Social Work Education And The Covid 19 Pandemic

Download Social Work Education And The Covid 19 Pandemic full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Social Work Education And The Covid 19 Pandemic ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Social Work and Covid-19

Author : Denise Turner
Publisher : Critical Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1913453642
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (134 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Work and Covid-19 by : Denise Turner

Download or read book Social Work and Covid-19 written by Denise Turner and published by Critical Publishing. This book was released on 2021-01-11 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Captures the unique moment in time created by the Covid-19 pandemic and uses this as a lens to explore contemporary issues for social work education and practice. The 2020 coronavirus pandemic provided an unprecedented moment of global crisis, which placed health and social care at the forefront of the national agenda. The lockdown, social distancing measures and rapid move to online working created multiple challenges and safeguarding concerns for social work education and practice, whilst the unparalleled death rate exacerbated pre-existing problems with communicating openly about death and bereavement. Many of these issues were already at the surface of social work practice and education and this book examines how the health crisis has exposed these, whilst acting as a potential catalyst for change. This book acts as a testament to the historical moment whilst providing a forum for drawing together discussion from contemporary educators, practitioners and users of social work services.

Social Work Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author : Yael Latzer
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003851274
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Work Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic by : Yael Latzer

Download or read book Social Work Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic written by Yael Latzer and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-02-13 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines how the shift to remote teaching in March 2020 due to the global pandemic created new opportunities for innovation and creativity and shaped how social work classes were taught, with many temporary changes now part of permanent, standard practice. Drawing on narratives from 20 social work leaders across 17 different countries, the chapters explore particular themes and viewpoints on lessons learned during the pandemic, including case studies to examine copying mechanisms, insights into the transition to remote teaching, and the creative lessons that were learned. By taking an international perspective, it represents a key contribution to the scholarship of social work leaders from around the world concerning how institutions transitioned to remote learning and teaching and how these lived experiences and new discoveries are contributing to and influencing current practice. As such, it will appeal to social work educators, researchers, and field educators around the world with interests in experimental curriculum and field practice.

Gerontological Social Work and Covid-19

Author : Taylor & Francis Group
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9780367686109
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (861 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Gerontological Social Work and Covid-19 by : Taylor & Francis Group

Download or read book Gerontological Social Work and Covid-19 written by Taylor & Francis Group and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-10 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The novel coronavirus and the resultant COVID-19 pandemic have disproportionately affected older adults in terms of the number of lives lost, concerns about safety of institutional and home and community-based care, the impact of isolation and seclusion, and the ability to participate and engage in meaningful and contributory activities. The pandemic has uncovered layers of ageism that are embedded in societies globally and challenges us all to address the pervasive individual, institutional, and structural biases that permit age-based discrimination. Within the interdisciplinary field of gerontology, social workers lead organizations, provide direct services and supports, facilitate community engagement and participation, and deliver therapeutic interventions among other roles and activities that facilitate positive outcomes for older adults and their families. In Gerontological Social Work and COVID-19: Calls for Change in Education, Practice, and Policy from International Voices, scholars, practice professionals, and other stakeholders reflect on the initial months of the pandemic. They articulate immediate needs the pandemic has created and uncovered, and further identify directions the field must go in to meet the moment and prepare for the future ahead. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Gerontological Social Work.

Digital Connection in Health and Social Work

Author : Denise Turner
Publisher : Critical Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1914171934
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (141 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digital Connection in Health and Social Work by : Denise Turner

Download or read book Digital Connection in Health and Social Work written by Denise Turner and published by Critical Publishing. This book was released on 2022-03-14 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focusses on the move to digitally mediated forms of teaching, learning and practice during Covid-19 and offers a series of case studies which showcase positive practices during this time. Education, Health and Social Work services have all been at the forefront of national debate since the first UK lockdown in March 2020. Schools, Colleges and Higher Education institutions moved rapidly to online delivery, with educators, parents, practice learning partners and students alike compelled to adapt to online connection, disrupting previous norms and forcing a rapid acquisition of new skills. In health and social care practice, there has been a similar move to online delivery, whilst maintaining consistency of service and support. The pandemic also coincided with the recommendations of the national Digital Capabilities for Social Work project, commissioned by Health Education England, which produced a prescient framework for professional practice. This book showcases innovative ways in which practice and education have responded to the challenges of Covid 19. With ongoing debate about planning for the next pandemic, as well as adapting to the post Covid landscape, the book is a valuable resource for all those involved in health and social work education and practice.

