Social Regulation Case Studies From Tibetan History

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Social Regulation: Case Studies from Tibetan History

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004331255
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Regulation: Case Studies from Tibetan History by :

Download or read book Social Regulation: Case Studies from Tibetan History written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2016-09-27 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Social Regulation: Case Studies from Tibetan History the editors Jeannine Bischoff and Saul Mullard present a collection of studies of the mechanisms that regulated Tibetan societies from the 17th to the 20th centuries. Social regulations controlled, shaped and perpetuated Tibetan societies, but close analyses of these historical processes are rarely to be seen in ‘event history’ writing. The contributions to this volume explore the theme of social regulation from the perspectives of religion, politics and administration, while addressing issues of morals and values. Covering a wide range of Tibetan societies, the geographical scope of this volume extends from the Central Tibetan area to the southeastern Tibetan borderlands and the Himalayan kingdoms of Nepal and Sikkim. Contributors are: Alice Travers, Berthe Jansen, Charles Ramble, Fernanda Pirie, Jeannine Bischoff, Kalsang Norbu Gurung, Kensaku Okawa, Nyima Drandul, Peter Schwieger, Saul Mullard, Yuri Komatsubara

Buddhism and Comparative Constitutional Law

Author : Tom Ginsburg
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009286048
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Buddhism and Comparative Constitutional Law by : Tom Ginsburg

Download or read book Buddhism and Comparative Constitutional Law written by Tom Ginsburg and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-12 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Filling a gap in the fields of comparative law, religious studies, and political science, this is the first comprehensive account of Buddhism's complex entanglement with constitutional law, written by experts from across Asia and beyond.

Taxation in Tibetan Societies: Rules, Practices and Discourses

Author : Alice Travers
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004529462
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Taxation in Tibetan Societies: Rules, Practices and Discourses by : Alice Travers

Download or read book Taxation in Tibetan Societies: Rules, Practices and Discourses written by Alice Travers and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-01-23 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume takes the analysis of taxation in Tibetan societies in new directions using hitherto unexploited Tibetan-language sources, allowing a better understanding of both the institutional organisation of taxation and of the experience and representations of taxpayers themselves.

Conflict in a Buddhist Society

Author : Peter Schwieger
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824889304
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Conflict in a Buddhist Society by : Peter Schwieger

Download or read book Conflict in a Buddhist Society written by Peter Schwieger and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2021-08-31 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conflict in a Buddhist Society presents a new way of looking at Tibet under the rule of the Dalai Lamas (1642–1959). Although this era can be clearly delineated as a distinct period in the history of Tibet, many questions remain concerning the specific form of rule established. Author Peter Schwieger attempts to make transparent the complexity and dynamics of the Dalai Lamas’ domination using the work of sociologist Niklas Luhman (1927–1998) as his theoretical starting point. Luhman’s systems theory allows Schwieger to approach Tibetan history and culture as a remarkable effort to create—under times of great conflict and stress and using uncommon means—a stable social and political order. Such a methodology provides the distance needed to move beyond event-based narrative history and understand the structures that made social action possible in Tibet and the operations by which its society as a whole distinguished itself from its environment. Schwieger begins by asking the crucial question of how Tibet’s society dealt with conflict. The chapters that follow answer this question from various perspectives: history and memory; domination; hierarchy; center and periphery; semantics; morality and ethics; ritual; law; and war. Each reveals a different avenue for cross-cutting discourses in the historical and social sciences. Together, they provide a comprehensive picture of how conflicts were portrayed in Tibet society and how the manner in which they were handled stabilized the country for a considerable time but were ultimately unsuccessful in the face of radical upheavals in its environment. Situated at the intersection of systems theory, conflict theory, and Tibetan/Inner Asian history and society, Conflict in a Buddhist Society will be of considerable interest to students and scholars in these areas. Its theoretical rather than narrative-descriptive approach to the history of the three centuries of Dalai Lama rule will be welcomed as wide-ranging and insightful.

