A Study of the Effects of Social Capital on Organizational Innovation

Download A Study of the Effects of Social Capital on Organizational Innovation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 7 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Study of the Effects of Social Capital on Organizational Innovation by : International Journal of Case Submitter

Download or read book A Study of the Effects of Social Capital on Organizational Innovation written by International Journal of Case Submitter and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present study aimed to examine the effects of social capital on organizational innovation in auto part makers companies. The experts of auto part makers companies (approximately 540 people) formed the study population and for sampling a stratified random sampling method has been applied. 225 people were selected as samples by using Cochran formula. Data were collected by means of distributing questionnaire and data analysis was done in two parts by using structural equation modeling and also LISREL 8.8 software, the two parts are: measurement model and structural part. In the first part the technical characteristics of the questionnaire were examined and have made necessary corrections and in the second part the structural coefficients of the model were used to examine the research hypotheses. The research's results suggest that social capital has a positive and significant effect on the organizational innovation in the study population so as to establish and strengthen innovation in organization should focus on the social capital's aspects and attempt for coordination of the cognitive, structural and relational aspects of social capital in organizations.

Innovation and Social Capital in Organizational Ecosystems

Download Innovation and Social Capital in Organizational Ecosystems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 152257722X
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Innovation and Social Capital in Organizational Ecosystems by : Thomas, Brychan Celfyn

Download or read book Innovation and Social Capital in Organizational Ecosystems written by Thomas, Brychan Celfyn and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-03-19 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social capital as a concept, is a comparatively recent addition to the regional economic and innovation literature. Facets of social capital are generally acknowledged to include trust, collaboration, cooperation, bridging and bonding social network ties, and reciprocity. Nevertheless, forms of social capital such as bonding and bridging social capital, are less frequently explored in the literature. Innovation and Social Capital in Organizational Ecosystems breaks down the concept of innovation into its main components, which represent a spectrum of innovation activity from technology-based innovation to hidden and social innovation, in order to support executives concerned with innovation and social capital in different work communities and environments. Highlighting a range of topics including regional development, social innovation, network capital, and more, this book is ideally designed for researchers, professionals, students, policymakers, and practitioners.

Establishing Corporate Innovation Communities

Download Establishing Corporate Innovation Communities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3658036958
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (58 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Establishing Corporate Innovation Communities by : Martin Dumbach

Download or read book Establishing Corporate Innovation Communities written by Martin Dumbach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-29 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because of the specific characteristics of innovation communities, social relationships between community members play a pivotal role for performance in such settings. In response, Martin Dumbach takes a social capital perspective and approaches the research question: What are antecedents of social capital in corporate innovation communities? Using both qualitative as well as quantitative methods, the research presented offers interesting insights into the dynamics of the development of community networks. In more detail, the author describes innovation community social capital as a self-reinforcing asset that is affected by antecedents on the individual, the community, and the organizational level. These findings add to the literature on innovation communities and social capital and have important implications for community management.

Knowledge and Social Capital

Download Knowledge and Social Capital PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136390456
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Knowledge and Social Capital by : Eric Lesser

Download or read book Knowledge and Social Capital written by Eric Lesser and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-11-03 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social capital - the informal networks, trust and common understanding among individuals in an organization - determines major competitive advantages in today's networked economy. Knowledge and Social Capital explains how social capital can drive collaboration, reconcile an organization's internal and external labor markets, and improve organizational effectiveness. This edited compilation of authoritative articles helps readers understand how they can build and capitalize on their own organizations' social capital. Knowledge and Social Capital teaches core principles and important strategies to a range of executives, including organizational development specialists, corporate strategists, and knowledge management professionals. Readers will learn how an organization can:

Social Capital and Organizational Innovation

Download Social Capital and Organizational Innovation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Capital and Organizational Innovation by : Jahangir Farsi

Download or read book Social Capital and Organizational Innovation written by Jahangir Farsi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present study aims to investigate the impact of social capital on organizational innovation by studying the mediating factor of entrepreneurial orientation in auto parts manufacturers. The statistical population of the study includes the executive managers of Iranian auto parts companies. The collected data was analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. The Smart PLS 2.0 software was applied for analyzing data and path modeling with latent variables. Our findings showed that social capital has a positive, significant impact on organizational innovation and entrepreneurial orientation among the staff. Entrepreneurial orientation of the staff in turn affects organizational innovation, which confirms the mediating effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between social capital and organizational innovation. The findings of the study can help managers of auto parts companies to improve innovative activities and motivate the staff toward entrepreneurial activities.

