjeldskaar
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3036502769
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (365 download)
Download or read book Future Advances in Basin Modeling written by Willy Fjeldskaar and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-11 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes the nature, causes, and consequences of the diverse fluid movements that produce energy and mineral resources in sedimentary basins. The contained papers point to new capabilities in basin analysis methods and models. The processes that operate in the resource-producing thermo-chemical-structural reactors we call sedimentary basins are reviewed. Efficient ways to infer the tectonic history of basins are described. Impacts on hydrocarbon maturation and migration of glacial tilting, magmatic intrusion, salt migration, and fracturing are illustrated. The conditions under which subsurface flow will channel with distance traveled are identified. Seismic methods that can image and map subsurface permeability channels are described. The surface maturation, surface charge, and chemical reaction foundations of creep subsidence are set forth. Dynamic aspects of the hydrogen resource in basins are analyzed. There is much that is new that is presented in these papers with the intent of stimulating thinking and enthusiasm for the advances that will be made in future decades.
Author : Marcin Pankau
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780438525696
Total Pages : 75 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (256 download)
Download or read book Three-dimensional Petroleum System Modeling in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming written by Marcin Pankau and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents a full 3D petroleum system model of the oil and gas-bearing Bighorn Basin from Precambrian to present day. While previously published studies contain 1D petroleum system models, this study utilizes advanced 3D modeling techniques to simulate basin’s history and thermal maturity. The study integrates multiple types of data into one large scale model which is simulated and calibrated to yield most accurate results. The project consisted on five phases – structural framework construction, geochemical data integration, preliminary 1D simulations, 3D predictive model simulation and calibration. Because of the extensive workflow, it was possible to achieve high degree of calibration. The results indicate high degree of thermal maturity within the Permian petroleum system with high transformation ration values. For the Cretaceous petroleum system, the results indicate high degree of thermal maturity and transformation rations in the lower Cretaceous with decreasing thermal maturity for the upper Cretaceous formations. The cumulative erosion map indicates that majority of the erosion has taken place on the outskirts of the basin. Migration modeling indicates that hydrocarbons migrated upwards and outwards of the center of the basin. Majority of the accumulations are located on the anticlines surrounding the basin and few are in the northern part of the basin. Additionally, some of the petroleum has leaked outside of the basin.
Author : Yao Tong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (951 download)
Download or read book Basin and Petroleum System Modeling with Uncertainty Quantification written by Yao Tong and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Piceance Basin is located in northwest Colorado and was formed during the Late Cretaceous Laramide - Paleogene tectonism, which partitioned the stable Cretaceous Interior Seaway foreland basin into a series of smaller basins. The basin is defined by reverse faults and associated anticlinal fold structures on the margins. From the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic, the Piceance basin transited from marine to terrestrial depositional setting as a result of the Laramide deformation and the recent vertical regional uplift. Depositional environments varied from shallow marine, fluvial, paludal, lacustrine and terrestrial settings and formed the prolific Mesaverde petroleum system. The earliest commercial production came from a Cretaceous tight sand reservoir situated in Williams Fork Formation of the Mesaverde Group. The underlying coastal plain coals became thermally mature later in the Cenozoic and charged the adjacent Mesaverde Williams Fork Formation with natural gas. Diverse depositional environments not only led to the development of petroleum system but also produced many heterogeneities and "unknowns", which makes the study of the basin evolution history very challenging. Basin and petroleum system modeling utilizes an integrated approach to link these multiple complex geologic processes into a model framework, to explore the uncertainties and to test hypothesis, and scenarios. The Piceance Basin is an ideal settings for investigating a sedimentary basin with diverse depositional settings and exploring uncertainties associated with changing basin history. This thesis is divided into three chapters addressing the following research objectives: (1) to integrate