Social Work and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author : Lavalette, Michael
Publisher : Policy Press
ISBN 13 : 1447360370
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (473 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Work and the COVID-19 Pandemic by : Lavalette, Michael

Download or read book Social Work and the COVID-19 Pandemic written by Lavalette, Michael and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2020-10-19 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the world grapples with the complex impacts of COVID-19, this book provides an urgent critical exploration of how Social Work can and should respond to this global crisis. The book considers the ecological, epidemiological, ideological and political conditions which gave rise to the pandemic, before examining the ways that social work has responded in different nations across the Global North and Global South. This series of nation studies examine good practices and suggest new ways to renew and regenerate social work moving on from COVID-19. Contributors also reflect on the key themes that have emerged, including a rise in domestic violence and the ways that the pandemic has disproportionately affected those in working class and minority communities, exacerbating existing inequalities.

Rethinking Social Work Education in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author : Liat Shklarski
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Rethinking Social Work Education in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic by : Liat Shklarski

Download or read book Rethinking Social Work Education in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic written by Liat Shklarski and published by . This book was released on 2023-11-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring chapters written by a diverse group of social work professionals, Rethinking Social Work Education in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned from Social Work Scholars and Leaders explores the profound effects of the pandemic on social work education. The book recognizes the pandemic took an emotional, cognitive, and physical toll on those in the academy, which also affected students' ability to learn and instructors' ability to teach. Each chapter explores students' and instructors' experiences throughout the pandemic and showcases the creative ways in which educators in the U.S., Canada, and Israel developed projects, classes, and innovative field experiences to support students while teaching remotely. The first section of the book recounts educators' experiences teaching during the pandemic with emphasis on overcoming challenges in the new virtual classroom and innovative redesign of curriculum. The second section examines how theoretical and experimental social work classes were affected during the pandemic. The final section considers the creation of new programs to meet the needs of students and instructors in a post-pandemic era. Rethinking Social Work Education in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic is an exemplary resource for courses and programs in social work education and administration.

Gerontological Social Work and COVID-19

Author : Michelle Putnam
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000436187
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Gerontological Social Work and COVID-19 by : Michelle Putnam

Download or read book Gerontological Social Work and COVID-19 written by Michelle Putnam and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-09 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The novel coronavirus and the resultant COVID-19 pandemic have disproportionately affected older adults in terms of the number of lives lost, concerns about safety of institutional and home and community-based care, the impact of isolation and seclusion, and the ability to participate and engage in meaningful and contributory activities. The pandemic has uncovered layers of ageism that are embedded in societies globally and challenges us all to address the pervasive individual, institutional, and structural biases that permit age-based discrimination. Within the interdisciplinary field of gerontology, social workers lead organizations, provide direct services and supports, facilitate community engagement and participation, and deliver therapeutic interventions among other roles and activities that facilitate positive outcomes for older adults and their families. In Gerontological Social Work and COVID-19: Calls for Change in Education, Practice, and Policy from International Voices, scholars, practice professionals, and other stakeholders reflect on the initial months of the pandemic. They articulate immediate needs the pandemic has created and uncovered, and further identify directions the field must go in to meet the moment and prepare for the future ahead. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Gerontological Social Work.