The Monastery Rules

Author : Berthe Jansen
Publisher : University of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520297008
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis The Monastery Rules by : Berthe Jansen

Download or read book The Monastery Rules written by Berthe Jansen and published by University of California Press. This book was released on 2018-09-25 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At publication date, a free ebook version of this title will be available through Luminos, University of California Press’s Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. The Monastery Rules discusses the position of the monasteries in pre-1950s Tibetan Buddhist societies and how that position was informed by the far-reaching relationship of monastic Buddhism with Tibetan society, economy, law, and culture. Jansen focuses her study on monastic guidelines, or bca’ yig. The first study of its kind to examine the genre in detail, the book contains an exploration of its parallels in other Buddhist cultures, its connection to the Vinaya, and its value as socio-historical source-material. The guidelines are witness to certain socio-economic changes, while also containing rules that aim to change the monastery in order to preserve it. Jansen argues that the monastic institutions’ influence on society was maintained not merely due to prevailing power-relations, but also because of certain deep-rooted Buddhist beliefs.

Tibetan Pastoralists and Development

Author : Andreas Gruschke
Publisher : Dr Ludwig Reichert
ISBN 13 : 9783954902422
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Tibetan Pastoralists and Development by : Andreas Gruschke

Download or read book Tibetan Pastoralists and Development written by Andreas Gruschke and published by Dr Ludwig Reichert. This book was released on 2017 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Tibetan plateau constitutes the world's vastest high-altitude rangeland. It has featured a unique pastoralist culture where, based on yak and sheep production, on complex exchange systems with agricultural areas and the lowlands, and in the context of ever-changing political conditions, pastoralists developed livelihood systems that helped them adapt not only to the harsh environmental conditions, but also to the ever-changing political and economic trends. The 20th century, most prominently the plateau's ever closer integration into the Chinese state, has brought profound changes to pastoral Tibetans. It has opened the plateau to the influence of a wide array of policies directed at 'developing', modernizing, and recently urbanizing the Tibetan pastoral areas. It has also connected even the remotest community to the booming Chinese markets and - indirectly - the world market. Pastoral communities, thus, are being opened up to new economic opportunities, exposed to new risks and integrated into increasingly complex commodity chains. Local consequences of climate change, the demographic transition, new lifestyles and consumption patterns, and new forms of wealth/poverty and social polarization further complicate the picture. The present volume discusses the question of possible futures of Tibetan pastoralism. Taking a perspective informed by the 'Sustainable Livelihood' approach, it presents a selection of current perspectives on these recent transformations and on their specific impact on local pastoral livelihoods on the ground. Its fifteen chapters, written by Tibetan, Han Chinese and Western scholars from the social and environmental sciences, offer field-work based local case studies that illustrate the complex roles of the (Chinese) state, of (new) markets, and of rangeland resources in the making of both the present and the future of the plateau's pastoral livelihoods.

From a Trickle to a Torrent

Author : Geoff Childs
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520971213
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis From a Trickle to a Torrent by : Geoff Childs

Download or read book From a Trickle to a Torrent written by Geoff Childs and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2018-12-04 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What happens to a community when the majority of young people leave their homes to pursue an education? From a Trickle to a Torrent documents the demographic and social consequences of educational migration from Nubri, a Tibetan enclave in the highlands of Nepal. The authors explore parents’ motivations for sending their children to distant schools and monasteries, social connections that shape migration pathways, young people’s estrangement from village life, and dilemmas that arise when educated individuals are unable or unwilling to return and reside in their native villages. Drawing on numerous decades of research, this study documents a transitional period when the future of a Himalayan society teeters on the brink of irreversible change.

The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China

Author : Peter Schwieger
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 023153860X
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China by : Peter Schwieger

Download or read book The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China written by Peter Schwieger and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2015-03-31 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major new work in modern Tibetan history, this book follows the evolution of Tibetan Buddhism's trülku (reincarnation) tradition from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, along with the Emperor of China's efforts to control its development. By illuminating the political aspects of the trülku institution, Schwieger shapes a broader history of the relationship between the Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China, as well as a richer understanding of the Qing Dynasty as an Inner Asian empire, the modern fate of the Mongols, and current Sino-Tibetan relations. Unlike other pre-twentieth-century Tibetan histories, this volume rejects hagiographic texts in favor of diplomatic, legal, and social sources held in the private, monastic, and bureaucratic archives of old Tibet. This approach draws a unique portrait of Tibet's rule by reincarnation while shading in peripheral tensions in the Himalayas, eastern Tibet, and China. Its perspective fully captures the extent to which the emperors of China controlled the institution of the Dalai Lamas, making a groundbreaking contribution to the past and present history of East Asia.

