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Sorbent Injection For Small Esp Mercury Control In Low Sulfur Eastern Bituminous Coal Flue Gas
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Book Synopsis Sorbent Injection for Small ESP Mercury Control in Low Sulfur Eastern Bituminous Coal Flue Gas by : Carl Richardson
Download or read book Sorbent Injection for Small ESP Mercury Control in Low Sulfur Eastern Bituminous Coal Flue Gas written by Carl Richardson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project Final Report is submitted to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as part of Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-03NT41987, 'Sorbent Injection for Small ESP Mercury Control in Low Sulfur Eastern Bituminous Coal Flue Gas.' Sorbent injection technology is targeted as the primary mercury control process on plants burning low/medium sulfur bituminous coals equipped with ESP and ESP/FGD systems. About 70% of the ESPs used in the utility industry have SCAs less than 300 ft2/1000 acfm. Prior to this test program, previous sorbent injection tests had focused on large-SCA ESPs. This DOE-NETL program was designed to generate data to evaluate the performance and economic feasibility of sorbent injection for mercury control at power plants that fire bituminous coal and are configured with small-sized electrostatic precipitators and/or an ESP-flue gas desulfurization (FGD) configuration. EPRI and Southern Company were co-funders for the test program. Southern Company and Reliant Energy provided host sites for testing and technical input to the project. URS Group was the prime contractor to NETL. ADA-ES and Apogee Scientific Inc. were sub-contractors to URS and was responsible for all aspects of the sorbent injection systems design, installation and operation at the different host sites. Full-scale sorbent injection for mercury control was evaluated at three sites: Georgia Power's Plant Yates Units 1 and 2 [Georgia Power is a subsidiary of the Southern Company] and Reliant Energy's Shawville Unit 3. Georgia Power's Plant Yates Unit 1 has an existing small-SCA cold-side ESP followed by a Chiyoda CT-121 wet scrubber. Yates Unit 2 is also equipped with a small-SCA ESP and a dual flue gas conditioning system. Unit 2 has no SO2 control system. Shawville Unit 3 is equipped with two small-SCA cold-side ESPs operated in series. All ESP systems tested in this program had SCAs less than 250 ft2/1000 acfm. Short-term parametric tests were conducted on Yates Units 1 and 2 to evaluate the performance of low-cost activated carbon sorbents for removing mercury. In addition, the effects of the dual flue gas conditioning system on mercury removal performance were evaluated as part of short-term parametric tests on Unit 2. Based on the parametric test results, a single sorbent (e.g., RWE Super HOK) was selected for a 30-day continuous injection test on Unit 1 to observe long-term performance of the sorbent as well as its effects on ESP and FGD system operations as well as combustion byproduct properties. A series of parametric tests were also performed on Shawville Unit 3 over a three-week period in which several activated carbon sorbents were injected into the flue gas duct just upstream of either of the two Unit 3 ESP units. Three different sorbents were evaluated in the parametric test program for the combined ESP 1/ESP 2 system in which sorbents were injected upstream of ESP 1: RWE Super HOK, Norit's DARCO Hg, and a 62:38 wt% hydrated lime/DARCO Hg premixed reagent. Five different sorbents were evaluated for the ESP 2 system in which activated carbons were injected upstream of ESP 2: RWE Super HOK and coarse-ground HOK, Norit's DARCO Hg and DARCO Hg-LH, and DARCO Hg with lime injection upstream of ESP 1. The hydrated lime tests were conducted to reduce SO3 levels in an attempt to enhance the mercury removal performance of the activated carbon sorbents. The Plant Yates and Shawville studies provided data required for assessing carbon performance and long-term operational impacts for flue gas mercury control across small-sized ESPs, as well as for estimating the costs of full-scale sorbent injection processes.
Book Synopsis Assessment of Low Cost Novel Sorbents for Coal-Fired Power Plant Mercury Control by :
Download or read book Assessment of Low Cost Novel Sorbents for Coal-Fired Power Plant Mercury Control written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a Technical Report under a program funded by the Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to obtain the necessary information to assess the viability of lower cost alternatives to commercially available activated carbon for mercury control in coal-fired utilities. During this reporting period, several sorbent samples have been tested by URS in their laboratory fixed-bed system. The sorbents were evaluated under conditions simulating flue gas from power plants burning Powder River Basin (PRB) and low sulfur eastern bituminous coals. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of the sorbents for both elemental and oxidized mercury are presented. A team meeting discussing the overall program and meetings with Midwest Generation and Wisconsin Electric Power Company (WEPCO) concerning field testing occurred during this reporting period.