Social Capital, Political Capital, and Organizational Innovation in Chinese Firms

Download Social Capital, Political Capital, and Organizational Innovation in Chinese Firms PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (969 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Capital, Political Capital, and Organizational Innovation in Chinese Firms by : Yan Shen

Download or read book Social Capital, Political Capital, and Organizational Innovation in Chinese Firms written by Yan Shen and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current literature on economic sociology and organizational studies demonstrates the positive role of entrepreneurs’ social capital in enhancing firm performance. However, it offers limited knowledge about how entrepreneurs’ social capital is mediated and shaped by the institutional contexts where they go about their business activities. By analyzing the 2003 World Bank Investment Climate Survey dataset, I examine how entrepreneurs’ social and political capital, separately and jointly, shape firm outcomes in China. I find that entrepreneurs’ social capital has positive effects on firms’ innovativeness. Although a firm’s impersonal political capital is found to have positive effects on firm innovativeness, entrepreneurs’ personal political capital does not play a positive role on firms’ innovativeness. These findings suggest Chinese firms may benefit from investments in social capital and impersonal political capital, but investments in personal political capital may not matter given the increasing modernization and institutionalization of the China’s nascent market. .

In Good Company How Social Capital Makes Organizations Work

Download In Good Company How Social Capital Makes Organizations Work PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780875849133
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (491 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis In Good Company How Social Capital Makes Organizations Work by : Don Cohen

Download or read book In Good Company How Social Capital Makes Organizations Work written by Don Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2001-02 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Knowledge has always resided in organizations-but it wasn't until the Information Age put a premium on ideas that intellectual capital was recognized as a critical resource. Now, forces like technology, globalization, and the rise of free agency and virtual workplaces are bringing another form of "hidden" capital to the forefront. In Good Company is the first book to examine the role that social capital-a company's "stock" of human connections such as trust, personal networks, and a sense of community-plays in thriving organizations. Written by leading knowledge management experts Don Cohen and Laurence Prusak, this groundbreaking book argues that social capital is so integral to business life that without it, cooperative action-and consequently productive work-isn't possible. The authors help today's leaders understand the nature and value of social capital, suggest ways they can encourage and enhance it, and explore how they can protect this vital but increasingly vulnerable resource in a volatile, virtual world. Drawing on major social and economic theories, and the experiences of organizations including the World Bank, Aventis Pharma, Alcoa, Russell Reynolds, and UPS, In Good Company identifies the social elements that contribute to knowledge sharing, innovation, and high productivity. The authors convincingly show how almost every managerial decision-from hiring, firing, and promotion to implementing new technologies to designing office space-is an opportunity for social capital investment or loss. They also reveal the benefits that derive from investments in social capital, such as greater commitment and cooperation, increased talent retention, and more intelligent responses to customer needs. A landmark book on the critical role that relationships play in organizational success, In Good Company helps employees at all levels recognize the power of social capital to help people work better, and make organizations better places to work. Don Cohen is a writer, consultant, and the editor of Knowledge Directions . Laurence Prusak is Executive Director of the IBM Institute for Knowledge Management and co-author of Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know .

