Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Fiber Optic Methods

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1315352796
Total Pages : 519 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Fiber Optic Methods by : Ginu Rajan

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Fiber Optic Methods written by Ginu Rajan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-10-03 with total page 519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highly comprehensive, introductory book explains the basics of structural health monitoring aspects of composite structures. This book serve as an all-in-one reference book in which the reader can receive a basic understanding of composite materials, manufacturing methods, the latest types of optical fiber sensors used for structural health monitoring of composite structures, and demonstrated applications of the use of fiber sensors in a variety of composite material structures. The content draws upon the authors’ and distinguished contributors’ extensive research/teaching and industrial experience to fully cover the structural health monitoring of composite materials using fiber optic sensing methods.

Structural Health Monitoring of Aerospace Composites

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012410441X
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring of Aerospace Composites by : Victor Giurgiutiu

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring of Aerospace Composites written by Victor Giurgiutiu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural Health Monitoring of Aerospace Composite Structures offers a comprehensive review of established and promising technologies under development in the emerging area of structural health monitoring (SHM) of aerospace composite structures. Beginning with a description of the different types of composite damage, which differ fundamentally from the damage states encountered in metallic airframes, the book moves on to describe the SHM methods and sensors currently under consideration before considering application examples related to specific composites, SHM sensors, and detection methods. Expert author Victor Giurgiutiu closes with a valuable discussion of the advantages and limitations of various sensors and methods, helping you to make informed choices in your structure research and development. The first comprehensive review of one of the most ardent research areas in aerospace structures, providing breadth and detail to bring engineers and researchers up to speed on this rapidly developing field Covers the main classes of SHM sensors, including fiber optic sensors, piezoelectric wafer active sensors, electrical properties sensors and conventional resistance strain gauges, and considers their applications and limitation Includes details of active approaches, including acousto-ultrasonics, vibration, frequency transfer function, guided-wave tomography, phased arrays, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ECIS), among other emerging methods

Structural Health Monitoring For Advanced Composite Structures

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1786343940
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring For Advanced Composite Structures by : Aliabadi M H Ferri

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring For Advanced Composite Structures written by Aliabadi M H Ferri and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2017-12-18 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a relatively new and alternative way of non-destructive inspection (NDI). It is the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for composite structures. The basis of SHM is the application of permanent fixed sensors on a structure, combined with minimum manual intervention to monitor its structural integrity. These sensors detect changes to the material and/or geometric properties of a structural system, including changes to the boundary conditions and system connectivity, which adversely affect the system's performance. This book's primary focus is on the diagnostics element of SHM, namely damage detection in composite structures. The techniques covered include the use of Piezoelectric transducers for active and passive Ultrasonics guided waves and electromechanical impedance measurements, and fiber optic sensors for strain sensing. It also includes numerical modeling of wave propagation in composite structures. Contributed chapters written by leading researchers in the field describe each of these techniques, making it a key text for researchers and NDI practitioners as well as postgraduate students in a number of specialties including materials, aerospace, mechanical and computational engineering. Contents: Damage Detection and Characterization with Piezoelectric Transducers — Active Sensing (Z Sharif Khodaei and M H Aliabadi)Modeling Guided Wave Propagation in Composite Structures Using Local Interaction Simulation Approach (Yanfeng Shen and Carlos E S Cesnik)Design and Development of a Phased Array System for Damage Detection in Structures (Bruno Rocha, Mehmet Yildiz & Afzal Suleman)Degradation Detection in Composite Structures with PZT Transducers (Wiesław M Ostachowicz, Paweł H Malinowski & Tomasz Wandowski)Numerical Modelling of Wave Propagation in Composite Structures (Sourav Banerjee)SHM of Composite Structures by Fibre Optic Sensors (Alfredo Guemes)Impact Detection and Identification with Piezoceramic Sensors — Passive Sensing (Z Sharif Khodaei and M H Aliabadi) Readership: Researchers and NDI practitioners as well as postgraduate students in a number of specialties including materials, aerospace, mechanical and computational engineering. Keywords: Structural Health Modelling;Non-Destrctive Inspection;Dignostic SHM;Aerospace Engineering;Microelectromechanical Systems;Acoustic Emission Monitoring;AccelerometersReview:0

Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470517802
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring by : Branko Glisic

Download or read book Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring written by Branko Glisic and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-03-11 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of fibre optic sensors in structural health monitoring has rapidly accelerated in recent years. By embedding fibre optic sensors in structures (e.g. buildings, bridges and pipelines) it is possible to obtain real time data on structural changes such as stress or strain. Engineers use monitoring data to detect deviations from a structure’s original design performance in order to optimise the operation, repair and maintenance of a structure over time. Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring is organised as a step-by-step guide to implementing a monitoring system and includes examples of common structures and their most-frequently monitored parameters. This book: presents a universal method for static structural health monitoring, using a technique with proven effectiveness in hundreds of applications worldwide; discusses a variety of different structures including buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels and pipelines; features case studies which describe common problems and offer solutions to those problems; provides advice on establishing mechanical parameters to monitor (including deformations, rotations and displacements) and on placing sensors to achieve monitoring objectives; identifies methods for interpreting data according to construction material and shows how to apply numerical concepts and formulae to data in order to inform decision making. Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring is an invaluable reference for practising engineers in the fields of civil, structural and geotechnical engineering. It will also be of interest to academics and undergraduate/graduate students studying civil and structural engineering.

Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080518044
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology by : Raymond M. Measures

Download or read book Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology written by Raymond M. Measures and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-04-10 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to address the field of structurally integrated fiber optic sensors. Fiber optic sensors embedded within materials and systems are able to measure a variety of parameters (i.e. temperature, vibration, deformation, strain, etc.) that allows for real time non-destructive evaluation. Examples include the following: monitoring structural fatigue in aging aircraft or loads in bridge structures. In more advanced applications, fiber optic sensors control actuators that allow materials to adapt to their environment. This gives rise to the names, "smart," "intelligent," and/or "adaptive" materials or structures.Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology is the firs single author book on the new field of fiber optic structural sensing. As such it provides: coverage of the fundamentals of the technology, a coherent and systematic discussion on the most important aspects of the subject, a broad view of the subject, while retaining a degree of focus on those advances most significant in terms of their future potential, particularly in regard to broad implementation of the technology. The book provides an introduction to the relevant value to structural monitoring. It also highlights the advantages of fiber optic based sensors over conventional electrical measurement technology.The book richly illustrates the subject matter with 615 figures and provides many examples of fiber optic structural sensing, including a detailed overview of a number of major field site applications. Most of these large scale applications are drawn from the civil engineering community as they have been the first to strongly embrace fiber optic structural monitoring. This is especially true for bridges, where innovative new designs and the use of fiber reinforced polymer composite materials to replace steel represents a major advance that is expected to revolutionize the construction industry. Examples include new bridges, which are serving as testbeds for these new materials and are instrumented with arrays of fiber optic structural sensors. In one case, this state-of-the-art monitoring system permits engineers at a distant site to track the response of the bridge to traffic loads and keep an eye on the long term performance of the new materials. Fiber optic structural sensing technology is equally applicable to other industrial sectors, such as the aerospace and marine industries. Indeed, several examples of ships being instrumented with arrays of fiber optic sensors are also included. * The author directed one of the leading laboratories in the development of this technology and its application to civil engineering* Provides a strong, concise foundation in the basics of the technology* Includes many examples of the application of the technology, including many major field site case studies* Richly illustrated with 615 figures, many redrawn to make them easier to understand; also includes over 600 references* Written in a style designed to help the reader unfamiliar with fiber optic technology appreciate what can be accomplished with this new form of structural monitoring

Structural Health Monitoring Technologies and Next-Generation Smart Composite Structures