Shared Trauma, Shared Resilience During a Pandemic

Author : Carol Tosone
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030614425
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Shared Trauma, Shared Resilience During a Pandemic by : Carol Tosone

Download or read book Shared Trauma, Shared Resilience During a Pandemic written by Carol Tosone and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-12 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This contributed volume reflects on the collective wisdom and ongoing efforts of the social work profession that has been in the forefront of the global pandemic of COVID-19. The contributors are seasoned social work academics, practitioners, administrators, and researchers. Working on the frontlines with patients and families, these social workers have garnered experiences and insights, and also have developed innovative ways to mitigate the impact of the coronavirus on the psychosocial well-being of their clients and themselves. The 36 reflections, experiences, and insights in this curated collection address the behavioral, mental health, socioeconomic, and other repercussions of the coronavirus pandemic that have impacted their client base, most of whom are vulnerable populations: Repurposed, Reassigned, Redeployed Safety Planning with Survivors of Domestic Violence: How COVID-19 Shifts the Focus COVID-19 and Moral Distress/Moral Anguish Therapeutic Support for Healthcare Workers in Acute Care: Our Voice Shared Trauma and Harm Reduction in the Time of COVID-19 Wholeheartedness in the Treatment of Shared Trauma: Special Considerations During the COVID-19 Pandemic The Role of Ecosocial Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Natural World Black Lives, Mass Incarceration, and the Perpetuity of Trauma in the Era of COVID-19: The Road to Abolition Social Work Teaching Social Work Practice in the Shared Trauma of a Global Pandemic The COVID-19 Self-Care Survival Guide: A Framework for Clinicians to Categorize and Utilize Self-Care Strategies and Practices Shared Trauma, Shared Resilience During a Pandemic: Social Work in the Time of COVID-19 is an early and essential work on the impact of the pandemic on the social work field with useful practice wisdom for a broad audience. It can be assigned in masters-level social work practice and elective courses on trauma, as well as inform both neophyte and experienced practitioners. It also would appeal to the general public interested in the work of social workers during a pandemic.

Educating Social Workers

Author : Robert J. Harris
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Educating Social Workers by : Robert J. Harris

Download or read book Educating Social Workers written by Robert J. Harris and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Reopening K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309680077
Total Pages : 115 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Reopening K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Reopening K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-11-08 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to the nation's K-12 education system. The rush to slow the spread of the virus led to closures of schools across the country, with little time to ensure continuity of instruction or to create a framework for deciding when and how to reopen schools. States, districts, and schools are now grappling with the complex and high-stakes questions of whether to reopen school buildings and how to operate them safely if they do reopen. These decisions need to be informed by the most up-to-date evidence about the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19; about the impacts of school closures on students and families; and about the complexities of operating school buildings as the pandemic persists. Reopening K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prioritizing Health, Equity, and Communities provides guidance on the reopening and operation of elementary and secondary schools for the 2020-2021 school year. The recommendations of this report are designed to help districts and schools successfully navigate the complex decisions around reopening school buildings, keeping them open, and operating them safely.

Social Work in Health Emergencies

Author : Patricia Fronek
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000540847
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Work in Health Emergencies by : Patricia Fronek

Download or read book Social Work in Health Emergencies written by Patricia Fronek and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-02-28 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive book that provides accessible, international knowledge for practitioners, students and academics about social work in health emergencies and spans fields of practice across world regions with particular reference to the COVID-19 pandemic. Divided into three sections: • Regional, Historical and Social Work Perspectives takes a journey through world regions during the first six months of the pandemic as it unfolded, explores the lessons found in the history of pandemics and situates public health social work practice in the values of the profession. Situating the diversity of challenges and opportunities in context, in turn, influences current and future social work practice. • Social Work Practice, Issues and Responses explores social work practice innovations and responses across eleven key practice fields. International authors feature social work responses during the COVID-19 health emergency from different regions of the world. • Preparing for the Future analyses broader concepts, innovations and the implications for future practices as social work enters a new era of service delivery. The 20 chapters explore the convergence of pandemic, politics and planet which is critiqued within a framework of the profession’s ethics and values of human dignity, human rights and social justice. Social work’s place in public health is firmly situated and built on the premise that the value social work brings to the table deserves recognition and should be documented to inform the development of the profession and future practice and how social work must carry lessons forward to prepare for the next pandemic. The book is relevant to a wide range of audiences, including practitioners, educators and students in social work, human services, international development and public health, as well as policy makers and researchers.

Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19

Author : Fernando M. Reimers
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030815005
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19 by : Fernando M. Reimers

Download or read book Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19 written by Fernando M. Reimers and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access edited volume is a comparative effort to discern the short-term educational impact of the covid-19 pandemic on students, teachers and systems in Brazil, Chile, Finland, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. One of the first academic comparative studies of the educational impact of the pandemic, the book explains how the interruption of in person instruction and the variable efficacy of alternative forms of education caused learning loss and disengagement with learning, especially for disadvantaged students. Other direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic diminished the ability of families to support children and youth in their education. For students, as well as for teachers and school staff, these included the economic shocks experienced by families, in some cases leading to food insecurity and in many more causing stress and anxiety and impacting mental health. Opportunity to learn was also diminished by the shocks and trauma experienced by those with a close relative infected by the virus, and by the constrains on learning resulting from students having to learn at home, where the demands of schoolwork had to be negotiated with other family necessities, often sharing limited space. Furthermore, the prolonged stress caused by the uncertainty over the resolution of the pandemic and resulting from the knowledge that anyone could be infected and potentially lose their lives, created a traumatic context for many that undermined the necessary focus and dedication to schoolwork. These individual effects were reinforced by community effects, particularly for students and teachers living in communities where the multifaceted negative impacts resulting from the pandemic were pervasive. This is an open access book.

Digital Connection in Health and Social Work

Author : Denise Turner
Publisher : Critical Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1914171942
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (141 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digital Connection in Health and Social Work by : Denise Turner

Download or read book Digital Connection in Health and Social Work written by Denise Turner and published by Critical Publishing. This book was released on 2022-03-14 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focusses on the move to digitally mediated forms of teaching, learning and practice during Covid-19 and offers a series of case studies which showcase positive practices during this time. Education, Health and Social Work services have all been at the forefront of national debate since the first UK lockdown in March 2020. Schools, Colleges and Higher Education institutions moved rapidly to online delivery, with educators, parents, practice learning partners and students alike compelled to adapt to online connection, disrupting previous norms and forcing a rapid acquisition of new skills. In health and social care practice, there has been a similar move to online delivery, whilst maintaining consistency of service and support. The pandemic also coincided with the recommendations of the national Digital Capabilities for Social Work project, commissioned by Health Education England, which produced a prescient framework for professional practice. This book showcases innovative ways in which practice and education have responded to the challenges of Covid 19. With ongoing debate about planning for the next pandemic, as well as adapting to the post Covid landscape, the book is a valuable resource for all those involved in health and social work education and practice.

Remaking Social Work for the New Global Era

Author : Ngoh Tiong Tan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031083520
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Remaking Social Work for the New Global Era by : Ngoh Tiong Tan

Download or read book Remaking Social Work for the New Global Era written by Ngoh Tiong Tan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-30 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Future social work practice requires a holistic framework to deal effectively with the great social and economic disruptions of this unprecedented time. Innovation and creativity are indispensable to empowering social workers and social service organizations to make an impact on the lives of people and societies in today's world. This book provides a range of innovative practices of social work drawing from alternate theories and with a global orientation. It is forward-looking with a focus on social resilience, social inclusion and recovery. Using a strengths perspective, discussions in the chapters provide useful insights in restructuring social life and social services at the individual as well as community and societal levels for meeting the challenges of a new global era. The chapters draw on the experiences of the authors in their academic and practice engagements and focus on a variety of arenas of social work education and practice to enrich the understanding of the present and future of the field. Authors discuss theoretical and conceptual models to review social work education and practice of engaging in a fast-changing global era and complex contexts. Topics explored include: New Era for Social Work in the Global Future Remaking Social Work by Applying an Anti-oppressive Lens Vulnerability and Resilience of Refugee Women and Children Critical Green Social Work as Futuristic Social Work Practice Globalisation and the Future of Social Work Practice and Education Equipping Social Workers for a New Global Era Remaking Social Work for the New Global Era is an essential resource to inform practice, enrich teaching, and direct future research for social work academics, researchers, educators, students, and field supervisors, as well as social care, social work and social service practitioners in both clinical and policy settings. The book also would be of interest to mental health and community professionals in various practice contexts across the globe.