Slavery and Other Forms of Strong Asymmetrical Dependencies

Author : Jeannine Bischoff
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110786982
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Slavery and Other Forms of Strong Asymmetrical Dependencies by : Jeannine Bischoff

Download or read book Slavery and Other Forms of Strong Asymmetrical Dependencies written by Jeannine Bischoff and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-10-03 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, we approach the phenomenon of slavery and other types of strong asymmetrical dependencies from two methodologically and theoretically distinct perspectives: semantics and lexical fields. Detailed analyses of key terms that are associated with the conceptualization of strong asymmetrical dependencies promise to provide new insights into the self-concept and knowledge of pre-modern societies. The majority of these key terms have not been studied from a semantic or terminological perspective so far. Our understanding of lexical fields is based on an onomasiological approach – which linguistic items are used to refer to a concept? Which words are used to express a concept? This means that the concept is a semantic unit which is not directly accessible but may be manifested in different ways on the linguistic level. We are interested in single concepts such as ‘wisdom’ or ‘fear’, but also in more complex semantic units like ‘strong asymmetrical dependencies’. In our volume, we bring together and compare case studies from very different social orders and normative perspectives. Our examples range from Ancient China and Egypt over Greek and Maya societies to Early Modern Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Islamic and Roman law.

Conflicting Memories

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004433244
Total Pages : 711 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Conflicting Memories by :

Download or read book Conflicting Memories written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-09-07 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conflicting Memories is a study of historical rewriting about Tibetans' encounter with the Chinese state during the Maoist era. Combining case studies with translated documents, it traces how that experience has been reimagined by Chinese and Tibetan authors and artists since the late 1970s.

Legal Rules in Practice

Author : Baudouin Dupret
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000335127
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Rules in Practice by : Baudouin Dupret

Download or read book Legal Rules in Practice written by Baudouin Dupret and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding legal rules not as determinants of behavior but as points of reference for conduct, this volume considers the ways in which rules are invoked, referred to, interpreted, put forward or blurred. It also asks how both legal practitioners and lay participants conceive of and participate in the construction of facts and rules, and thus, through decisions, defenses, pleas, files, evidence, interviews and documents, actively participate in law’s life. With attention to the formulation of notions such as person, evidence, intention, cause and responsibility in the course of legal practices, Legal Rules in Practice provides the outlines of a praxiological anthropology of law – an anthropology that focuses on words, concepts and reasoning as actively used to solve conflicts with the help of legal rules. As such, it will appeal to sociologists, anthropologists and scholars of law with interests in ethnomethodology, rule-based conduct and practical reasoning.

Environmental Humanities in the New Himalayas

Author : Dan Smyer Yü
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000397580
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Humanities in the New Himalayas by : Dan Smyer Yü

Download or read book Environmental Humanities in the New Himalayas written by Dan Smyer Yü and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-16 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Humanities in the New Himalayas: Symbiotic Indigeneity, Commoning, Sustainability showcases how the eco-geological creativity of the earth is integrally woven into the landforms, cultures, and cosmovisions of modern Himalayan communities. Unique in scope, this book features case studies from Bhutan, Assam, Sikkim, Tibet, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sino-Indian borderlands, many of which are documented by authors from indigenous Himalayan communities. It explores three environmental characteristics of modern Himalayas: the anthropogenic, the indigenous, and the animist. Focusing on the sentient relations of human-, animal-, and spirit-worlds with the earth in different parts of the Himalayas, the authors present the complex meanings of indigeneity, commoning and sustainability in the Anthropocene. In doing so, they show the vital role that indigenous stories and perspectives play in building new regional and planetary environmental ethics for a sustainable future. Drawing on a wide range of expert contributions from the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanist disciplines, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental humanities, religion and ecology, indigenous knowledge and sustainable development more broadly.