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Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 131535604X
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring Technologies and Next-Generation Smart Composite Structures by : Jayantha Ananda Epaarachchi

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring Technologies and Next-Generation Smart Composite Structures written by Jayantha Ananda Epaarachchi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the increased use of composite materials in aerospace, energy, automobile, and civil infrastructure applications, concern over composite material failures has grown, creating a need for smart composite structures that are able to self-diagnose and self-heal. Structural Health Monitoring Technologies and Next-Generation Smart Composite Structures provides valuable insight into cutting-edge advances in SHM, smart materials, and smart structures. Comprised of chapters authored by leading researchers in their respective fields, this edited book showcases exciting developments in general embedded sensor technologies, general sensor technologies, sensor response interrogation and data communication, damage matrix formulation, damage mechanics and analysis, smart materials and structures, and SHM in aerospace applications. Each chapter makes a significant contribution to the prevention of structural failures by describing methods that increase safety and reduce maintenance costs in a variety of SHM applications.

Structural Health Monitoring for Advanced Composite Structures

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781786343932
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (439 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring for Advanced Composite Structures by : M. H. Aliabadi

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring for Advanced Composite Structures written by M. H. Aliabadi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure Systems

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845696824
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure Systems by : Vistasp M. Karbhari

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure Systems written by Vistasp M. Karbhari and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-08-25 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural health monitoring is an extremely important methodology in evaluating the ‘health’ of a structure by assessing the level of deterioration and remaining service life of civil infrastructure systems. This book reviews key developments in research, technologies and applications in this area of civil engineering. It discusses ways of obtaining and analysing data, sensor technologies and methods of sensing changes in structural performance characteristics. It also discusses data transmission and the application of both individual technologies and entire systems to bridges and buildings. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems is a valuable reference for students in civil and structural engineering programs as well as those studying sensors, data analysis and transmission at universities. It will also be an important source for practicing civil engineers and designers, engineers and researchers developing sensors, network systems and methods of data transmission and analysis, policy makers, inspectors and those responsible for the safety and service life of civil infrastructure. Reviews key developments in research, technologies and applications Discusses systems used to obtain and analyse data and sensor technologies Assesses methods of sensing changes in structural performance

Structural Health Monitoring

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470394404
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring by : Daniel Balageas

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring written by Daniel Balageas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-01-05 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is organized around the various sensing techniques used to achieve structural health monitoring. Its main focus is on sensors, signal and data reduction methods and inverse techniques, which enable the identification of the physical parameters, affected by the presence of the damage, on which a diagnostic is established. Structural Health Monitoring is not oriented by the type of applications or linked to special classes of problems, but rather presents broader families of techniques: vibration and modal analysis; optical fibre sensing; acousto-ultrasonics, using piezoelectric transducers; and electric and electromagnetic techniques. Each chapter has been written by specialists in the subject area who possess a broad range of practical experience. The book will be accessible to students and those new to the field, but the exhaustive overview of present research and development, as well as the numerous references provided, also make it required reading for experienced researchers and engineers.

Structural Health Monitoring 2015

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Publisher : DEStech Publications, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1605952753
Total Pages : 1644 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (59 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring 2015 by : Fu-Kuo Chang

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring 2015 written by Fu-Kuo Chang and published by DEStech Publications, Inc. This book was released on 2015-10-01 with total page 1644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, September 1–3, 2015. Selected research on the entire spectrum of structural health techniques and areas of applicationAvailable in print, complete online text download or individual articles. Series book comprising two volumes provides selected international research on the entire spectrum of structural health monitoring techniques used to diagnose and safeguard aircraft, vehicles, buildings, civil infrastructure, ships and railroads, as well as their components such as joints, bondlines, coatings and more. Includes special sections on system design, signal processing, multifunctional materials, sensor distribution, embedded sensors for monitoring composites, reliability and applicability in extreme environments. The extensive contents can be viewed below.