Innovation Capital

Download Innovation Capital PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard Business Press
ISBN 13 : 1633696537
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (336 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Innovation Capital by : Jeff Dyer

Download or read book Innovation Capital written by Jeff Dyer and published by Harvard Business Press. This book was released on 2019-05-14 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn from the Best Great leaders of innovation know that creativity is not enough. They succeed not only on the basis of their ideas, but because they have the vision, reputation, and networks to win the backing needed to commercialize them. It turns out that this quality--called "innovation capital"--is measurably more important for innovation than just being creative. The authors have spent decades studying how people get great ideas (the subject of The Innovator's DNA) and how people test and develop those ideas (explored in The Innovator's Method). Now they share what they've learned from a multipronged research program designed to determine how people compete for, and obtain, resources to launch new ideas: How you can build a personal reputation for innovation What techniques you can use to amplify your innovation capital How you can garner attention for your ideas and projects and persuade audiences to support them What it means to provide visionary leadership and how you can achieve it Featuring interviews with the superstars of innovation--individuals like Jeff Bezos (Amazon), Elon Musk (Tesla), Marc Benioff (Salesforce), Indra Nooyi (PepsiCo), and Shantanu Narayen (Adobe)--this book will help you position yourself and your ideas to compete for attention and resources so that you can launch innovations with impact.

Collaborative Knowledge Creation

Download Collaborative Knowledge Creation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9462090041
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Collaborative Knowledge Creation by : Anne Moen

Download or read book Collaborative Knowledge Creation written by Anne Moen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-26 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents perspectives on the knowledge creation metaphor of learning, and elaborates the trialogical approach to learning. The knowledge creation metaphor differs from both the acquisition and the participation metaphors. In a nutshell trialogical approaches seek to engage learners in joint work with shared objects and artefacts mediated by collaboration technology. The theoretical underpinnings stem from different origins, including Bereiter and Scardamalia’s theory on knowledge building and Engeström’s activity theory. The authors in this collection introduce key concepts and techniques, explain tools designed and developed to support knowledge creation, and report results from case studies in specific contexts. The book chapters integrate theoretical, methodological, empirical and technological research, to elaborate the empirical findings and to explain the design of the knowledge creation tools. The target audiences for this book are researchers, teachers and Human Resource developers interested in new perspectives on collaborative learning, technology-mediated knowledge creation, and applications of this in their own settings, for higher education, teacher training and workplace learning. The book is the result of joint efforts from many contributors who took part in the Knowledge-practices Laboratory (KP-Lab) project (2006-2011) supported by EU FP6.

Accelerating Knowledge Sharing, Creativity, and Innovation Through Business Tourism

Download Accelerating Knowledge Sharing, Creativity, and Innovation Through Business Tourism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799831442
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Accelerating Knowledge Sharing, Creativity, and Innovation Through Business Tourism by : Bari, Muhammad Waseem

Download or read book Accelerating Knowledge Sharing, Creativity, and Innovation Through Business Tourism written by Bari, Muhammad Waseem and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-04-10 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Business tourism is a newly coined terminology in social sciences and management literature. It is defined as individuals traveling and staying outside of their hometowns for not more than one successive year for the purpose of enjoyment and other drives (e.g., learning and business activities). Key business tourism activities include attending a variety of meetings, conferences, and workshops as well as exhibitions. Understanding the negative and positive aspects of business tourism is essential to promoting employee learning and knowledge transfer skills. Accelerating Knowledge Sharing, Creativity, and Innovation Through Business Tourism is an essential reference source that discusses how differences in cultures, communities, rituals, norms, and scope of business tourism could influence knowledge sharing practices. Moreover, this book promotes an understanding on how to learn from different cultures and enhance absorptive capacity by interacting with different personalities and cultures. Featuring research on topics such as knowledge management, social capital, and consumer behavior, this book is ideally designed for business professionals, managers, administrators, hotel executives, IT specialists, executives, entrepreneurs, managing directors, and students looking to boost their existing skills and expertise with innovation and creativity by interacting with others and in a new context.

Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data

Download Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039280082
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data by : Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos

Download or read book Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data written by Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-12-31 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evolution of knowledge management theory and the special emphasis on human and social capital sets new challenges for knowledge-driven and technology-enabled innovation. Emerging technologies including big data and analytics have significant implications for sustainability, policy making, and competitiveness. This edited volume promotes scientific research into the potential contributions knowledge management can make to the new era of innovation and social inclusive economic growth. We are grateful to all the contributors of this edition for their intellectual work. The organization of the relevant debate is aligned around three pillars: SECTION A. DATA, KNOWLEDGE, HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL FOR INNOVATION We elaborate on the new era of knowledge types and the emerging forms of social capital and their impact on technology-driven innovation. Topics include: · Social Networks · Smart Education · Social Capital · Corporate Innovation · Disruptive Innovation · Knowledge integration · Enhanced Decision-Making. SECTION B. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT & BIG DATA ENABLED INNOVATION In this section, knowledge management and big data applications and systems are presented. Selective topic include: · Crowdsourcing Analysis · Natural Language Processing · Data Governance · Knowledge Extraction · Ontology Design Semantic Modeling SECTION C. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT In the section, the debate on the impact of knowledge management and big data research to sustainability is promoted with integrative discussion of complementary social and technological factors including: · Big Social Networks on Sustainable Economic Development · Business Intelligence

Leadership Styles, Innovation, and Social Entrepreneurship in the Era of Digitalization

Download Leadership Styles, Innovation, and Social Entrepreneurship in the Era of Digitalization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799811107
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leadership Styles, Innovation, and Social Entrepreneurship in the Era of Digitalization by : Do?ru, Ça?lar

Download or read book Leadership Styles, Innovation, and Social Entrepreneurship in the Era of Digitalization written by Do?ru, Ça?lar and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leaders are the most important element of an organization in regards to reaching organizational goals, motivating followers to perform better, and creating an innovative work environment. To conform with successful corporate social responsibility implementations, social entrepreneurship practices have gained more importance with the development of digital technology. Leadership Styles, Innovation, and Social Entrepreneurship in the Era of Digitalization is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on the application of business organizations operating in a global, complex environment. While highlighting topics such as business ethics, operations management, and social capital, this publication explores recent technological advances and the methods of the latest management skills and techniques. This book is ideally designed for human resources professionals, managers, leaders, executives, CEOs, specialists, consultants, researchers, students, and professors seeking current research on human resources management and management information systems in a digital society.

Innovation Systems, Networks and Social Capital. The Different Roles of Weak and Strong Ties in Innovation Processes

Download Innovation Systems, Networks and Social Capital. The Different Roles of Weak and Strong Ties in Innovation Processes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3656936110
Total Pages : 11 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (569 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Innovation Systems, Networks and Social Capital. The Different Roles of Weak and Strong Ties in Innovation Processes by : Kai Wright

Download or read book Innovation Systems, Networks and Social Capital. The Different Roles of Weak and Strong Ties in Innovation Processes written by Kai Wright and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2015-04-08 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2014 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,0, University of London, course: Innovation Systems, Networks and Social Capital, language: English, abstract: Innovation processes often mainly consist of the creation of genuine new knowledge or the recombination of existing knowledge in a new context. These processes are managed by people, who are also the carrier and translator of knowledge. As knowledge creation is only partially accomplished by one person on its own, and nearly all economic activities is embedded in social systems, the inter-communication between individuals within a firm or across firm boundaries must be acknowledged as equal important in the process of innovation. Network theories must be seen at the blurred boundaries between sociology, trying to understand which social layers are (positively) affected by having a broad and diverse or closed and narrow social nexus, and management theory, trying to understand the organizational implications of the nexus of the firms’ stakeholders. Therefore this essay will elaborate on the role of ties, in its different shapes from weak to strong, within the innovation process. It will particularly focus on when which shape of tie is particularly important for which kind of successful innovation (incremental versus radical). It will also show how the focus on knowledge developed in management theory and how certain theories implicitly use the notion of networks to explain innovation processes.