geological, geochemistry and engineering data into a basin model frame work and enhance understanding of Piceance Basin history. (2) To investigate possible geological constraints that reduce the uncertainty in terrestrial basin modeling efforts (3) To tackle complex uncertainties in basin and petroleum system modeling and disentangle the input model parameter's impact on the model response with the aid of efficient uncertainty quantification tools. Chapter 1 presents a comprehensive basin study for the Piceance Basin. This work utilizes integrated data and reconstructs a numerical basin model to summarize the basin evolution history from the Late Cretaceous to present day. During this exercise, a conceptual model was first designed to capture the basin's transformation from marine to terrestrial, with simplification of the basin tectonic history into two major deformation and inversion events. The Cretaceous Cameo Coal source rock maturation history were investigated via the constructed basin model framework. Given limited published calibration data, basin models were calibrated mainly with vitrinite reflectance data. The basin model predictions agree well with the measured thermal maturation data. This work contributed a regional scale 3-dimensional basin model for the study area. The model may serve as a research vehicle for further studies, such as geological scenario tests, unconventional resources characterization and other Laramide basin research. Chapter 2 presents a novel approach that utilizes paleoclimate data to constrain the basin thermal history, especially for terrestrial basins with substantial uplift history. Basin thermal history is a critical part of sedimentary basin studies, especially for understanding the hydrocarbon generation in a petroliferous basin. Two boundary conditions are required to quantify basin thermal conditions: the basal heat flow as the lower boundary condition and the sediment surface temperature as the upper thermal boundary condition. For marine basins, the sediment surface temperature is often estimated from water surface temperature, corrected by water depth from paleobathymetry information. However, as our study area was elevated and exposed subaerially, the sediment surface temperatures can no longer be estimated by water-sediment interface temperature; rather, the surface temperatures are impacted by complicated factors and are subject to larger variations. In our work, we developed a Cenozoic temperature proxy in the study area by utilizing paleoclimate studies focused on macro floral assemblages. The resulting interpreted surface temperature largely reduced the uncertainty in paleo-thermal condition estimation. This work also demonstrates the importance of capturing the surface temperature variation for elevated terrestrial setting basins. Chapter 3 presents the effort of tackling complex input uncertainties and disentangling their correlations with basin model spatial and temporal responses. Uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis workflows are implemented, subtle correlation between the input parameter and the basin model responses were identified; source rock geochemical properties may impact the present-day porosity and pore pressure in the underburden rock. Knowing the sensitivity propagation on both spatial and temporal model domain enhances our understanding of highly nonlinear basin models, and brings insights for future model improvement.
Author : Chang Samuel Hsu
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319493477
Total Pages : 1243 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)
Download or read book Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology written by Chang Samuel Hsu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-20 with total page 1243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a comprehensive but concise reference resource for the vast field of petroleum technology. Built on the successful book "Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing" published in 2006, it has been extensively revised and expanded to include upstream technologies. The book is divided into four parts: The first part on petroleum characterization offers an in-depth review of the chemical composition and physical properties of petroleum, which determine the possible uses and the quality of the products. The second part provides a brief overview of petroleum geology and upstream practices. The third part exhaustively discusses established and emerging refining technologies from a practical perspective, while the final part describes the production of various refining products, including fuels and lubricants, as well as petrochemicals, such as olefins and polymers. It also covers process automation and real-time refinery-wide process optimization. Two key chapters provide an integrated view of petroleum technology, including environmental and safety issues.Written by international experts from academia, industry and research institutions, including integrated oil companies, catalyst suppliers, licensors, and consultants, it is an invaluable resource for researchers and graduate students as well as practitioners and professionals.