Optical Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring

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Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 303650172X
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (365 download)

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Book Synopsis Optical Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring by : Paulo Antunes

Download or read book Optical Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring written by Paulo Antunes and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-12 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evolution and need for the preservation and maintenance of existing structures, recent or historical, has fostered research in the area of structural monitoring, translated into the development of new techniques, equipment and sensors. Early detection of damage and accurate assessment of structural safety requires monitoring systems, the data from which can be used to calibrate numerical models for structural analysis and to assess safety. Data are obtained under real-time conditions, considering a group of parameters related to structural properties, such as stresses, accelerations, deformations and displacements. The analysis of structural properties is particularly relevant when the structure is subjected to extreme events (earthquakes, wind, fire and explosions, among others) or repeated loads (road/rail/air traffic, vibrations induced by equipment and machines), since they affect the structural integrity and put the users at risk. In order to prevent the severe damage and eventual collapse of structures, and consequent human, material and economic losses, the implementation of monitoring systems becomes a valuable tool for today's society. Monitoring of structures is becoming increasingly important, not only as preventive action, but also due to actual economic and sustainability concerns, to ensure a safer and more comfortable built environment.

Structural Health Monitoring Damage Detection Systems for Aerospace

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030721922
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring Damage Detection Systems for Aerospace by : Markus G. R. Sause

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring Damage Detection Systems for Aerospace written by Markus G. R. Sause and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book presents established methods of structural health monitoring (SHM) and discusses their technological merit in the current aerospace environment. While the aerospace industry aims for weight reduction to improve fuel efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and to decrease maintenance time and operating costs, aircraft structures are often designed and built heavier than required in order to accommodate unpredictable failure. A way to overcome this approach is the use of SHM systems to detect the presence of defects. This book covers all major contemporary aerospace-relevant SHM methods, from the basics of each method to the various defect types that SHM is required to detect to discussion of signal processing developments alongside considerations of aerospace safety requirements. It will be of interest to professionals in industry and academic researchers alike, as well as engineering students. This article/publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18203 (ODIN - http://odin-cost.com/), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. Our Actions help connect research initiatives across Europe and enable scientists to grow their ideas by sharing them with their peers. This boosts their research, career and innovation.

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in Aerospace Structures

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Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0081001584
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in Aerospace Structures by : Fuh-Gwo Yuan

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in Aerospace Structures written by Fuh-Gwo Yuan and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-03-01 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in Aerospace Structures provides readers with the spectacular progress that has taken place over the last twenty years with respect to the area of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The widespread adoption of SHM could both significantly improve safety and reduce maintenance and repair expenses that are estimated to be about a quarter of an aircraft fleet’s operating costs. The SHM field encompasses transdisciplinary areas, including smart materials, sensors and actuators, damage diagnosis and prognosis, signal and image processing algorithms, wireless intelligent sensing, data fusion, and energy harvesting. This book focuses on how SHM techniques are applied to aircraft structures with particular emphasis on composite materials, and is divided into four main parts. Part One provides an overview of SHM technologies for damage detection, diagnosis, and prognosis in aerospace structures. Part Two moves on to analyze smart materials for SHM in aerospace structures, such as piezoelectric materials, optical fibers, and flexoelectricity. In addition, this also includes two vibration-based energy harvesting techniques for powering wireless sensors based on piezoelectric electromechanical coupling and diamagnetic levitation. Part Three explores innovative SHM technologies for damage diagnosis in aerospace structures. Chapters within this section include sparse array imaging techniques and phase array techniques for damage detection. The final section of the volume details innovative SHM technologies for damage prognosis in aerospace structures. This book serves as a key reference for researchers working within this industry, academic, and government research agencies developing new systems for the SHM of aerospace structures and materials scientists. Provides key information on the potential of SHM in reducing maintenance and repair costs Analyzes current SHM technologies and sensing systems, highlighting the innovation in each area Encompasses chapters on smart materials such as electroactive polymers and optical fibers