Social Work During COVID-19

Author : Timo Harrikari
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000875229
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Work During COVID-19 by : Timo Harrikari

Download or read book Social Work During COVID-19 written by Timo Harrikari and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-04-28 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focusses on social work in the time of COVID-19. Social workers, their clients, and the organisations they represent have been affected by the pandemic in multiple ways. The pandemic and various efforts to curb the viral outbreak, such as face masks and lockdowns, have forced social workers to adapt to a ‘new normal’, launch new practices, mobilise social support and networks remotely, and above all, defend the most vulnerable populations. This requires an understanding of how social work and its clients are prepared for, capable to respond to, and further, to recover from a societal crisis and human disasters, like a coronavirus pandemic. Divided into three parts, it provides a wealth of knowledge related to social work in different local and cultural contexts during the period of the global pandemic. With experienced social work researchers across a diversity of settings, contexts, and research traditions, the book is reflective of the ‘glocal’ response of social work. Offering new perspectives on challenges social workers have faced in dealing with the pandemic, it makes critical and timely insights into the innovations and adaptations in social work responses, with a strong empirical basis. It will be of interest to all social work scholars, students, and practitioners.

Social Work Values and Ethics

Author : Frederic G. Reamer
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231560338
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Work Values and Ethics by : Frederic G. Reamer

Download or read book Social Work Values and Ethics written by Frederic G. Reamer and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2024-05-28 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For decades, teachers and practitioners have turned to Frederic G. Reamer’s Social Work Values and Ethics as the leading introduction to ethical decision making, dilemmas, and professional conduct in practice. A case-driven, concise, and comprehensive textbook for undergraduate and graduate social work programs, this book surveys the most critical issues for social work practitioners. This sixth edition incorporates significant updates to the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics and discussion of challenging issues related to cultural competency, antiracism, moral injury, human rights, environmental justice, ethical humility, non-Western perspectives on ethics, and practitioner self-care. Reamer also focuses on how social workers should navigate the digital world through discussion of the ethical issues that arise from practitioner use of online services and social networking sites to deliver services, communicate with clients, and provide information to the public, and he examines the standards that protect confidential information transmitted electronically. He highlights potential conflicts between professional ethics and legal guidelines and expands discussions of informed consent, confidentiality and privileged communication, boundaries and dual relationships, documentation, conflicts of interest, and risk management. Conceptually rich and attuned to the complexities of ethical decision making, Social Work Values and Ethics is unique in striking the right balance among history, theory, and practical application.

Social Work and Social Welfare

Author : Marla Berg-Weger
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136314342
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Work and Social Welfare by : Marla Berg-Weger

Download or read book Social Work and Social Welfare written by Marla Berg-Weger and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-20 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social Work and Social Welfare: An Invitation is a nationally recognized, best-selling text and unique website for US Introductory Social Work and Social Welfare courses. It provides students with the knowledge, skills, and values that are essential for working with individuals, families, groups, organizations, communities, and public policy in a variety of practice settings. This new third edition is an up-to-date profile of the world in which today’s social workers practice, with current demographic, statistical, legislative, policy, and research information; sensitive discussions of contemporary ethical issues; and new first-person narratives from social workers in a variety of fields. The call to become engaged in some of society’s most challenging issues is clearer than in previous editions.