Legalism

Author : Paul Dresch
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198753810
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Legalism by : Paul Dresch

Download or read book Legalism written by Paul Dresch and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mainstream historians in recent decades have often treated formal categories and rules as something to be 'used' by individuals, as one might use a stick or stone, and the gains of an earlier legal history are often needlessly set aside. Anthropologists, meanwhile, have treated rules as analytic errors and categories as an imposition by outside powers or by analysts, leaving a very thin notion of 'practice' as the stuff of social life. Philosophy of an older vintage, as well as the work of scholars such as Charles Taylor, provides fresh approaches when applied imaginatively to cases beyond the traditional ground of modern Europe and North America. Not only are different kinds of rules and categories open to examination, but the very notion of a rule can be explored more deeply. This volume approaches rules and categories as constitutive of action and hence of social life, but also as providing means of criticism and imagination. A general theoretical framework is derived from analytical philosophy, from Wittgenstein to his critics and beyond, and from recent legal thinkers such as Schauer and Waldron. Case-studies are presented from a broad range of periods and regions, from Amazonia via northern Chad, Tibet, and medieval Russia to the scholarly worlds of Roman law, Islam, and Classical India. As the third volume in the Legalism series, this collection draws on common themes that run throughout the first two volumes: Legalism: Anthropology and History and Legalism: Community and Justice, consolidating them in a framework that suggests a new approach to rule-bound systems.

Asian Highland Perspectives 40

Author : various
Publisher : ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 549 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Asian Highland Perspectives 40 by : various

Download or read book Asian Highland Perspectives 40 written by various and published by ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES. This book was released on 2016-02-09 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 40 features research articles on Tibetan mountain deities, Mongghul ritual, material culture in Ladakh, Tibetan ritual practitioners, Tibetan naming practices, and lifestyle migration in Dali. The volume also has two folklore contributions and twenty-one book reviews. Editor's Note Articles Tsering Bum. "THE CHANGING ROLES OF TIBETAN MOUNTAIN DEITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: DKAR PO LHA BSHAM IN YUL SHUL" Limusishiden (Li Dechun) and Gerald Roche. "SOCIALIZING WITH GODS IN THE MONGGHULBOG RITUAL" Jacqueline H. Fewes and Abdul Nasir Khan. "MANUSCRIPTS, MATERIAL CULTURE, AND EPHEMERA OF THE SILK ROUTE: ARTIFACTS OF EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY LADAKHITRADE BETWEEN CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA" Libu Lakhi (Li Jianfu). "NAMUYI TIBETAN pha54 tsә54 RITUALS AND ORAL CHANTS" Duojiezhaxi (Dorje Tashi, Rdo rje bkra shis) and CK Stuart. "A MDO TIBETAN NAMING PRACTICES AND NAME POPULARITY" Gary Sigley. "THE MOUNTAIN CHANGERS: LIFESTYLE MIGRATION IN SOUTHWEST CHINA" Folklore Timothy Thurston and Caixiangduojie. "An A mdo Tibetan Wedding Speech from Ne'u na Village" Bkra shis bzang po. "Oral Narratives from Bang smad: Deities, Demons, Bla ma, and Leaders Reviews Bettina Zeisler. Mountains, Monasteries, and Mosques Barbara Gerke. The Social Life of Tibetan Biography Francesca Fiaschetti. China's Encounters on the South and Southwest Francesca Fiaschetti. Inner Asia, and the Spatial Politics of Empire: Archaeology, Mobility, and Culture Contact M. Alyson Prude. Pilgrim of the Clear Light Sienna Craig. At Home in the World Tristan G. Brown. China From Empire to Nation-State Robert Entenmann. In the Land of the Eastern Queendom: The Politics of Gender and Ethnicity on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier. Jonathan Z. Ludwig The Emperor Far Away: Travels at the Edge of China Jonathan Z. Ludwig. India-China Borderlands: Conversations Beyond the Centre Tricia Kehoe. Ethnicity in China; A Critical Introduction Hilary Howes. Towards Sustainable Use of Rangelands in North-West China Lei Duan. War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China Magnus Fiskesjö. Chieftains into Ancestors Nikolas Broy. The Origins of Religious Violence Kali Cape. Eminent Buddhist Women Andrew Nelson. The Brave New World of Ethnicity in Nepal Christine Murphy. The Unbearable Dreamworld of Champa the Driver Enrico Beltramini. Healing Traditions of the Northwestern Himalayas and Being Human in a Buddhist World Katia Buffetrille. Mapping Shangrila Christine Murphy. Tibetan Folktales (World Folklore Series)

