Strain and Load-to-fracture Comparison of CAD-CAM Dental Implant Crown Materials Under Loading

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Strain and Load-to-fracture Comparison of CAD-CAM Dental Implant Crown Materials Under Loading by : Amani Alsaery

Download or read book Strain and Load-to-fracture Comparison of CAD-CAM Dental Implant Crown Materials Under Loading written by Amani Alsaery and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Purpose: The material and design of implant prostheses influence the loading of dental implants, which may affect the adaptation of bone1. When choosing materials for implant-supported prostheses, the clinician could choose the one that places less stress on the implant and surrounding tissues2. Use of ceramic materials for veneering implant-supported prostheses is common. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technique have provided many advantages starting with the speed of design, processing, fabrication and accuracy. New materials have been developed to achieve the optimum quality; these include Zirconia-reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramic (ZLS) and a Hybrid ceramic containing a resin-reinforced glass network (Enamic). The screw access channel technique is frequently utilized to help clinicians retrieve cement-retained implant crowns when needed. One concern with screw access holes is the fracture resistance of the crown material after creating the access channel in a cement-retained crown. This study was performed in two parts: the aim in Part 1 was to measure and compare the influence of (ZLS) and (Enamic) with different ceramic CAD-CAM implant-supported crown materials for strain distribution generated around the implants during cyclic loading. Part 2 was performed in order to measure and compare the load to fracture values of different cement-retained crown materials with screw access channel. Material and Methods: Four 3.7mm X 10mmD platform Legacy 1 Implants (Implant Direct, Carlsbad, CA, USA) were placed into a 12" x 2" x 8mm resin block. Legacy Zirconia Straight Contoured Stock Abutment (3.5mmD/1mm Collar Height, Implant Direct, Carlsbad, CA, USA) (N=20) were torqued into the implant fixtures to support crowns that were milled from a virtual design using four different all-ceramic materials (N=20). A resin cement was used to cement crowns on zirconia abutments. Initially, the crowns were cyclically loaded two times at loads ranging from 5N to 400N at a thirty-degree angle and strain values were recorded. Three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) and a commercial image correlation software (VIC 3D v7.0, Correlated Solutions, Inc. Columbia, SC, USA) were used to measure maximum and minimum principal strains (tensile and compressive) around the implants. Secondly, screw access channels were prepared on crowns to receive a vertical load from 0N until fracture and load-to-failure values of crowns were recorded and were statistically analyzed. Results: Strain measurements showed no statistically significant difference in the crown materials (p>.05). No statistical difference was found in the interaction between the material and the type of the strains in this study. Results for the load-to-failure test series showed a statistically different loads for the materials. ZirCAD showed higher loads with Tukey grouping when compared to the other materials (p

Strain Analysis and Fracture Strength of Nine Different Abutments for Cement-retained Crowns on an Internal Hexagon Implant

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Strain Analysis and Fracture Strength of Nine Different Abutments for Cement-retained Crowns on an Internal Hexagon Implant by : Louai G. Salaita

Download or read book Strain Analysis and Fracture Strength of Nine Different Abutments for Cement-retained Crowns on an Internal Hexagon Implant written by Louai G. Salaita and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Purpose: Many aftermarket abutments for cement-retained crowns are available for the Tapered Screw-Vent implant (Zimmer Dental, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Of these aftermarket abutments this is wide variation, from stock to custom abutments, as well as material differences such as zirconia, titanium, or a combination of the two. This study was performed in two parts: the aim of Part I was to measure and compare different strains conferred to the bone around the implants for nine different abutments for cement-retained crowns on an implant with an internal hexagon platform. The aim of Part II was to measure and compare the force required to cause fracture of ten different abutments for cement-retained crowns on an implant with an internal hexagon platform. Material and Methods: Nine 4.1mm x 11.5mm Tapered Screw-Vent implants were placed into a 12" x 2" x 8mm resin block for strain measurements. Five abutment specimens of each of the nine different abutments (n = 44 total) were tried into one of the nine implants. Monolithic zirconia crowns were then fabricated for each of the nine different abutments and the crowns were cyclically loaded at thirty degrees two times at a frequency of 2Hz and strain was measured and recorded. Ten Tapered Screw-Vent Implants were then individually secured in a loading apparatus, and three abutment specimens of each of the ten different abutments (n = 30 total) were loaded at a 30 degree angle until fracture of the implant abutment complex was achieved. The strain to the resin block was determined using three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC), an optical measurement technique. Commercial image correlation software (VIC 3D v7.0 , Correlated Solutions, Inc. Columbia, SC, USA) was used to analyze the strain around the implants. Data for maximal and minimal principle strains as well as load to fracture were compared using analysis of variance with a Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test (alpha = .05). Results: Strain measurements showed no significant difference between any of the abutments when looking at minimal (compression) principle strains (p>.05). For maximal (tensile) principle strains the Atlantis Zirconia abutment and the Zimmer Patient Specific Abutment showed the highest and second-highest strain around the implant, respectively, with the Atlantis Zirconia being significantly greater than all abutments excluding the Zimmer PSA, and the PSA being significantly greater than the AstraTech ZirDesign and Legacy Straight Contoured abutment in titanium as well as zirconia (p

