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Statistical Tools For Forensic Analysis Of Toolmarks
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Book Synopsis Statistical Tools for Forensic Analysis of Toolmarks by :
Download or read book Statistical Tools for Forensic Analysis of Toolmarks written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recovery and comparison of toolmarks, footprint impressions, and fractured surfaces connected to a crime scene are of great importance in forensic science. The purpose of this project is to provide statistical tools for the validation of the proposition that particular manufacturing processes produce marks on the work-product (or tool) that are substantially different from tool to tool. The approach to validation involves the collection of digital images of toolmarks produced by various tool manufacturing methods on produced work-products and the development of statistical methods for data reduction and analysis of the images. The developed statistical methods provide a means to objectively calculate a ''degree of association'' between matches of similarly produced toolmarks. The basis for statistical method development relies on ''discriminating criteria'' that examiners use to identify features and spatial relationships in their analysis of forensic samples. The developed data reduction algorithms utilize the same rules used by examiners for classification and association of toolmarks.
Book Synopsis Statistical Methods for the Forensic Analysis of Striated Tool Marks by :
Download or read book Statistical Methods for the Forensic Analysis of Striated Tool Marks written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In forensics, fingerprints can be used to uniquely identify suspects in a crime. Similarly, a tool mark left at a crime scene can be used to identify the tool that was used. However, the current practice of identifying matching tool marks involves visual inspection of marks by forensic experts which can be a very subjective process. As a result, declared matches are often successfully challenged in court, so law enforcement agencies are particularly interested in encouraging research in more objective approaches. Our analysis is based on comparisons of profilometry data, essentially depth contours of a tool mark surface taken along a linear path. In current practice, for stronger support of a match or non-match, multiple marks are made in the lab under the same conditions by the suspect tool. We propose the use of a likelihood ratio test to analyze the difference between a sample of comparisons of lab tool marks to a field tool mark, against a sample of comparisons of two lab tool marks. Chumbley and others (2010) point out that the angle of incidence between the tool and the marked surface can have a substantial impact on the tool mark and on the effectiveness of both manual and algorithmic matching procedures. To better address this problem, we describe how the analysis can be enhanced to model the effect of tool angle and allow for angle estimation for a tool mark left at a crime scene. With sufficient development, such methods may lead to more defensible forensic analyses.
Book Synopsis Color Atlas of Forensic Toolmark Identification by : Nicholas Petraco
Download or read book Color Atlas of Forensic Toolmark Identification written by Nicholas Petraco and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-09-21 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the wake of the Daubert ruling, the use of forensic toolmark evidence in court has been problematic, in that the conclusions of forensic scientists as to toolmark origin often lack scientifically sound statistical proof. In the Color Atlas of Forensic Toolmark Identification, noted forensic expert Nicholas Petraco helps move toolmark examination
Book Synopsis Handbook of Forensic Statistics by : David L. Banks
Download or read book Handbook of Forensic Statistics written by David L. Banks and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-11-05 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Forensic Statistics is a collection of chapters by leading authorities in forensic statistics. Written for statisticians, scientists, and legal professionals having a broad range of statistical expertise, it summarizes and compares basic methods of statistical inference (frequentist, likelihoodist, and Bayesian) for trace and other evidence that links individuals to crimes, the modern history and key controversies in the field, and the psychological and legal aspects of such scientific evidence. Specific topics include uncertainty in measurements and conclusions; statistically valid statements of weight of evidence or source conclusions; admissibility and presentation of statistical findings; and the state of the art of methods (including problems and pitfalls) for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in such areas as forensic biology, chemistry, and pattern and impression evidence. The particular types of evidence that are discussed include DNA, latent fingerprints, firearms and toolmarks, glass, handwriting, shoeprints, and voice exemplars.