A Buddhist Sensibility

Author : Dominique Townsend
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231551053
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis A Buddhist Sensibility by : Dominique Townsend

Download or read book A Buddhist Sensibility written by Dominique Townsend and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Founded in 1676 during a cosmopolitan early modern period, Mindröling monastery became a key site for Buddhist education and a Tibetan civilizational center. Its founders sought to systematize and institutionalize a worldview rooted in Buddhist philosophy, engaging with contemporaries from across Tibetan Buddhist schools while crystallizing what it meant to be part of their own Nyingma school. At the monastery, ritual performance, meditation, renunciation, and training in the skills of a bureaucrat or member of the literati went hand in hand. Studying at Mindröling entailed training the senses and cultivating the objects of the senses through poetry, ritual music, monastic dance, visual arts, and incense production, as well as medicine and astrology. Dominique Townsend investigates the ritual, artistic, and cultural practices inculcated at Mindröling to demonstrate how early modern Tibetans integrated Buddhist and worldly activities through training in aesthetics. Considering laypeople as well as monastics and women as well as men, A Buddhist Sensibility sheds new light on the forms of knowledge valued in early modern Tibetan societies, especially among the ruling classes. Townsend traces how tastes, values, and sensibilities were cultivated and spread, showing what it meant for a person, lay or monastic, to be deemed well educated. Combining historical and literary analysis with fieldwork in Tibetan Buddhist communities, this book reveals how monastic institutions work as centers of cultural production beyond the boundaries of what is conventionally deemed Buddhist.

Reframing the Buffer State in Contemporary International Relations

Author : Bibek Chand
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000868125
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Reframing the Buffer State in Contemporary International Relations by : Bibek Chand

Download or read book Reframing the Buffer State in Contemporary International Relations written by Bibek Chand and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-05-17 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores buffer states' agency beyond being highly interactive spaces for the competing strategic and security interests of larger powers. Analyzing 21 political events, the author offers a new conceptual framework for the buffer state, which emphasizes strategic utility and agency. Applying this to the case study of Nepal as a buffer state between India and China, he offers a systematic analysis of Sino-Indian interests in the wider region, and Nepal’s interactions with and reactions to them, and argues that the buffer state in contemporary international relations is characterized by intense competitive overtures from its contending neighboring states. However, the buffer state is not just a spectator but an active participant that consistently assesses and reassesses its geopolitical position in between much larger competing powers. This reading offers a new understanding of the buffer state as a highly dynamic political space wherein the levels of influence and strategies of bigger powers can be examined. Aimed at a multidisciplinary audience, this book will be of particular interest to scholars, practitioners and students of international relations, security studies, strategic studies, and Asian Studies.

Tibet

Author : Paul Christiaan Klieger
Publisher : Reaktion Books
ISBN 13 : 1789144027
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Tibet by : Paul Christiaan Klieger

Download or read book Tibet written by Paul Christiaan Klieger and published by Reaktion Books. This book was released on 2021-05-19 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of Tibet has long intrigued the world, and so has the dilemma of its future—will it ever return to independence or will it always remain part of China? How will the succession of the aging and revered Dalai Lama affect Tibet and the world? This book makes the case for a fully Tibetan independent state for much of its 2,500-year existence, but its story is a complex one. A great empire from the seventh to ninth centuries, in 1249, Tibet was incorporated as a territory of the Mongol Empire—which annexed China itself in 1279. Tibet reclaimed its independence from China in 1368, and although the Manchus later exerted their direct influence in Tibetan affairs, by 1840 Tibet began to resume its independent course until communist China invaded in 1950. And since that time, Tibetan nationalism has been maintained primarily by over 100,000 refugees living abroad. This book is a valuable, fascinating account of a region with a rich history, but an uncertain future.