Comparison of Load-to-fracture Values and Fracture Characterization of Monolithic Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Zirconia-reinforced Lithium Silicate Glass-ceramic CAD/CAM Crowns

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (972 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparison of Load-to-fracture Values and Fracture Characterization of Monolithic Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Zirconia-reinforced Lithium Silicate Glass-ceramic CAD/CAM Crowns by : Afnan Kashkari

Download or read book Comparison of Load-to-fracture Values and Fracture Characterization of Monolithic Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Zirconia-reinforced Lithium Silicate Glass-ceramic CAD/CAM Crowns written by Afnan Kashkari and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All-ceramic monolithic crowns have been extensively used in prosthodontics in recent years for their excellent advantages compared to traditional metal-based restorations. In the oral environment, ceramic restorations are susceptible to cyclic fatigue failure, mainly due to the presence of cyclic masticatory forces together with the moist environment. The purpose of the study was to compare the integrity of zirconia, lithium disilicate, and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate monolithic CAD/CAM crowns after being subjected to cyclic loading in a wet condition and then subjected to static loading until fracture. A fiberglass master die replica was used to fabricate (1) zirconia (Zirkonzahn, South Tyrol, Italy), (2) lithium disilicate (LDS, IPS e.max® CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan / Liechtenstein), and (3) zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic (ZLS), Vita suprinity, VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) monolithic crowns that were milled using CAD/CAM technology. The crowns were bonded according to manufacturer instructions and subjected to cyclic loading (10,000 and 50,000 cycles) under wet conditions. Representative specimens from each group were examined using SEM. Analysis of the recorded load-to-fracture values was carried out with two-way (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test (a=.05). The mean of load-to-fracture values measured were 3232.27 N for 10,000-cycle LDS, 3510.62 N for 50,000-cycle LDS, 1207.69 N for 10,000-cycle ZLS, 761.20 N for 50,000-cycle ZLS, 4967.29 N for 10,000-cycle zirconia, and 5041.99 N for 50,000-cycle zirconia. All mean load-to-fracture values were statistically significantly different (p .05). However, there was no statistical influence of the number of cycles on the load-to-fracture of test crowns (p .05). Load-to-fracture values of Zirconia and LDS CAD/CAM crowns were above the reported clinical posterior occlusal forces (720 N according to Gibbs et al.) and ZLS load-to-fracture values were closest to the average posterior occlusal force value. Further clinical and laboratory investigation are needed on the use of ZLS ceramic.

Fracture Resistance of Titanium and Zirconia Abutments - A Lab Study

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Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783659617287
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Fracture Resistance of Titanium and Zirconia Abutments - A Lab Study by : Jamie Foong

Download or read book Fracture Resistance of Titanium and Zirconia Abutments - A Lab Study written by Jamie Foong and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-10-21 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Statement of Problem. There is little conclusive evidence comparing the fracture resistance of internal connection titanium and zirconia implant abutments and the purpose of this study was to determine the fracture resistance of internal connection titanium and zirconia implant abutments. Material and Methods. Twenty-two specimens simulating implant-supported anterior single crowns were randomly divided into two equal test groups. Abutments were attached to dental implants mounted in acrylic resin and CAD/CAM crowns constructed. Chewing function was simulated using cyclic loading in a stepped fatigue loading protocol until failure. Failed specimens were then analyzed using SEM and fractographic analysis. Results. The titanium abutment group fractured at a mean SD load of 270 56.7 N and a mean SD of 81,935 27,929 cycles. The zirconia abutment group fractured at a mean SD load of 140 24.6 N and a mean SD of 26,296 9,200 cycles (p