Book Synopsis Virtual Tool Mark Generation for Efficient Striation Analysis in Forensic Science by :
Download or read book Virtual Tool Mark Generation for Efficient Striation Analysis in Forensic Science written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2009, a National Academy of Sciences report called for investigation into the scienti c basis behind tool mark comparisons (National Academy of Sciences, 2009). Answering this call, Chumbley et al. (2010) attempted to prove or disprove the hypothesis that tool marks are unique to a single tool. They developed a statistical algorithm that could, in most cases, discern matching and non-matching tool marks made at di erent angles by sequentially numbered screwdriver tips. Moreover, in the cases where the algorithm misinterpreted a pair of marks, an experienced forensics examiner could discern the correct outcome. While this research served to con rm the basic assumptions behind tool mark analysis, it also suggested that statistical analysis software could help to reduce the examiner's workload. This led to a new tool mark analysis approach, introduced in this thesis, that relies on 3D scans of screwdriver tip and marked plate surfaces at the micrometer scale from an optical microscope. These scans are carefully cleaned to remove noise from the data acquisition process and assigned a coordinate system that mathematically de nes angles and twists in a natural way. The marking process is then simulated by using a 3D graphics software package to impart rotations to the tip and take the projection of the tip's geometry in the direction of tool travel. The edge of this projection, retrieved from the 3D graphics software, becomes a virtual tool mark. Using this method, virtual marks are made at increments of 5 and compared to a scan of the evidence mark. The previously developed statistical package from Chumbley et al. (2010) performs the comparison, comparing the similarity of the geometry of both marks to the similarity that would occur due to random chance. The resulting statistical measure of the likelihood of the match informs the examiner of the angle of the best matching virtual mark, allowing the examiner to focus his/her mark analysis on a smaller range of angles. Preliminary results are quite promising. In a study with both sides of 6 screwdriver tips and 34 corresponding marks, the method distinguished known matches from known non-matches with zero false positive matches and only two matches mistaken for non-matches. For matches, it could predict the correct marking angle within 5-10 . Moreover, on a standard desktop computer, the virtual marking software is capable of cleaning 3D tip and plate scans in minutes and producing a virtual mark and comparing it to a real mark in seconds. These results support several of the professional conclusions of the tool mark analysis com- munity, including the idea that marks produced by the same tool only match if they are made at similar angles. The method also displays the potential to automate part of the comparison process, freeing the examiner to focus on other tasks, which is important in busy, backlogged crime labs. Finally, the method o ers the unique chance to directly link an evidence mark to the tool that produced it while reducing potential damage to the evidence.
Book Synopsis Statistical Analysis of Toolmarks on Bullets by : Julie L. Cohen
Download or read book Statistical Analysis of Toolmarks on Bullets written by Julie L. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toolmarks on bullets created by the lands of the barrel of a gun were measured using confocal light microscopy and subsequently analyzed using surface metrology, simulation and statistical methods in order to predict error rates for this type of identification. Toolmarks left behind during the commission of a crime are examined by a forensic scientist to associate a suspect tool with the crime scene or exclude it as the source of questioned evidence. Striation patterns created on bullets as they travel through the barrel of a gun are currently evaluated by toolmark examiners using comparison microscopy. This method has been criticized as too subjective and unable to provide error rates for identification. This research applies quantitative imaging technology and statistical evaluation to advance the science of toolmark and bullet comparisons.
Book Synopsis Statistical Approach to Screwdriver Toolmark Analysis by : Elizabeth Wille Phelps
Download or read book Statistical Approach to Screwdriver Toolmark Analysis written by Elizabeth Wille Phelps and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both anecdotal analysis and observation within the forensic community supports the general proposition that toolmarks made by slotted screwdrivers are among the most common forms of toolmark evidence found at U.S. crime scenes.Based upon the frequency with which this form of evidence is encountered, toolmarks can potentially provide forensic examiners with valuable and useful forensic evidence -- but only if the marks can be properly authenticated, identified, and ultimately survive challenge under the applicable legal standard. All forms of toolmark evidence are currently susceptible to admissibility challenges due to the fact that the examination results are typically obtained in what can be characterized as a subjective fashion. Challenges arise when individual forensic examiners rely solely on their experience in examining and comparing these marks rather than through a rigorous empirical or statistica analysis akin to that currently used in the DNA analytical framework. This these provides additional support to emerging statistical methods which are beginning to provide forensic experts the ability to overcome admissibility challenges and to establish the requisite reliability of their analytical methods in order to be able to introduce this evidence to a jury. This thesis applies confocal microscopy and emerging statistical methodology for the analysis and comparison of toolmarks through the use of advanced statistical methods. In short, by using confocal microscopy and statistical pattern comparison algorithyms, this research analyzes various screwdriver striation marks for individualization, and allows forensic toolmark examiners the ability to provide a more analytical framework for making determinations regarding this evidence. This research also focuses on analyzing exemplars through the use of confocal microscopy to take accurate measurements of the screwdrivers. A critical goal of this research was to develop and validate a highly replicable method for the use of 3D surface metrology and machine learning for toolmark analysis. This methodology can then be used by forensic toolmark examiners worldwide to improve the quality and objectiveness of their analysis and assessments of toolmark striation patterns. By using open source technologies, this research demonstrates that these emerging technologies can be implemented without prohibitively expensive budgetary outlays by a wider variety of laboratories than are currently using similar analytical and procedural mechanisms.