Author : Wisam H. AlKawai
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book The Impact of the Allochthonous Salt and Overpressure Development on the Petroleum System Evolution in the Thunder Horse Mini-basin, Gulf of Mexico written by Wisam H. AlKawai and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Northern Gulf of Mexico Basin is part of an ocean basin characterized by a complex structural framework. The complex structural framework is shaped by the dynamic interaction between salt tectonics and sedimentation. Salt withdrawal mini-basins are among the structural features produced by this interaction and are of particular interest to hydrocarbon exploration. The mini-basins provide significant accommodation in which thick packages of sediments can accumulate. The accumulation of sediments can be very rapid during episodes of high sedimentation, such as occurred in the middle Miocene episodes in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Rapid accumulation of sediment in turn changes the local topography of the mini-basin and also leads to significant buildup of overpressure. In such settings, the structure and stratigraphy in the vicinity of a mini-basin are influenced by salt movement. Moreover, the rock properties can be altered due to salt movement and overpressure development. Therefore, the factors of salt movement and overpressure development are crucial in understanding the evolution of the petroleum system in mini-basins. Insights on the roles of these factors in defining the evolution of the petroleum system are beneficial for hydrocarbon exploration. Such insights are of use in addressing practical problems in reservoir characterization, pore pressure prediction, and basin and petroleum system modeling (BPSM). This dissertation establishes insights on the roles of these factors through meticulous quantification of related geologic processes to address some of the stated practical problems above. Chapter 1 quantifies the spatial variations in sediment compaction and clay diagenesis to define spatial trends of elastic properties, which are used for seismic reservoir characterization. We demonstrate the advantages of using this integrated method in a frontier area. Chapter 2 studies the impact of high sedimentation and salt movement on the thermal history of a mini-basin to propose a workflow for predicting the effects of smectite to illite diagenesis on overpressure. Chapter 3 investigates the implications of lateral slip along salt-related faults to pressure and thermal history to address the proper application of BPSM techniques in constructing paleo-geometry when modeling these faults. All three chapters of this dissertation focus on the Thunder Horse mini-basin in the Mississippi Canyon area by integrating 3D seismic data with well logs, biostratigraphic data, and borehole measurements of pore pressure and temperature. Chapter 1 evaluates spatial changes in effective stress and smectite to illite diagenesis across Thunder Horse mini-basin using a 2D basin model that accounts for salt movement and properly calibrated with a single well. The results from the 2D model indicate that the central part of the mini-basin known as Thunder Horse field is associated with higher effective stress and shallower zone of smectite to illite transformation than the northwestern part known as Thunder Horse North field. Proper rock physics models are subsequently built to link the basin modeling results to seismic impedances and use them for quantitative seismic interpretation with spatially limited well control. The rock physics models are designed to account for the effects of sediment compaction and smectite to illite diagenesis on seismic impedances. The results from the quantitative seismic interpretation with a single well and basin modeling extrapolations of seismic impedance (extrapolation workflow) are comparable in their quality with those results obtained through the quantitative seismic interpretation with multiple wells scattered across the area (reference workflow). The training data sets of the seismic impedances of lithofacies corresponding to both of these workflows are similar in terms of the distribution of values and the pronounced spatial trends. In addition, the seismic inversion results of both of them are similar in terms of the quality of inverted impedances. Ultimately, these two workflows are close to each other in estimating the net pay volume of the reservoir and show the same degree of uncertainty in mapping reservoir lithofacies. This chapter was published first in AAPG Bulletin in May, 2017 'Ahead of Print' and officially appeared in the April, 2018 Bulletin. The publication focused on showcasing the workflow of combining basin modeling with seismic reservoir characterization. A refined version of this workflow that rigorously addresses spatial variability of training data of seismic impedances of lithofacies and uncertainty was accepted for publication in Geophysics in March, 2018. Both publications are co-authored with Tapan Mukerji, Allegra Hosford Scheirer and Stephan A. Graham. Dr. Tapan Mukerji contributed to the conception and design of the study. Dr. Allegra Hosford Scheirer provided guidance on building the basin model. Dr. Stephan A. Graham provided guidance on relating seismic impedances to geologic processes in the subsurface. Chapter 2 simulates thermal history of the mini-basin to quantify the impact of high sedimentation and salt movement. Then, the chapter integrates the modeled thermal history with rock physics models to predict the generation of overpressure due to smectite to illite diagenesis. A time-dependent solution of thermal history, simulated with a 2D basin model across Thunder Horse