Book Synopsis Value-Added Sorbent Development by :
Download or read book Value-Added Sorbent Development written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On a worldwide basis, the projected increase in coal usage over the next two decades in China, India, and Indonesia will dwarf the current U.S. coal consumption of 1 billion tons/year. Therefore, in the United States, coal will be the dominant source of mercury emissions, and worldwide, coal may be the cause of significantly increased mercury emissions unless an effective control strategy is implemented. However, there is much uncertainty over the most technically sound and cost-effective approach for reducing mercury emissions from coal-fired boilers. Several approaches are suggested for mercury control from coal-fired boilers, including enhancing the ability of wet scrubbers to retain mercury. However, many coal-fired boilers are not equipped with wet scrubbers. On the other hand, since almost all coal-fired boilers are equipped with either an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or a baghouse, sorbent injection upstream of either an ESP or baghouse appears attractive, because it has the potential to control both Hg° and Hg{sup 2+}, would appear to be easy to retrofit, and would be applicable to both industrial and utility boilers. Since mercury in the gas stream from coal combustion is present in only trace quantities, only very small amounts of sorbent may be necessary. If we assume a mercury concentration of 10 [mu]g/m3 and a sorbent-to-mercury mass ratio of 1000:1, the required sorbent loading is 10 mg/m3, which is only 0.1% to 0.2% of a typical dust loading of 5-10 g/m3 (2.2-4.4 grains/scf). This amount of additional sorbent material in the ash would appear to be negligible and would not be expected to have an impact on control device performance or ash utilization. Accomplishing effective mercury control with sorbent injection upstream of a particulate control device requires several critical steps: (1) Dispersion of the small sorbent particles and mixing with the flue gas must be adequate to ensure that all of the gas is effectively treated in the short residence time (typically a few seconds) between sorbent injection and particle collection. (2) Assuming the sorbent particles can be injected and dispersed adequately, a second critical step is the mass transfer by diffusion of the mercury from the bulk flue gas to the particle surface within the available residence time. The ideal case would be to achieve sufficient mass transfer in the duct and not depend on additional transfer within the collection device. (3) Once the mercury molecules reach the surface of a sorbent particle, they will not be trapped unless sorption can occur at a rate equal to the rate of mass transfer by diffusion to the particle surface. Analysis by Rostam-Abadi and others concluded that only a very small surface area would theoretically be required to trap the mercury. The implication is that reactive surface sites are much more important than the amount of surface area. (4) Assuming the sorbent has the capacity and reactivity to trap the mercury that reaches the sorbent particles, the final critical step is long-term stability of the sorbed mercury.
Book Synopsis CLEAN POWER ACT... HEARINGS... S. HRG. 107-570... COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT & PUBLIC WORKS, UNITED STATES SENATE... 107TH CONGRESS, 1ST & 2ND by :
Download or read book CLEAN POWER ACT... HEARINGS... S. HRG. 107-570... COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT & PUBLIC WORKS, UNITED STATES SENATE... 107TH CONGRESS, 1ST & 2ND written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, and Climate Change Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :768 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (51 download)
Book Synopsis Clean Power Act by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, and Climate Change
Download or read book Clean Power Act written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, and Climate Change and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Workshop on Mercury - Needs for Further International Environmental Agreements by :
Download or read book Workshop on Mercury - Needs for Further International Environmental Agreements written by and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is the outcome of a workshop arranged to support the development of the EU strategy on mercury (based on the Council decision in December 2002), and to support international conventions aimed at reducing emissions, environmental contamination and human exposure to mercury. Specific objectives of the workshop were, a) To summarise the state-of-the-art on sources, emissions-distribution-deposition-exposure, options and technologies to reduce uses and releases, the waste problem and waste management options, and health/environmental impacts of mercury. b) To identify and discuss priority problem areas. c) To derive recommendations for an effective European mercury abatement strategy especially: - How to deal with the surplus mercury from the chloralkali industry? - How to deal with mercury in products and waste? - How to deal with mercury from coal-fired power plants and other atmospheric point sources? d) To review national, regional and international programs e.g. the UNEP mercury programme and the revision of the CLRTAP Protocol on Heavy Metals. The report consists of an executive summary, reports from group discussions and background papers prepared by participants. About 100 participants representing research, policy, industry and NGOs were present at the workshop.