Book Synopsis The Forensic Examination and Interpretation of Tool Marks by : David Baldwin
Download or read book The Forensic Examination and Interpretation of Tool Marks written by David Baldwin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-09-23 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Forensic Examination and Interpretation of Tool Marks brings together key techniques and developments in the field of tool marks in forensic science and explains clearly how tool mark analysis can be used within forensic investigation. The purpose of this book is to bring together as much of this information as possible in an accessible manner. The book deals with all aspects of tool mark evidence from crime scene to courtroom. The examination of a wide variety of different tool marks are discussed, including those made by specific tools such as saws and in complex materials such as bone. The general principles and techniques used in tool mark examinations can also be applied to some other closely related fields. Therefore, sections on the examination of manufacturing marks, including those on plastic film items, and physical fit comparisons are also included. The book will be of interest to a wide range of people and not just to tool mark examiners and people studying forensic science. It will be of use to crime scene examiners, officers investigating crimes where tool marks are found and members of the legal professions. Brings together key techniques and developments within the field of tool mark investigation. Includes material on examining tool marks at the crime scene and in the laboratory, interpretation and evaluation issues and how tool mark evidence should be presented in court. Covers specialized tool mark examinations, manufacturing marks, including those on plastic film items, and physical fits. Includes a large range of illustrations and photographs. Invaluable reference for practicing forensic scientists, students of forensic sciences, members of the legal professions and crime scene investigators, enabling them to recognise the importance of tool marks within an investigation. An extremely valuable resource in the on-going debate regarding the evidential value of tool marks in court. Part of the ‘Essentials in Forensic Science’ book series.
Book Synopsis The Statistical Analysis of Drill Bit Swarfs by : Helen Chan (M.S.)
Download or read book The Statistical Analysis of Drill Bit Swarfs written by Helen Chan (M.S.) and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Firearms and toolmarks identification have been practiced for many years. Recently, the field has been criticized for the lack of scientific basis and statistical foundation compared to other forensic science fields because of the subjectivity in rendering a conclusion on a toolmark analysis. This research was undertaken to provide a potential way of building a strong scientific foundation with quantifiable error rate estimates. The method used for collecting data can be done without any special instrumentation or software application. The statistical analysis works with most types of vector data. The estimated error rates for the classification of debris, known as swarfs, for five drill bits were 6.90% and 3.97% for hold-out-one cross validation and bootstrap, respectively.
Book Synopsis Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States by : National Research Council
Download or read book Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-07-29 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scores of talented and dedicated people serve the forensic science community, performing vitally important work. However, they are often constrained by lack of adequate resources, sound policies, and national support. It is clear that change and advancements, both systematic and scientific, are needed in a number of forensic science disciplines to ensure the reliability of work, establish enforceable standards, and promote best practices with consistent application. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward provides a detailed plan for addressing these needs and suggests the creation of a new government entity, the National Institute of Forensic Science, to establish and enforce standards within the forensic science community. The benefits of improving and regulating the forensic science disciplines are clear: assisting law enforcement officials, enhancing homeland security, and reducing the risk of wrongful conviction and exoneration. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States gives a full account of what is needed to advance the forensic science disciplines, including upgrading of systems and organizational structures, better training, widespread adoption of uniform and enforceable best practices, and mandatory certification and accreditation programs. While this book provides an essential call-to-action for congress and policy makers, it also serves as a vital tool for law enforcement agencies, criminal prosecutors and attorneys, and forensic science educators.