Brokerage and Closure

Download Brokerage and Closure PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191622850
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Brokerage and Closure by : Ronald S. Burt

Download or read book Brokerage and Closure written by Ronald S. Burt and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2007-09-06 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social Capital, the advantage created by location in social structure, is a critical element in business strategy. Who has it, how it works, and how to develop it have become key questions as markets, organizations, and careers become more and more dependent on informal, discretionary relationships. The formal organization deals with accountability; Everything else flows through the informal: advice, coordination, cooperation friendship, gossip, knowledge, trust. Informal relations have always been with us, they have always mattered. What is new is the range of activities in which they now matter, and the emerging clarity we have about how they create advantage for certain people at the expense of others. This is done by brokerage and closure. Ronald S. Burt builds upon his celebrated work in this area to explore the nature of brokerage and closure. Brokerage is the activity of people who live at the intersection of social worlds, who have a vision advantage of seeing and developing good ideas, an advantage which can be seen in their compensation, recognition, and the responsibility they're entrusted with in comparison to their peers. Closure is the tightening of coordination in a closed network of people, and people who do this do well as a complement to brokers because of the trust and alignment they create. Brokerage and Closure explores how these elements work together to define social capital, showing how in the business world reputation has come to replace authority, pursued opportunity assignment, and reward has come to be associated with achieving competitive advantage in a social order of continuous disequilibrium.

Social Capital and Entrepreneurship

Download Social Capital and Entrepreneurship PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Now Publishers Inc
ISBN 13 : 9781933019109
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Capital and Entrepreneurship by : Phillip H. Kim

Download or read book Social Capital and Entrepreneurship written by Phillip H. Kim and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2005 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social Capital and Entrepreneurship concludes by examining the tension between the properties of social networks used in entrepreneurship researchers' models and the limited perspective on networks available to practicing entrepreneurs.

Innovation and Scaling for Impact

Download Innovation and Scaling for Impact PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1503600998
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Innovation and Scaling for Impact by : Christian Seelos

Download or read book Innovation and Scaling for Impact written by Christian Seelos and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-04 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation and Scaling for Impact forces us to reassess how social sector organizations create value. Drawing on a decade of research, Christian Seelos and Johanna Mair transcend widely held misconceptions, getting to the core of what a sound impact strategy entails in the nonprofit world. They reveal an overlooked nexus between investments that might not pan out (innovation) and expansion based on existing strengths (scaling). In the process, it becomes clear that managing this tension is a difficult balancing act that fundamentally defines an organization and its impact. The authors examine innovation pathologies that can derail organizations by thwarting their efforts to juggle these imperatives. Then, through four rich case studies, they detail innovation archetypes that effectively sidestep these pathologies and blend innovation with scaling. Readers will come away with conceptual models to drive progress in the social sector and tools for defining the future of their organizations.

Corporate Social Capital and Liability

Download Corporate Social Capital and Liability PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461550270
Total Pages : 559 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Corporate Social Capital and Liability by : Roger Th.A.J. Leenders

Download or read book Corporate Social Capital and Liability written by Roger Th.A.J. Leenders and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In studies of inter-organizational relations (lOR's), there is a tendency to look at dyads of flrms, and to consider networks as aggregates of such dyads. But there are several roles for a third party; a go-between. This chapter looks at a go-between not in the sense of a middleman who intermediates in existing production or trade, such as an agent, wholesaler, retailer, and not in the sense of an entrepreneur who intermediates in the realization of new potential in connecting supply and demand. It looks at a go between in the sense of a relationship counsellor for the development and maintenance of social capital; providing support in setting up, adapting and ending cooperative relations between others. Or, in yet different terms: to help in the embedding of relati ons, in Granovetter's (1985) sense (Uzzi 1997a). Such roles may be performed by middlemen or entrepreneurs, but also by specialized agents who do not playa direct role in linking stages in a chain of production and distribution, as middlemen and entrepreneurs typically do. Indeed, some of the roles require an independence that is served by not having a direct stake in the relations that need to be developed. I propose that the analysis yields a perspective for looking at the roles of trade and industry associations in European business systems, and of banks and trading houses in Japanese enterprise groups (Kigyo Shudan).