mini-basin, shows calibration to corrected bottom hole temperatures and illitic content of XRD data when combined with the proper kinetics. The time-dependent solution indicates fluctuations of the high heat flux by the middle Miocene due to high sedimentation. In addition, the solution suggests mitigation of the transient effects of high sedimentation by the high conductivity of the extruded salt sheet that completely covers Thunder Horse North field. Comparing the time-dependent solution with a steady state solution, the steady state solution overestimates temperature and illitic content through time and the differences between the two solutions are more significant in Thunder Horse field. After building rock physics models that account for thermal history to define a relationship between effective stress and both P-wave velocity and density on the basis of illite content, the rock physics models show a predictive power of pore pressure that is sensitive to the incorporated solution of thermal history. On one hand, incorporating a solution of thermal history that addresses the geologic factors of high sedimentation and salt movement (i.e., time-dependent solution) yields accurate prediction of pore pressure from seismic P-wave velocity based on the rock physics models. On the other hand, oversimplification of the solution of thermal history with a steady state solution leads to inaccurate estimation of pore pressure by the rock physics models. Therefore, addressing the geologic factors controlling the thermal history is essential to accurately predict pore pressure from seismic velocity using rock physics. This chapter is submitted into Marine and Petroleum Geology and co-authored with Tapan Mukerji, Nader C. Dutta and Allegra Hosford Scheirer. Dr. Tapan Mukerji contributed to the design of the study, rock physics modeling, pore pressure prediction, and thermal history modeling. Dr. Nader C. Dutta advised on the design of the study and the rock physics modeling and pore pressure prediction. Dr. Allegra Hosford Scheirer guided on constructing the basin model. Chapter 3 compares the techniques for constructing paleo-geometry in BPSM (i.e., pure porosity controlled backstripping vs imposing structural restorations on paleo-geometry) in terms of the simulated pore pressure and thermal history across a salt related structure of lateral slip. This chapter focuses on an expulsion rollover fault to the northeast of Thunder Horse mini-basin (i.e., listric fault that soles in a salt decollement). The two techniques of constructing paleo-geometry differ exclusively in the thickness of stratigraphic layers and stratigraphic contacts with salt through geologic time. These differences in paleo-geometry cause differences in the simulated pore pressure and thermal history. The technique of imposing structural restorations on paleo-geometry results in higher pore pressure build up over time and higher temperatures earlier in the history of the mini-basin when compared to the technique of porosity-controlled backstripping. These differences between the two techniques are spatially concentrated in the vicinity of the expulsion rollover fault. Therefore, the lateral slip impacts pressure and thermal history across the structure and the spatial extent of this impact depends on the amount of lateral slip. This chapter is submitted to Basin Research and co-authored with Kristian E. Meisling, Tapan Mukerji and Allegra Hosford Scheirer. Dr. Kristian E. Meisling provided guidance on seismic interpretation across the salt structures and on the sequential structural restoration. Dr. Tapan Mukeri helped with the initial design of the study and with some of the interpretations of the basin models. Dr. Allegra Hosford Scheirer helped with some of the interpretations of the basin models.
Author : John W. Snedden
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110841902X
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)
Download or read book The Gulf of Mexico Sedimentary Basin written by John W. Snedden and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and richly illustrated overview of the Gulf of Mexico Basin, including its reservoirs, source rocks, tectonics and evolution.
Author : F. Vai
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9401598290
Total Pages : 637 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Anatomy of an Orogen: The Apennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins written by F. Vai and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-21 with total page 637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book in English reviewing and updating the geology of the whole Apennines, one of the recent most uplifted mountains in the world. The Apennines are the place from which Steno (1669) first stated the principles of geology. The Apennines also represent amongst others, the finding/testing sites of processes and products like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, olistostromes and mélanges (argille scagliose), salinity crisis, geothermal fluids, thrust-top basins, and turbidites (first represented in a famous Leonardo's painting). As such, the Apennines are a testing and learning ground readily accessible and rich of any type of field data. A growing literature is available most of which is not published in widely available journals. The objective of the book is to provide a synthesis of current data and ideas on the Apennines, for the most part simply written and suitable for an international audience. However, sufficient details and in-depth analyses of the various complex settings have been presented to make this material useful to professional scholars and to students of senior university courses.