Fracture Load of CAD/CAM Feldspathic Crowns Influenced by Abutment Material

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Fracture Load of CAD/CAM Feldspathic Crowns Influenced by Abutment Material by : Mladen Bencun

Download or read book Fracture Load of CAD/CAM Feldspathic Crowns Influenced by Abutment Material written by Mladen Bencun and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Contemporary Implant Dentistry (3Nd Edition)

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788131215104
Total Pages : 779 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (151 download)

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Book Synopsis Contemporary Implant Dentistry (3Nd Edition) by : Carl E Misch

Download or read book Contemporary Implant Dentistry (3Nd Edition) written by Carl E Misch and published by . This book was released on 2008-03-23 with total page 779 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Effects of Various Thicknesses on Load to Fracture of Posterior CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic Crowns Subjected to Cyclic Fatigue

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Various Thicknesses on Load to Fracture of Posterior CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic Crowns Subjected to Cyclic Fatigue by : Nadia Al-Angari

Download or read book Effects of Various Thicknesses on Load to Fracture of Posterior CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic Crowns Subjected to Cyclic Fatigue written by Nadia Al-Angari and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: New glass ceramics and Computer-Aided Design/Computer Assisted Manufacture (CAD/CAM) have become common aspects of modern dentistry. The use of posterior ceramic crowns with a high level of esthetics, fabricated using the CAD/CAM technology is a current treatment modality. Several materials have been used to fabricate these crowns, including lithium disilicate glass-ceramics, which have not been fully investigated in the literature. Objective: to investigate the load to fracture of lithium disilicate glass ceramic posterior crowns fabricated by CAD/CAM technology with different material thicknesses adhesively cemented on epoxy resin. Methods: Four groups of different ceramic thicknesses (0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm) were fabricated by milling CAD/CAM lithium disilicate IPS emax CAD blocks. A total of 68 posterior crowns were surface treated and luted with a resin adhesive cement on an epoxy resin model. Samples were fatigued then loaded to fracture using a universal testing machine to test the fracture strength. Statistical comparisons between various crown thicknesses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's Protected Least Significant Differences. Results: There was a significant difference in the load-to-fracture (N) value for all comparisons of the four thickness groups (p

A Load-to-fracture and Strain Analysis of Monolithic Zirconia Cantilevered Frameworks

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (972 download)

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Book Synopsis A Load-to-fracture and Strain Analysis of Monolithic Zirconia Cantilevered Frameworks by : Faris Alshahrani

Download or read book A Load-to-fracture and Strain Analysis of Monolithic Zirconia Cantilevered Frameworks written by Faris Alshahrani and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fixed implant-retained cantilevered restorations for edentulous patients have been successfully used in implant dentistry. In recent years, with the improvements in CAD/CAM technology, zirconia has been in use as a more affordable alternative to metal frameworks for fixed restorations due to the rising cost of noble metals. The dimensions of implant-retained fixed cantilevered dentures are important to prevent mechanical and biological complications. Information on the optimum thickness and cantilever length for improved strength of zirconia frameworks is limited in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cantilever length and occlusocervical thickness on the load-to-fracture and strain distribution of zirconia frameworks. Twenty-seven rectangular prism-shaped specimens (6 mm thick buccolingually) were fabricated using a CAD/CAM milling technique. Specimens were prepared in 9 groups (n=3) according to their vertical dimensions (6×6 mm, 8×6 mm and 10×6 mm) and cantilever loading distance (7 mm, 10 mm and 17 mm). All specimens were heat-treated in a porcelain furnace and thermocycled for 20000 cycles before the tests. Each framework was secured using a clamp attached to the first 20 mm of the framework. Three-dimensional image correlation (3D-DIC) technique was used for a full-field measurement of strain during testing. A load-to-fracture test was used until the specimens fractured. Maximum force and the principal strain data were analyzed by ANOVA using the maximum likelihood estimation method. The frameworks tested in this study fractured at load values ranging from 1065 - 8870 N. The effect of occluso-cervical thickness and cantilever length was significant for the load-to-fracture (P