Book Synopsis Statistical DNA Forensics by : Wing Kam Fung
Download or read book Statistical DNA Forensics written by Wing Kam Fung and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2008-03-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Statistical methodology plays a key role in ensuring that DNA evidence is collected, interpreted, analyzed and presented correctly. With the recent advances in computer technology, this methodology is more complex than ever before. There are a growing number of books in the area but none are devoted to the computational analysis of evidence. This book presents the methodology of statistical DNA forensics with an emphasis on the use of computational techniques to analyze and interpret forensic evidence.
Book Synopsis Firearm and Toolmark Examination and Identification by : Max M. Houck
Download or read book Firearm and Toolmark Examination and Identification written by Max M. Houck and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-10-17 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Advanced Forensic Science Series grew out of the recommendations from the 2009 NAS Report: "Strengthening Forensic Science: A Path Forward." This volume, Firearm and Toolmark Examination and Identification, will serve as a graduate-level text for those studying and teaching firearm and toolmark examination and identification. It will also prove an excellent reference for forensic practitioner's libraries or use in their casework. Coverage includes a wide variety of tools and toolmarks, analysis of gunshots, ammunition, gunshot wounds and professional issues they may encounter. - Provides basic principles of forensic science and an overview of firearms and toolmarks - Contains information on a wide variety of tools and toolmarks - Covers the analysis and interpretation of gunshots, ammunition and gunshot wounds - Includes a section on professional issues, such as: from crime scene to court, lab reports, and health and safety - Incorporates effective pedagogy, key terms, review questions, discussion question and additional reading suggestions
Book Synopsis Objective Analysis of Toolmarks in Forensics by :
Download or read book Objective Analysis of Toolmarks in Forensics written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1993 court case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. the subjective nature of toolmark comparison has been questioned by attorneys and law enforcement agencies alike. This has led to an increased drive to establish objective comparison techniques with known error rates, much like those that DNA analysis is able to provide. This push has created research in which the 3-D surface profile of two different marks are characterized and the marks' cross-sections are run through a comparative statistical algorithm to acquire a value that is intended to indicate the likelihood of a match between the marks. The aforementioned algorithm has been developed and extensively tested through comparison of evenly striated marks made by screwdrivers. However, this algorithm has yet to be applied to quasi-striated marks such as those made by the shear edge of slip-joint pliers. The results of this algorithm's application to the surface of copper wire will be presented. Objective mark comparison also extends to comparison of toolmarks made by firearms. In an effort to create objective comparisons, microstamping of firing pins and breech faces has been introduced. This process involves placing unique alphanumeric identifiers surrounded by a radial code on the surface of firing pins, which transfer to the cartridge's primer upon firing. Three different guns equipped with microstamped firing pins were used to fire 3000 cartridges. These cartridges are evaluated based on the clarity of their alphanumeric transfers and the clarity of the radial code surrounding the alphanumerics.
Book Synopsis 2022 Firearm and Toolmarks Policy and Practice Forum by : Nicole S. Jones
Download or read book 2022 Firearm and Toolmarks Policy and Practice Forum written by Nicole S. Jones and published by RTI Press. This book was released on 2022-04-05 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Forensic Technology Center of Excellence, an NIJ program hosted a four-day symposium, January 11–14, 2022. The symposium included presentations and panel discussions on topics relevant to recent advances in firearm and toolmark examination with a focus on the future. The symposium brought together 685 criminal justice professionals to explore implementation of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, best practices for forensic examination of firearm and toolmark evidence, federal initiatives, gun crime intelligence, black box studies on firearm and toolmark examination, legal challenges to the admissibility of current examination of firearm and toolmark evidence and engineering solutions that will be used in court in the future, implementation of Organization of Scientific Area Committee (OSAC) standards and reporting, uniform language in testimony and conclusion scales. The panel discussions and presentations and provided examples of how agencies implement new imaging technologies for firearms and toolmark examination, incorporate statistics to add weight to forensic comparisons, address legal issues, and operationalize forensic intelligence to improve public safety and share information with the justice community. The symposium also provided a platform to discuss a series of considerations for the forensic, law enforcement, and greater criminal justice community that could help support a successful national transition to incorporate statistics in forensic testimony and accelerate the adoption of imaging technologies for firearm and toolmark examination.
Book Synopsis Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence for Forensic Scientists by : Colin Aitken
Download or read book Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence for Forensic Scientists written by Colin Aitken and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-08-13 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence for Forensic Scientists established itself as a highly regarded authority on this area. Fully revised and updated, the second edition provides significant new material on areas of current interest including: Glass Interpretation Fibres Interpretation Bayes’ Nets The title presents comprehensive coverage of the statistical evaluation of forensic evidence. It is written with the assumption of a modest mathematical background and is illustrated throughout with up-to-date examples from a forensic science background. The clarity of exposition makes this book ideal for all forensic scientists, lawyers and other professionals in related fields interested in the quantitative assessment and evaluation of evidence. 'There can be no doubt that the appreciation of some evidence in a court of law has been greatly enhanced by the sound use of statistical ideas and one can be confident that the next decade will see further developments, during which time this book will admirably serve those who have cause to use statistics in forensic science.' D.V. Lindley
Book Synopsis Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States by : National Research Council
Download or read book Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-08-29 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scores of talented and dedicated people serve the forensic science community, performing vitally important work. However, they are often constrained by lack of adequate resources, sound policies, and national support. It is clear that change and advancements, both systematic and scientific, are needed in a number of forensic science disciplines to ensure the reliability of work, establish enforceable standards, and promote best practices with consistent application. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward provides a detailed plan for addressing these needs and suggests the creation of a new government entity, the National Institute of Forensic Science, to establish and enforce standards within the forensic science community. The benefits of improving and regulating the forensic science disciplines are clear: assisting law enforcement officials, enhancing homeland security, and reducing the risk of wrongful conviction and exoneration. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States gives a full account of what is needed to advance the forensic science disciplines, including upgrading of systems and organizational structures, better training, widespread adoption of uniform and enforceable best practices, and mandatory certification and accreditation programs. While this book provides an essential call-to-action for congress and policy makers, it also serves as a vital tool for law enforcement agencies, criminal prosecutors and attorneys, and forensic science educators.
Download or read book Forensic Science written by Suzanne Bell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-05-21 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering a range of fundamental topics essential to modern forensic investigation, the fifth edition of the landmark text Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques presents contributions and case studies from the personal files of experts in the field. In the fully updated 5th edition, Bell combines these testimonies into an accurate and engrossing account of cutting edge of forensic science across many different areas. Designed for a single-term course at the undergraduate level, the book begins by discussing the intersection of law and forensic science, how things become evidence, and how courts decide if an item or testimony is admissible. The text invites students to follow evidence all the way from the crime scene into laboratory analysis and even onto the autopsy table. Forensic Science offers the fullest breadth of subject matter of any forensic text available, including forensic anthropology, death investigation (including entomology), bloodstain pattern analysis, firearms, tool marks, and forensic analysis of questioned documents. Going beyond theory to application, this text incorporates the wisdom of forensic practitioners who discuss the real cases they have investigated. Textboxes in each chapter provide case studies, current events, and advice for career advancement. A brand-new feature, Myths in Forensic Science, highlights the differences between true forensics and popular media fictions. Each chapter begins with an overview and ends with a summary, and key terms, review questions, and up-to-date references. Appropriate for any sensibility, more than 350 full-color photos from real cases give students a true-to-life learning experience. *Access to identical eBook version included Features Showcases contributions from high-profile experts in the field Highlights real-life case studies from experts’ personal files, along with stunning full-color photographs Organizes chapters into topics most popular for coursework Covers of all forms of evidence, from bloodstain patterns to questioned documents Includes textboxes with historical notes, myths in forensic science, and advice for career advancement Provides chapter summaries, key terms, review questions, and further reading Includes access to an identical eBook version Ancillaries for Instructors: PowerPoint® lecture slides for every chapter A full Instructor’s Manual with hundreds of questions and answers—including multiple choice Additional chapters from previous editions Two extra in-depth case studies on firearms and arson (photos included) Further readings on entomological evidence and animal scavenging (photos included)