Author : Laura Dafov
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)
Download or read book Basin and Petroleum System Modeling and Global Sensitivity Analyses of Natural Gas Hydrates written by Laura Dafov and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (I) Topics are broadly defined then followed by chapter highlights: Gas hydrate is a solid, ice-like, form of natural gas that is found in the low temperature, high pressure conditions of shallow sediment in deep marine environments and in permafrost regions. This solid form of natural gas is extensively found offshore every continent on Earth and potentially has a greater amount of energy than all other forms of oil, gas, and coal combined. Therefore, it is of interest for industry, academia, and government sectors, particularly for nations that have limited domestic natural gas resources. Gas hydrates tie in with CO2 sequestration or storage, energy resources, the global carbon cycle, and geohazards. Basin and petroleum system modeling is a quantitative algorithmic approach that utilizes diverse datasets including, but not limited to, well logs, paleontology, stratigraphy, petrophysics, and seismic data to make deterministic, iterative, forward-modeling predictions. It integrates geology, geophysics, geochemistry, engineering, geostatistics, and rock physics to model the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of basins, as well as to model and predict the generation, migration, and accumulation of hydrocarbons in up to three dimensions through geologic time. Though widely used for the modeling of conventional oil and gas systems, basin and petroleum system modeling only recently has been used to study gas hydrate systems, with the first non-proprietary gas hydrate basin and petroleum system model published in 2015. Sensitivity analysis is the study of how variation of uncertain input parameters impacts the response of interest and has great potential application to basin and petroleum system modeling of gas hydrates. A couple of strengths of sensitivity analysis are that it helps determine which data are most important to acquire for reducing uncertainty and it can help simplify a complex problem by identifying less important input parameters. Local sensitivity analysis is a one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis technique that analyzes the effect of one parameter on a function at a time, keeping the other parameters fixed. It explores only a small fraction of the design space, especially when there are many parameters, and is a simple screening method that is widely used across disciplines. Furthermore, the local sensitivity analysis method does not evaluate parameter interactions for non-linear effects. On the other hand, global sensitivity analysis is a powerful tool that has never before been used for gas hydrate basin and petroleum system modeling despite it being effective at evaluating parameter interactions for non-linear effects. Global sensitivity analysis helps understand and simplify the complexity of problems and elucidates what model variables impact data, decisions, and forecasts. (II) Chapter 1 highlights: We built a detailed (more than 25 million cells) quantitative 3D basin and petroleum system model of Terrebonne Basin, Gulf of Mexico, for dynamic gas hydrate studies and to be used to support planning for scientific drilling. Original interpretations of the geology, using seismic imaging and well logs, are presented, including a proposed mechanism for the presence of giant gas mounds. Our model predicts present-day gas and gas hydrate volumes, saturations and distributions of accumulations, marine gas hydrate recycling (by which gas hydrate saturations at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone increase through time due to, for example, sediment burial), and the potential source of gas in the basin (specifically, thermogenic versus biogenic). The source of gas determines whether light or heavy gases likely exist, which have different economic implications, the latter being more valuable. Our model is calibrated to porosity and pressure data and our model-based gas hydrate saturation predictions align with what is observed in well log and seismic data vertically and laterally. We suggest that our 3D model has application to future studies that seek to understand gas hydrates as they relate to faults, fractures, lithologic variations, salt tectonics, erosion, pressures, changing water column conditions, temperature changes, and gas sources, as these Earth system features have all been incorporated into our model. (III) Chapter 2 highlights: By harnessing theoretical 2D basin and petroleum system models and real-world inspired models based on the well-studied salt diapir-associated gas hydrate sites at Green Canyon (Gulf of Mexico) and Blake Ridge (U.S. Atlantic coast), we demonstrate that salt structures provide a heat flow-driven mechanism for marine gas hydrate recycling that results in enhanced saturations. Our work also provides insight into the roles of basal heat flows, salt