Influence of Implant Angulation on the Fracture Resistance of Zirconia Abutments

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 71 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (881 download)

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Book Synopsis Influence of Implant Angulation on the Fracture Resistance of Zirconia Abutments by : Shreedevi Thulasidas

Download or read book Influence of Implant Angulation on the Fracture Resistance of Zirconia Abutments written by Shreedevi Thulasidas and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zirconia-based implant abutments are widely used in prosthetic dentistry. Custom made abutments are utilized to correct for non-ideal implant positions and can successfully accommodate the morphologic requirements of the overlying crown. It was hypothesized that there will be difference in fracture strength and fracture mode of artificially aged zirconia implant abutments supported by implants at varying angulation, when load is applied to failure on overlying zirconia crowns. The implant-abutment-crown assemblies were subjected to steam autoclaving to induce some degree of phase transformation from tetragonal to weaker monoclinic form and to thermo-cycling to artificially age the samples. The effects of loading or occlusal forces applied to a model of implant-abutment-crown assembly with varying geometry of implant alignment was investigated in this study with customized zirconia implant abutments with internally hexed implant and overlying zirconia crowns loaded to fracture. Construct design and loading angulations were selected to simulate mouth conditions as closely as possible. Results showed that fracture strength of zirconia abutments was affected by the variation in the angulation of the implant. Aging did not seem to play a role in the fracture strength.

Fracture Resistance of Pressable Ceramic Fused to Metal Custom Implant Abutment

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (874 download)

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Book Synopsis Fracture Resistance of Pressable Ceramic Fused to Metal Custom Implant Abutment by : Carlos Alberto Hernandez Terrazas

Download or read book Fracture Resistance of Pressable Ceramic Fused to Metal Custom Implant Abutment written by Carlos Alberto Hernandez Terrazas and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of fabricating a pressable metal ceramic custom implant abutment (Pr) with a full porcelain coverage design, and to compare fracture resistance to its commercially available zirconia counterpart (Zr). Methods: Two groups of implant abutment specimens were fabricated. The experimental group consisted of custom pressed-ceramic (Pr) abutment (n=10), and the control group consisted of CAD/CAM-designed zirconia-based ceramic (Zr) abutment (n=10). For the experimental group, a custom metal abutment was cast using a compatible metal alloy (Lodestar); this was followed by injection molding with leucite reinforced pressable ceramic (IPS InLine Press-over-Metal) around the metal column of the custom implant abutment. For the control group, a specimen was fabricated from CAD/CAM-designed zirconia abutment (Procera Zirconia). Following scanning, all-ceramic crowns with the average dimensions of a human central incisor were fabricated for the experimental and control abutments using lithium disilicate pressable ceramic (IPS e. max Press). Each crown was cemented to the implant abutments with a resin luting agent (Multilink Automix). Samples were subjected to Thermocycling (2000 cycles). Crown-abutment test specimens were fixed to titanium implant analogs and placed in a test stand at 30 degrees from the vertical axis of the specimens in a computer-controlled universal testing device for cyclic loading. After 500,000 cycles samples were statically loaded to failure for further analysis. The independent t test was used to detect if the mean fracture load values between the 2 groups differ significantly (alpha=. 05). Results: No samples failed during thermocycling or cyclic loading. The mean fracture load of the experimental group was 1695N (SD=253) during static loading. The control had a mean fracture load of 1277N (SD=242). The mean fracture load of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group; p= 0. 0015 (℗æPr>℗æZr). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that a fully veneered pressed ceramic fused to metal custom implant abutment can be fabricated and had a higher mean fracture resistance than its commercially available zirconia counterpart over a Nobel Biocare wide implant platform.