Book Synopsis Fossil Fuel Emissions Control Technologies by : Bruce G. Miller
Download or read book Fossil Fuel Emissions Control Technologies written by Bruce G. Miller and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2015-05-15 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An expert guide to emission control technologies and applications, Fossil Fuels Emissions Control Technologies provides engineers with a guide to link emission control strategies to available technologies, allowing them to choose the technology that best suits their individual need. This includes reduction technologies for Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Oxides, Mercury and Acid Gases. In this reference, the author explains the most critical control technologies and their application to real-world regulatory compliance issues. Numerous diagrams and examples emphasizing pollution formation mechanisms, key points in pollutant control, and design techniques are also included. Provides numerous diagrams and examples to emphasize pollution formation mechanisms Coverage of critical control technologies and their application to real-world solutions Explains Sulfur Oxides, Acid Gases, Nitrogen Oxides Formation and Organic HAPs, Control and Reduction Technologies Covers Particulate Matter and Mercury Emissions Formation and Reduction Technologies
Author :United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :312 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (318 download)
Book Synopsis The State of Mercury Regulation, Science and Technology by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety
Download or read book The State of Mercury Regulation, Science and Technology written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Waste Coal Fines Reburn for NOx and Mercury Emission Reduction by :
Download or read book Waste Coal Fines Reburn for NOx and Mercury Emission Reduction written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Injection of coal-water slurries (CWS) made with both waste coal and bituminous coal was tested for enhanced reduction of NO(subscript x) and Hg emissions at the AES Beaver Valley plant near Monaca, PA. Under this project, Breen Energy Solutions (BES) conducted field experiments on the these emission reduction technologies by mixing coal fines and/or pulverized coal, urea and water to form slurry, then injecting the slurry in the upper furnace region of a coal-fired boiler. The main focus of this project was use of waste coal fines as the carbon source; however, testing was also conducted using pulverized coal in conjunction with or instead of waste coal fines for conversion efficiency and economic comparisons. The host site for this research and development project was Unit No. 2 at AES Beaver Valley cogeneration station. Unit No. 2 is a 35 MW Babcock & Wilcox (B & amp;W) front-wall fired boiler that burns eastern bituminous coal. It has low NO(subscript x) burners, overfire air ports and a urea-based selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system for NO(subscript x) control. The back-end clean-up system includes a rotating mechanical ash particulate removal and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber. Coal slurry injection was expected to help reduce NOx emissions in two ways: (1) Via fuel-lean reburning when the slurry is injected above the combustion zone. (2) Via enhanced SNCR reduction when urea is incorporated into the slurry. The mercury control process under research uses carbon/water slurry injection to produce reactive carbon in-situ in the upper furnace, promoting the oxidation of elemental mercury in flue gas from coal-fired power boilers. By controlling the water content of the slurry below the stoichiometric requirement for complete gasification, water activated carbon (WAC) can be generated in-situ in the upper furnace. As little as 1-2% coal/water slurry (heat input basis) can be injected and generate sufficient WAC for mercury capture. During July, August, and September 2007, BES designed, procured, installed, and tested the slurry injection system at Beaver Valley. Slurry production was performed by Penn State University using equipment that was moved from campus to the Beaver Valley site. Waste coal fines were procured from Headwaters Inc. and transported to the site in Super Sacks. In addition, bituminous coal was pulverized at Penn State and trucked to the site in 55-gallon drums. This system was operated for three weeks during August and September 2007. NO(subscript x) emission data were obtained using the plant CEM system. Hg measurements were taken using EPA Method 30B (Sorbent Trap method) both downstream of the electrostatic precipitator and in the stack. Ohio Lumex Company was on site to provide rapid Hg analysis on the sorbent traps during the tests. Key results from these tests are: (1) Coal Fines reburn alone reduced NO(subscript x) emissions by 0-10% with up to 4% heat input from the CWS. However, the NO(subscript x) reduction was accompanied by higher CO emissions. The higher CO limited our ability to try higher reburn rates for further NO(subscript x) reduction. (2) Coal Fines reburn with Urea (Carbon enhanced SNCR) decreased NO(subscript x) emissions by an additional 30% compared to Urea injection only. (3) Coal slurry injection did not change Hg capture across the ESP at full load with an inlet temperature of 400-430 F. The Hg capture in the ESP averaged 40%, with or without slurry injection; low mercury particulate capture is normally expected across a higher temperature ESP because any oxidized mercury is thought to desorb from the particulate at ESP temperatures above 250 F. (4) Coal slurry injection with halogen salts added to the mixing tank increased the Hg capture in the ESP to 60%. This significant incremental mercury reduction is important to improved mercury capture with hot-side ESP operation and wherever hindrance from sulfur oxides limit mercury reduction, because the higher temperature is above sulfur oxide dew point interference.
Author :United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :452 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (51 download)
Book Synopsis Clear Skies Act of 2003 by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety
Download or read book Clear Skies Act of 2003 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mercury study report to Congress by :
Download or read book Mercury study report to Congress written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 1811 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mercury study report to Congress Vol. 8 by :
Download or read book Mercury study report to Congress Vol. 8 written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis High-Temperature Sorbents to Lower Mercury Control Costs by :
Download or read book High-Temperature Sorbents to Lower Mercury Control Costs written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An inexpensive material was recently developed that appears to effectively capture mercury from simulated coal-fired flue gases when injected into ductwork at modest rates. Importantly, the new sorbents appear to be effective at high temperatures, 300 deg F to 400 deg F. This means that inexpensive gas-cooling or fabric-filter retrofits are not required and that fly ash will remain saleable. Consequently, preliminary estimates of their cost effectiveness suggest costs approximately one-tenth of those estimated by the EPA for other technologies.
Download or read book EM written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation and Demonstration of Dry Carbon-based Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control. Quarterly Technical Report, April 1--June 30, 1996 by :
Download or read book Investigation and Demonstration of Dry Carbon-based Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control. Quarterly Technical Report, April 1--June 30, 1996 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective this two phase program is to investigate the use of dry carbon-based sorbents for mercury control. During Phase 1, a bench-scale field test device that can be configured as an electrostatic precipitator, a pulse-jet baghouse, or a reverse-gas baghouse has been designed and will be integrated with an existing pilot-scale facility at PSCo's Comanche Station. Up to three candidate sorbents will then be injected into the flue gas stream upstream of the test device to determine the mercury removal efficiency for each sorbent. During the Phase 11 effort, component integration for the most promising dry sorbent technology (technically and economically feasible) shall be tested at the 5000 acfm pilot-scale. An extensive work plan has been developed for the project. Three sorbents will be selected for evaluation at the facility through investigation, presentation, and discussion among team members: PSCO, EPRI, ADA, and DOE. The selected sorbents will be tested in the five primary bench-scale configurations: pulse 'et baghouse, TOXECON, reverse-gas baghouse, electrostatic precipitator, and an ESP or fabric filter 'with no Comanche ash in the flue gas stream. In the EPRI TOXECON system, mercury sorbents will be injected downstream of a primary particulate control device, and collected in a pulse-jet baghouse operated at air-to-cloth ratios of 12 to 16 ft/min, thus separating the mercury and sorbent from the captured flyash. In the no-ash configuration, an external flyash sample will be injected into a clean gas stream to investigate possible variations in sorbent effectiveness in the presence of different ashes. The use of an existing test facility, a versatile design for the test fixture, and installation of a continuous mercury analyzer will allow for the completion of this ambitious test plan. The primary activity during the quarter was to complete fabrication and installation of the facility.
Book Synopsis Les formes originales des norms de lieux du Pas-da Calais et leurs formes officielles by : Auguste-Charles H. de Loisne
Download or read book Les formes originales des norms de lieux du Pas-da Calais et leurs formes officielles written by Auguste-Charles H. de Loisne and published by . This book was released on 1900 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation and Demonstration of Dry Carbon-based Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control. Quarterly Report, November 1, 1995--December 31, 1995 by :
Download or read book Investigation and Demonstration of Dry Carbon-based Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control. Quarterly Report, November 1, 1995--December 31, 1995 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective to this two phase program is to investigate dry carbon-based sorbents for mercury control. During Phase I, a bench-scale field test device that can simulate an electrostatic precipitator, a pulse-jet baghouse, or a reverse-gas baghouse will be designed and integrated with an existing pilot-scale facility at Public Service Company of Colorado's (PSCo's) Comanche station. Various sorbents will then be injected to determine the mercury removal efficiency for each. During Phase II effort, component integration of the most promising technologies shall be tested at the 5000 acfm pilot-scale. The primary task currently underway is the facility design. The design is expected to be finished in January, 1996. The facility, regardless of the particulate control module configuration, will be fitted with supply line injection port, through which mercury sorbents and SO2 control sorbents can be added to the flue gas stream.