diapir diameters, and sediment thermal conductivities in controlling optimal gas hydrate accumulations in salt basins. Broadly speaking, we suggest that gas hydrate and associated gas accumulations above salt diapir crests represent attractive targets for hydrocarbon resource exploration and for scientific drilling expeditions aimed at characterizing these systems. It therefore follows that salt basins are compelling localities for studying our newly proposed mechanism of salt diapir heat flow-driven enhanced gas hydrate and gas accumulations. (IV) Chapter 3 highlights: We developed a widely-applicable, novel automated method that results in thousands of unique 2D basin and petroleum system models of gas hydrates and it applies global sensitivity analysis to them. To put this in perspective, only tens of basin and petroleum system models of gas hydrates have been published. Our work is the first time, at least in the public domain, that global sensitivity analysis has been coupled with basin and petroleum system modeling of gas hydrates. This tool improves the efficiency of basin and petroleum system modeling of gas hydrates by ~40 times, as well as eliminating sampling bias by randomly building models using the Monte Carlo approach. We believe our 2D basin and petroleum system model scenarios, as well as their associated organized databases of 10s of thousands of extracted input and output values, can be used as templates and guides for future basin and petroleum system modeling of gas hydrates and of other hydrocarbon systems. Our work provides insight into the relative importance of different geologic properties when assessing gas hydrate stability zone thicknesses, gas hydrate saturations, and gas saturations by utilizing quantitative and objective measures of sensitivity. Furthermore, this powerful tool reveals important geologic input interactions that cannot otherwise be observed using the traditionally used method of local sensitivity analysis. One of our many geologic takeaways or recommendations is that professionals who plan to explore for gas hydrate accumulations should consider shallow to midwater depths more so than deepwater, because our results show that those basin models are more conducive, geologically, for gas hydrate accumulations that have relatively high saturations. Our two distinct sets of models span a wide range of basin scenarios intended to represent: (1) the entire world and (2) the sites where gas hydrates have been found or inferred. We use these results to answer questions about how to improve global map predictions. Our work provides original plots illustrating the relationship between basal heat flow and the gas hydrate stability zone that could be useful in new ventures or other exploration of conventional petroleum systems where a gas hydrate stability zone is observed or inferred. Basal heat flow is among the least known values when gathering information about a basin. Our plots can be used as a guide to determine what the likely range of basal heat flows is acceptable for a basin, which can result in the difference between generation of oil or gas.
Author : Tanvi Dhiren Chheda
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)
Download or read book Optimizing Exploration Decisions Under Geologic Uncertainty in Basin and Petroleum System Modeling written by Tanvi Dhiren Chheda and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basin and Petroleum System Modeling (BPSM) is coupled-physics approach that tracks over the course of basin history, the evolution of basin geometry, compaction, pressure, fluid flow, temperature, and chemical transformation of organic matter to quantitatively predict petroleum generation, migration and accumulation. The measured data from petroleum wells, conversely, can help us improve our knowledge of the basin's geologic history. For basin modeling, the initial model building requires parameters that are derived from our geologic knowledge of various aspects of the basin history through time (typically tens to hundreds of millions of years), like stratigraphy, geochemistry, timing of tectonic events, and boundary conditions like heat flow. But because of the spatially and temporally changing depositional environments in a basin, it is very challenging to accurately know the large number of input parameters required to represent the basin history. In addition, current workflows of constraining the inputs to measured data or evidence often do not account for the various non-unique possibilities that can create the outcome that is the present. To address this challenge, we demonstrate the use of data from drilled wells and basin models in Bayesian networks to create a workflow that provides a quantitative way to: 1) Vary model parameters: consider all hypothesis without biasing to one, 2) Reduce uncertainty by calibrating the model to measured evidence without repeated manual adjustments 3) Update the understanding of model parameters when new data becomes available, without re-running computationally heavy coupled-physics simulations, by