Comparison of Fracture Resistance and Bond Strength of CAD/CAM E.max Crowns Restored with Fiber Post and Core with ENDO Crowns

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparison of Fracture Resistance and Bond Strength of CAD/CAM E.max Crowns Restored with Fiber Post and Core with ENDO Crowns by : Rohit Mathur

Download or read book Comparison of Fracture Resistance and Bond Strength of CAD/CAM E.max Crowns Restored with Fiber Post and Core with ENDO Crowns written by Rohit Mathur and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Handbook of Biomaterial Properties

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1493933051
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Biomaterial Properties by : William Murphy

Download or read book Handbook of Biomaterial Properties written by William Murphy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-11 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides tabular and text data relating to normal and diseased tissue materials and materials used in medical devices. Comprehensive and practical for students, researchers, engineers, and practicing physicians who use implants, this book considers the materials aspects of both implantable materials and natural tissues and fluids. Examples of materials and topics covered include titanium, elastomers, degradable biomaterials, composites, scaffold materials for tissue engineering, dental implants, sterilization effects on material properties, metallic alloys, and much more. Each chapter author considers the intrinsic and interactive properties of biomaterials, as well as their appropriate applications and historical contexts. Now in an updated second edition, this book also contains two new chapters on the cornea and on vocal folds, as well as updated insights, data, and citations for several chapters.

Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Vol.55

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Publisher : Trans Tech Publications Ltd
ISBN 13 : 3035735581
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (357 download)

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Book Synopsis Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Vol.55 by : Triwiyanto Triwiyanto

Download or read book Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Vol.55 written by Triwiyanto Triwiyanto and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2022-03-28 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomedical Engineering and Health Informatics

Tilted Implants

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Publisher : Quintessence Publishing (IL)
ISBN 13 : 9780867158182
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (581 download)

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Book Synopsis Tilted Implants by : Enrico Agliardi

Download or read book Tilted Implants written by Enrico Agliardi and published by Quintessence Publishing (IL). This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Methods for placing different types of tilted implants in different configurations (eg, All-on-4, V-II-V, transsinus, zygomatic) including step-by-step protocols from patient evaluation to surgery to provisional and definitive prosthesis fabrication, featuring dozens of detailed clinical cases"--

Fracture Resistance Of Three Monolithic CAD/CAM Manufactured Implant Supported Crowns Cemented To A TI-Base Connector

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Fracture Resistance Of Three Monolithic CAD/CAM Manufactured Implant Supported Crowns Cemented To A TI-Base Connector by : Michael A. Hoffman

Download or read book Fracture Resistance Of Three Monolithic CAD/CAM Manufactured Implant Supported Crowns Cemented To A TI-Base Connector written by Michael A. Hoffman and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Hoop Strain in Dental Implants and the Influence of Different Cantilever Lengths, an in Vitro Pilot Study

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (974 download)

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Book Synopsis Hoop Strain in Dental Implants and the Influence of Different Cantilever Lengths, an in Vitro Pilot Study by : Rakan Baaj

Download or read book Hoop Strain in Dental Implants and the Influence of Different Cantilever Lengths, an in Vitro Pilot Study written by Rakan Baaj and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the hoop stress around dental implant in a circumferential and vertical pattern and to compare stress values to different cantilever length on a cross arch implant supported framework. Material and Methods: A milled cross-arch metal framework supported by 4 implants imbedded in acrylic in addition to one separated implant in the middle. Five T-strain gauge rosette distributed on five dental implants recorded data as they were loaded by 50 and 100 N forces using MTS 810 loading machine. The loading sites were anterior implant, posterior implant, 0.5 Anterior Posterior, (AP spread) ratio cantilever, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ratio cantilever. Each one of those 7 sites were loaded 10 times for each of the 50 and 100 N generating 360 different reading for each of those groups. Three-way ANOVA was conducted (twice, one for vertical and one for hoop strain) for analysis of strain with factors of: Magnitude of force, extension of cantilever and position of the implants followed by Post hoc Tukey comparison between the groups. Results: The anterior implant is under tension in vertical direction when forces are applied to the cantilever on the contralateral side. The most posterior implant is under less tension in the vertical direction but shows as much strains in the circumferential direction. Post hoc analysis shows cantilever over 1.0 ratio causes same high amount of stress to the system. Conclusion: A ratio up of 0.5 AP spread for the cantilever is statistically acceptable. However, A ratio up to 1.0 AP spread for the cantilever exerts no more tension to the system than the load on the implants.

The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms by :

Download or read book The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: