Solar Heating of Soil (solarization) as a Method of Weed Control: Effects on Some Weed Species and a Comparison of Plastics

Download Solar Heating of Soil (solarization) as a Method of Weed Control: Effects on Some Weed Species and a Comparison of Plastics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Solar Heating of Soil (solarization) as a Method of Weed Control: Effects on Some Weed Species and a Comparison of Plastics by : Kathleen Ann Hesketh

Download or read book Solar Heating of Soil (solarization) as a Method of Weed Control: Effects on Some Weed Species and a Comparison of Plastics written by Kathleen Ann Hesketh and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Soil Solarization

Download Soil Solarization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780849368684
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (686 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Soil Solarization by : Jaacov Katan

Download or read book Soil Solarization written by Jaacov Katan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1991-10-24 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil Solarization describes the principles and technology of soil solarization and the use of soil solarization for different crops and cropping systems. The book evaluates and interprets the extensive amount of literature available on soil solarization in relation to climatic effects and changes in populations of soil-borne microorganisms and weeds. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of soil solarization with other methods of soil disinfestation, such as soil steaming and fumigation. Soil Solarization explores the effects of soil solarization, covering such points as biological control, changes in soil chemistry involving mineral elements, as well as other changes, such as soil salinity and soil structure. It is suitable for solarizers, researchers working with soil-borne pathogens and soil microbiology, plant protection experts, and other plant researchers and extension specialists.

A Way to Garden

Download A Way to Garden PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Timber Press
ISBN 13 : 1604699175
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Way to Garden by : Margaret Roach

Download or read book A Way to Garden written by Margaret Roach and published by Timber Press. This book was released on 2019-04-30 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A Way to Garden prods us toward that ineffable place where we feel we belong; it’s a guide to living both in and out of the garden.” —The New York Times Book Review For Margaret Roach, gardening is more than a hobby, it’s a calling. Her unique approach, which she calls “horticultural how-to and woo-woo,” is a blend of vital information you need to memorize and intuitive steps you must simply feel and surrender to. In A Way to Garden, Roach imparts decades of garden wisdom on seasonal gardening, ornamental plants, vegetable gardening, design, gardening for wildlife, organic practices, and much more. She also challenges gardeners to think beyond their garden borders and to consider the ways gardening can enrich the world. Brimming with beautiful photographs of Roach’s own garden, A Way to Garden is practical, inspiring, and a must-have for every passionate gardener.

Wood Preservation

Download Wood Preservation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UCANR Publications
ISBN 13 : 9781879906051
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wood Preservation by : Patrick J. Marer

Download or read book Wood Preservation written by Patrick J. Marer and published by UCANR Publications. This book was released on 1992 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fundamentals of Weed Science

Download Fundamentals of Weed Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123978181
Total Pages : 671 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Weed Science by : Robert L Zimdahl

Download or read book Fundamentals of Weed Science written by Robert L Zimdahl and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-08-09 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses herbicides and their use as an important aspect of modern weed management and strives to place them in an ecological framework. Many weed scientists believe agriculture is a continuing struggle with weeds--without good weed control, good and profitable agriculture is impossible. Each agricultural discipline sees itself as central to agriculture's success and continued progress, and weed science is no exception. While not denying the importance of weed management to successful agriculture, this book places it in a larger ecological context. The roles of culture, economics, and politics in weed management are also discussed, enabling scientists and students to understand the larger effects on society. Information on New herbicides included, along with the old herbicides that are important for understanding the history New section on weed resistance to herbicides and genetic engineering New information on invasive plants Expanded chapters on Biological Control, Pesticide Legislation and Regulation, Weed Management Systems, and more Instructor resources can be found at http://textbooks.elsevier.com/web/Login.aspx, and it is password protected. Please contact your sales representative at [email protected] for access to the instructor resources. The insturctor site consists of chapter questions, essay questions, an exam and images from the book

Ecologically Based Weed Management

Download Ecologically Based Weed Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111970975X
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecologically Based Weed Management by : Nicholas E. Korres

Download or read book Ecologically Based Weed Management written by Nicholas E. Korres and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-12-06 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecologically Based Weed Management Protect crop yields and strengthen ecosystems with this essential guide Research into weed management is an increasingly critical component of both environmental stewardship and food production. The potential cost of weed propagation can be measured in crop yield reductions, under-nourished populations, stymied economies, and more. The propagation of herbicide-resistant weed populations means that purely chemical weed management is no longer viable; food production can now be secured only with an ecological approach to weed control. Ecologically Based Weed Management details such approaches and their potential to manage weeds across a range of agricultural and environmental contexts. It emphasizes the deployment of ecological principles to prevent weed infestations, reduce crop losses, and strengthen ecosystems. In a time when growing population and changing climates are placing enormous pressure on global food production, this approach to weed management has never been more vital. Ecologically Based Weed Management readers will also find: A global team of expert contributors to a multidisciplinary approach Detailed discussion of topics like herbicide limitation, integrated weed management, and more Insights pertinent to agriculture, academia, government, industry, and more Ecologically Based Weed Management is ideal for researchers in agriculture chemistry, weed science, agronomy, ecology, and related fields, as well as for regulators and advanced students.

Soil Solarization and Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests

Download Soil Solarization and Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788170353911
Total Pages : 657 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (539 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Soil Solarization and Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests by : James Stapleton

Download or read book Soil Solarization and Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests written by James Stapleton and published by . This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil solarization is gradually becoming a recognized control strategy for soilborne pathogens and weeds. Studies, particularly in hot climates, have demonstrated the effectiveness of this method for protection of many vegetables, field crops, fruit-trees, ornamental plants and nursery transplants. Soil solarization causes chemical, physical and biological changes in the soil and thus provides effective management of soilborne pests, improves plant growth and development and often results in substantial yield increases. Successful field-scale application of pre-planting soil solarization, both in protected agriculture and in open fields, is under way in many parts of the world, substituting for chemical control or contributing to integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. In addition, post-planting solarization has been employed in established fruit-tree orchards and perennial crops. Contents Chapter 1: Soil Solarization: Past, Present, and Future by James E De Vay and James J Stapleton; Chapter 2: Soil Fumigation for Nematode Control: Present and Future Constraints by F Lamberti and J W Noling; Chapter 3: Pre-And Post-Plant Soil Solarization by Walid Abu-Gharbich; Chapter 4: Evaluation of Short Periods of Treatment by Solar Chamber for Controlling Verticillium Wilt of Olive Trees by M a Al-Ahmad and A Duksi; Chapter 5: Assessment of Soil Solarization Efficacy through Monitoring of Verticillium Dahliae Population in the Soil by E J Paplomatas and A J Termorshuizen; Chapter 6: Comparison of Solarization Techniques to Disinfest soil for containerized Nursery Production by J J Stapleton, L Ferguson and M V McKenry; Chapter 7: Studies on Vegetable Transplants Using Seed-Bed Solarization: Improving of Cabbage and Lettuce Transplant Characters by M M F Abdaiiah, S A El-Hadad and M M Satour; Chapter 8: Modes of Action of Solarization and Biofumigation by James J Stapleton; Chapter 9: Longevity of Soil Solarization and Effects of Sublethal Heating by E C Tjamos, Polymnia P Antoniou and Deborah Fravel; Chapter 10: Thermal Effects of Coextruded Black Plastic Mulches in Greenhouse Soil Solarization by C Arcidiacono, G Cascone, C R Fichera and D Gutkowski; Chapter 11: Long-Term Effect of Soil Solarization on Density Levels of Fusarium Solani in Established Fruit Tree Orchards by Hifzi A Abu-Blan, W Abu-Gharbieh and F Shatat; Chapter 12: Effect of Soil Solarization and Methyl Bromide Fumigation on Fusarium Wilt of Muskmelon in the Jordan Valley by Zakaria A Musallam and Waleed Abu-Gharbieh; Chapter 13: Soil Solarization: A Management Practice for Corn Stalk Rot by Yasmin Ahmad, A Hameed and M Aslam; Chapter 14: Effect of Soil Solarization on Soil-Borne Pathogens in Lebanon by H Sobh and Y Abou-Jawdah; Chapter 15: Studies on Vegetable Transplants Using Seed-Bed Solarization: B) Improvement of Onion Transplant Characters and Smut Disease Control by M S Abd El-Megid, A S Ibrahim, S A Khalid and M M Satour; Chapter 16: Effect of Soil Solarization on Controlling Clavibacter Michinganensis Subsp Michiganensis, The Bacterial Canker of Tomatoes in Plastic House in Greece by Polymnia P Antoniou, E C Tjamos and C G Panagopoulos; Chapter 17: The Effect of Soil Solarization on Bacterial Canker of Tomato in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey by S Tokgonul, O Cynar and K Rudolph; Chapter 18: Effect of Soil Solarization on the Survival of Bacterial Speck on Tomato Plant Debris in Soil by Y Aysan, O Cinar and K Rudolph; Chapter 19: Soil Solarization: An Alternative Technique for Weed Management in Hot Climates by A R Saghir; Chapter 20: Effects of Soil Solarization on Weed Infestation and Mycorrhiza Management by J P Caussanel, A Trouvelot, J Vivant and S Gianinazzi; Chapter 21: Comparative Solarization Effects on Seed Germination of Cuscuta and Orobanche Species by B E Abu-Irmaileh and S Thahabi; Chapter 22: Effect of Soil Solarization on Orobanche in the Central Sudan by Nasr Eldin Khairi Abdalla and Z T Dabrowski; Chapter 23: Weed Seed Responsiveness to Thermal Degree Hours Under Laboratory Conditions and Soil Solarization in Greenhouse by Garyfalia Economou, G Mavrogiannapoulos and E A Paspatis; Chapter 24: Soil Solarization for Control of Dodder (Cuscuta spp) And Other Weeds in Cabbage by M A Haidar and N Iskandarani; Chapter 25: Effectiveness of Solarization for Controlling Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Plastic Houses by F A Bisheya, W I Mansour, A M Abughnia, A I Hagi; Chapter 26: Effectiveness of Soil Solarization Against Meloidogyne Javanice and Heterodera Schachtii in the Jordan Valley by Haleemah Said and Walid Abu-Gharbieh; Chapter 27: Soil Solarization to Control Plant Parasitic Nematodes by Muzna Suleiman Al-Hinai and Annamalai Mani; Chapter 28: Soil Solarization Studies Under Protected Agriculture: Soilborne Disease Control and Increased Pepper and Cucumber Productivity by S A El-Haddad, A S Ibrahim and M M Satour; Chapter 29: Contribution of Soil Solarization to Integrated Pest Management Systems for Field Production by Dan O Chellemi; Chapter 30: Solarization in Integrated Management Systems For Greenhouses by Girolamo Cartia; Chapter 31: Experience Acquired in Southern Italy in Controlling Soilborne Pathogens by Soil Solarization and Chemicals by G Cartia, N Greco and P Di Primo; Chapter 32: Studies on the Effect of Soil Solarization Including Combinations with Fumigant and Antagonist in Greenhouse to Control Soil Borne Pathogens in the East Mediterranean Region of Turkey by Seral Yucel and Salih Cali; Chapter 33: Efficacy of Solarization Vis-A-Vis Natural Heating of Residue Amended Soils For Management of Soil-Borne Pathogens by Satish Lodha, S K Sharma and R K Aggarwal; Chapter 34: Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests in Protected Cultivation: Constraints and Perspectives by Mohamed Besri; Chapter 35: Effect of Inoculum Source Type and Cultural Practices on the Spread of Phytophthpora Capsici in Bell Pepper by J B Ristaino, G Parra and C L Campbell; Chapter 36: Effect of the Water Salt Content on the Development of Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium Dahliae) of Tomato by Mohamed Besri; Chapter 37: Towards Integrated Disease Management of Wilts and Roots Rots of Chickpea and Lentil in West Asia and North Africa (WANA) by C Akem, S Kemal and B Bayaa; Chapter 38: Nematode-Destroying Fungi From Sudanese Soils by Elnour Elamin; Chapter 39: Integrated Control of Root-Rot/Wilt Diseases in Faba Bean, Lentil and Chickpea by A M Hassanein, G A El-Morsy, N M Abou-Zeid and Samia A Mahmoud; Chapter 40: Sensitivity of Pest Organisms to Soil Solarization by Clyde L Elmore; Chapter 41: Advances in Temperature Predictive Models for Soil Solarization by J B Ristaino, K B Perry and Y Wu; Chapter 42: A Devices Simulating the Thermal Regimes of Soil Solarization in Laboratory Experiments Summertime by G Burrafato1, G Cartia2 and D Gutkowski; Chapter 43: Experimental Tests on New Materials and Techniques for Soil Solarization and Mathematical Models for the Prediction of Soil Temperature by G Scarascia Mugnozza, G Russo, G Vox and F De Santis; Chapter 44: The Economics of Soil Solarization Compared to Conventional Agricultural Production by Carl E Bell; Chapter 45: Impact of the Quality of Polyethylene on the Economics of Soil Solarization Technology by Mohamed Y Sultan, M M Satour and Safwat A El-Haddad; Chapter 46: Effects of Polyethylene Soil Mulching on Tylenchulus Semipenetrans and Vegetative, Root and Yield Parameters of Navel Orange by Ahmed E Ismail and Hamdi Z About Eid; Chapter 47: Solar Chamber as an Inclusive Method For Controlling Verticillium Wilt of Olive Trees by M A Al-Ahmed and A Duski; Chapter 48: Solarization for Controlling Soilborne Fungi in Plastic Houses by Salah Al-Chaabi and Lina Matrod; Chapter 49: Effect of Soil Solarization on Population Densities of Some Soil Microorganisms by Salah M Mahmoud; Chapter 50: Effects of Solarization Against Strawberry Root Rot Disease in the East Mediterranean Region of Turkey by H Pala and A Cinar; Chapter 51: Studies on Solarization Against Root-Knot Nematode and Weeds in Vegetable Greenhouses in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey by Yknur Tekin, Yzzet Kadyoolu and Ylhan Uremib; Chapter 52: Soil Solarization for the Control of Ditylenchus Dipsaci on Onion in Southern Italy by N Sasanelli, V D Alisio, M Basile and F Lamberti; Chapter 53: Establishment, Survival and Growth of Apple Trees (Malus domestica Granny Smith ) Using Post-Plant Solarization in Soil Infested With Sclerotium rolfsii by J J Stapleton; Chapter 54: Integrated Pest Management in Fresh Market Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Shady Lady ) Using Combined Soil Solarization and Reflectorized Mulch by J J Stapleton and C G Summers; Chapter 55: Solarization for Pest Management in Hot Arid Lands by Ahmed A Al Masoum, Ahmed A Hashim, A Al Asaal and K Jaafer; Chapter 56: Fluctuation of Population Densities of Fusarium Oxysporum SP Dianthi After Incorporation in Natural, Solarized and Sterilized Soil by K Elena, E C Tjamos and Z Tsekoura.

Sustainable Agriculture for California

Download Sustainable Agriculture for California PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781879906051
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sustainable Agriculture for California by : Steve Mitchell

Download or read book Sustainable Agriculture for California written by Steve Mitchell and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Non-Chemical Weed Control

Download Non-Chemical Weed Control PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128098821
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Non-Chemical Weed Control by : Khawar Jabran

Download or read book Non-Chemical Weed Control written by Khawar Jabran and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-01-03 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-Chemical Weed Control is the first book to present an overview of plant crop protection against non-food plants using non-chemical means. Plants growing wild—particularly unwanted plants found in cultivated ground to the exclusion of the desired crop—have been treated with herbicides and chemical treatments in the past. As concern over environmental, food and consumer safety increases, research has turned to alternatives, including the use of cover crops, thermal treatments and biotechnology to reduce and eliminate unwanted plants. This book provides insight into existing and emerging alternative crop protection methods and includes lessons learned from past methodologies. As crop production resources decline while consumer concerns over safety increase, the effective control of weeds is imperative to insure the maximum possible levels of soil, sunlight and nutrients reach the crop plants. Allows reader to identify the most appropriate solution based on their individual use or case Provides researchers, students and growers with current concepts regarding the use of modern, environment-friendly weed control techniques Presents methods of weed management—an important part of integrated weed management in the future Exploits the knowledge gained from past sustainable weed management efforts

Weed Science

Download Weed Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Weed Science by :

Download or read book Weed Science written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Proceedings of the Eight International Symposium on Timing of Field Production in Vegetable Crops

Download Proceedings of the Eight International Symposium on Timing of Field Production in Vegetable Crops PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 604 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Eight International Symposium on Timing of Field Production in Vegetable Crops by : P. J. Stoffella

Download or read book Proceedings of the Eight International Symposium on Timing of Field Production in Vegetable Crops written by P. J. Stoffella and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones

Download Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471622277
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (222 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones by : Charles A. Francis

Download or read book Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones written by Charles A. Francis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1991-01-16 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely work reviews the best current thinking on practicing sustainable agriculture, with contributions from agricultural, biological, environmental and social scientists. The emphasis is on temperate zones, with many of the contributions addressing U.S. agriculture. However, the principles explored here have application in any climatic or geographical region. The book discusses stewardship, biodiversity, reliance on mixed food systems and other approaches, always with a view toward reducing environmental degradation, maintaining economic viability and stabilizing rural communities.

Soil Solarization

Download Soil Solarization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Soil Solarization by :

Download or read book Soil Solarization written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Effect of Soil Solarization on Weed Control, Growth and Yield of Groundnut-Tomato Sequence in Conjunction with Cultural and Chemical Methods of Weed Control

Download Effect of Soil Solarization on Weed Control, Growth and Yield of Groundnut-Tomato Sequence in Conjunction with Cultural and Chemical Methods of Weed Control PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 17 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effect of Soil Solarization on Weed Control, Growth and Yield of Groundnut-Tomato Sequence in Conjunction with Cultural and Chemical Methods of Weed Control by : LALITHA B. S

Download or read book Effect of Soil Solarization on Weed Control, Growth and Yield of Groundnut-Tomato Sequence in Conjunction with Cultural and Chemical Methods of Weed Control written by LALITHA B. S and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Effects of Temperature and Population Origin on Germination of Portulaca Oleracea L.

Download Effects of Temperature and Population Origin on Germination of Portulaca Oleracea L. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effects of Temperature and Population Origin on Germination of Portulaca Oleracea L. by : Sonya Marie Tafoya

Download or read book Effects of Temperature and Population Origin on Germination of Portulaca Oleracea L. written by Sonya Marie Tafoya and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Lawn and Residential Landscape Pest Control

Download Lawn and Residential Landscape Pest Control PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UCANR Publications
ISBN 13 : 9781601075604
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (756 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lawn and Residential Landscape Pest Control by : Susan Cohen

Download or read book Lawn and Residential Landscape Pest Control written by Susan Cohen and published by UCANR Publications. This book was released on 2009 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Herbicides

Download Herbicides PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9533078928
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Herbicides by : Ruben Alvarez-Fernandez

Download or read book Herbicides written by Ruben Alvarez-Fernandez and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-01-20 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weeds severely affect crop quality and yield. Therefore, successful farming relies on their control by coordinated management approaches. Among these, chemical herbicides are of key importance. Their development and commercialization began in the 1940's and they allowed for a qualitative increase in crop yield and quality when it was most needed. This book blends review chapters with scientific studies, creating an overview of some the current trends in the field of herbicides. Included are environmental studies on their toxicity and impact on natural populations, methods to reduce herbicide inputs and therefore overall non-target toxicity, and the use of bioherbicides as natural alternatives.