using Bayesian Networks and 4) Create traceable workflow with an integrated economic analysis to make optimal decisions under the reduced, but still present uncertainty using Influence Diagrams. An example of prolific petroleum producing Jeanne d'Arc basin, offshore Newfoundland, Canada, is used to illustrate how the workflow facilitates constraining the source rock quality, thermal history, and migration pathways. The thesis is comprised of three main chapters. They are written in journal format, each designed to be a standalone chapter: Chapter 1 presents a comprehensive basin study of the Jeanne d'Arc basin. This work examines the past five decades of research of the Mesozoic -- Cenozoic (250 million years ago to present) evolution of the basin. We closely examine the unknowns and uncertainties, and where some studies differ in their findings. We create a 3 -- dimensional numerical basin model spanning an area of about 3200 km2 and use the framework to incorporate large regional fault trends, spatial variation in the quality of organic matter, and to test the conceptual models of elevated basal heat flows associated with the rifting of North America from Africa, Iberia, and Greenland. The model can also help us understand the evolution of neighboring basins: Orphan and Flemish pass, which have a large resource potential. Chapter 2 presents the novel use of Bayesian Network approach to quantify the multi-dimensional uncertainty created from non-linear interactions of basin parameters and insufficient constraints. We show how the Bayes Net structure incorporates expert knowledge about cause-effect relationships like Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and quantity of hydrocarbons produced, as well as the conditional independence of temperature to the TOC. We elucidate with an example why this network representation can summarize the joint probabilities in a compact form. We then illustrate how the relationship between parameters is learnt from data produced by different realizations of the basin model, and how uncertainty in the input parameters is reduced by conditioning to measured evidence. With the 120 basin models created with varying input parameters, we show how this method helps quantitatively reduce uncertainty in both our understanding of geologic history and our predictions of drilled hydrocarbon fluid quantities. Sensitivity analysis shows that hydrocarbon accumulation is more sensitive to fault sealing properties than the basal heat flow in the range of present uncertainty. Our analysis finds that the time-varying permeability of faults largely impacts the leakage and filling of deep and shallow reservoirs, and hence their accumulation volumes. Chapter 3 illustrates a structured decision-making process that is informed by a quantitative evaluation of risks and returns from exploration decisions using influence diagrams. Once we learn the probabilities of different predictions of accumulation volumes from the methods developed in Chapter 2, a question arises: how do we use these probabilities to quantitatively inform decisions and actions? We compare influence diagrams to the more conventional decision trees and then use data from different times in the exploration history of the Jeanne d'Arc to demonstrate the use of influence diagrams to calculate the value of information and predict optimal survey, drilling, and production decisions. Finally, we argue that the graphical formulation is an excellent communication tool that can incorporate quantitative uncertainties, expert knowledge, and decision maker preferences for different types of decision scenarios. Our illustration with real data paves the path for incorporating this workflow in large organizational settings.
Download or read book Basin Analysis and Petroleum System Characterization and Modeling, Interior Salt Basins, Central and Eastern Gulf of Mexico written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The principal research effort for Year 3 of the project is basin modeling and petroleum system identification, comparative basin evaluation and resource assessment. In the first six (6) months of Year 3, the research focus is on basin modeling and petroleum system identification and the remainder of the year the emphasis is on the comparative basin evaluation and resource assessment. No major problems have been encountered to date, and the project is on schedule. The principal objectives of the project are to develop through basin analysis and modeling the concept that petroleum systems acting in a basin can be identified through basin modeling and to demonstrate that the information and analysis resulting from characterizing and modeling of these petroleum systems in the North Louisiana Salt Basin and the Mississippi Interior Salt Basin can be used in providing a more reliable and advanced approach for targeting stratigraphic traps and specific reservoir facies within a geologic system and in providing a refined assessment of undiscovered and underdeveloped reservoirs and associated oil and gas resources.