Optical Fiber Sensors

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351831240
Total Pages : 894 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Optical Fiber Sensors by : Ginu Rajan

Download or read book Optical Fiber Sensors written by Ginu Rajan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 894 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical Fiber Sensors: Advanced Techniques and Applications describes the physical principles of, and latest developments in, optical fiber sensors. Providing a fundamental understanding of the design, operation, and practical applications of fiber optic sensing systems, this book: Discusses new and emerging areas of research including photonic crystal fiber sensors, micro- and nanofiber sensing, liquid crystal photonics, acousto-optic effects in fiber, and fiber laser-based sensing Covers well-established areas such as surface plasmon resonance sensors, interferometric fiber sensors, polymer fiber sensors, Bragg gratings in polymer and silica fibers, and distributed fiber sensors Explores humidity sensing applications, smart structure applications, and medical applications, supplying detailed examples of the various fiber optic sensing technologies in use Optical Fiber Sensors: Advanced Techniques and Applications draws upon the extensive academic and industrial experience of its contributing authors to deliver a comprehensive introduction to optical fiber sensors with a strong practical focus suitable for undergraduate and graduate students as well as scientists and engineers working in the field.

Composites and Their Applications

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Publisher : IntechOpen
ISBN 13 : 9789535107064
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Composites and Their Applications by : Ning Hu

Download or read book Composites and Their Applications written by Ning Hu and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2012-08-22 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composites are a class of material, which receives much attention not only because it is on the cutting edge of active material research fields due to appearance of many new types of composites, e.g., nanocomposites and bio-medical composites, but also because there are a great deal of promise for its potential applications in various industries ranging from aerospace to construction due to its various outstanding properties. This book mainly describes some potential applications and the related properties of various composites by focusing on the following several topics: health or integrity monitoring techniques of composites structures, bio-medical composites and their applications in dental or tissue materials, natural fiber or mineral filler reinforced composites and their property characterization, catalysts composites and their applications, and some other potential applications of fibers or composites as sensors, etc. This book has been divided into five sections to cover the above contents.

Optical Fiber Sensor Technology

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475760779
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Optical Fiber Sensor Technology by : L.S. Grattan

Download or read book Optical Fiber Sensor Technology written by L.S. Grattan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Systems and Applications in Optical Fiber Sensor Technology The essential technology which underpins developments in optical fiber sensors continues to expand, and continues to be driven to a very large extent by advances in optoelectronics which have been produced for the ever-expanding optical com munications systems and networks of the world. The steps forward in the technol ogy, often accompanied by a reduction in the price of associated components, have been, and continue to be, adapted for use in a wide variety of optical fiber sensor systems. These include, for example, the use of photoinduced gratings as fiber sensor components, coupled with the wider availability of shorter wavelength lasers, bright luminescent sources and high-sensitivity detectors which have opened up new possibilities for both novel fiber optic sensor applications and new sensing systems. This is to be welcomed at a time when, coupled with integrated optic miniaturized devices and detectors, real possibilities of systems integration, at lower cost and increased utility, can be offered. The fiber laser, and the expansions of the types and availability of the doped fiber on which it is based, offer further examples of the integration of the essential components of advanced optical sensor systems, fitted for a new range of applications.

Innovation in Smart Materials and Structural Health Monitoring for Composite Applications

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Author :
Publisher : Materials Research Forum LLC
ISBN 13 : 194529129X
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (452 download)

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Book Synopsis Innovation in Smart Materials and Structural Health Monitoring for Composite Applications by : F. Mustapha

Download or read book Innovation in Smart Materials and Structural Health Monitoring for Composite Applications written by F. Mustapha and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2017-05-05 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an automated approach to determine any changes in the integrity of mechanical systems. The SHM system gives information in real time and online. The book explains and discusses the advantages of Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) techniques. Special focus is placed on applications of structural health monitoring of bio-composite turbine blades for vertical axis wind turbines.