Smart Power Grids 2011

Download Smart Power Grids 2011 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642215785
Total Pages : 696 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smart Power Grids 2011 by : Ali Keyhani

Download or read book Smart Power Grids 2011 written by Ali Keyhani and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electric power systems are experiencing significant changes at the worldwide scale in order to become cleaner, smarter, and more reliable. This edited book examines a wide range of topics related to these changes, which are primarily caused by the introduction of information technologies, renewable energy penetration, digitalized equipment, new operational strategies, and so forth. The emphasis will be put on the modeling and control of smart grid systems. The book addresses research topics such as high efficiency transforrmers, wind turbines and generators, fuel cells, or high speed turbines and generators.

Smart Power Grids 2011

Download Smart Power Grids 2011 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783642440632
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smart Power Grids 2011 by : Ali Keyhani

Download or read book Smart Power Grids 2011 written by Ali Keyhani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-02-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electric power systems are experiencing significant changes at the worldwide scale in order to become cleaner, smarter, and more reliable. This edited book examines a wide range of topics related to these changes, which are primarily caused by the introduction of information technologies, renewable energy penetration, digitalized equipment, new operational strategies, and so forth. The emphasis will be put on the modeling and control of smart grid systems. The book addresses research topics such as high efficiency transforrmers, wind turbines and generators, fuel cells, or high speed turbines and generators.

Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems

Download Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119573343
Total Pages : 715 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems by : Ali Keyhani

Download or read book Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems written by Ali Keyhani and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-06-12 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Updated Third Edition Provides a Systems Approach to Sustainable Green Energy Production and Contains Analytical Tools for the Design of Renewable Microgrids The revised third edition of Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems integrates three areas of electrical engineering: power systems, power electronics, and electric energy conversion systems. The book also addresses the fundamental design of wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy microgrids as part of smart-bulk power-grid systems. In order to demystify the complexity of the integrated approach, the author first presents the basic concepts, and then explores a simulation test bed in MATLAB® in order to use these concepts to solve a basic problem in the development of smart grid energy system. Each chapter offers a problem of integration and describes why it is important. Then the mathematical model of the problem is formulated, and the solution steps are outlined. This step is followed by developing a MATLAB® simulation test bed. This important book: Reviews the basic principles underlying power systems Explores topics including: AC/DC rectifiers, DC/AC inverters, DC/DC converters, and pulse width modulation (PWM) methods Describes the fundamental concepts in the design and operation of smart grid power grids Supplementary material includes a solutions manual and PowerPoint presentations for instructors Written for undergraduate and graduate students in electric power systems engineering, researchers, and industry professionals, the revised third edition of Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems is a guide to the fundamental concepts of power grid integration on microgrids of green energy sources.

Smart Power

Download Smart Power PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 9781597267069
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (67 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smart Power by : Peter Fox-Penner

Download or read book Smart Power written by Peter Fox-Penner and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2010-04-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new national policy on climate change is under debate in the United States and is likely to result in a cap on greenhouse gas emissions for utilities. This and other developments will prompt utilities to undergo the largest changes in their history. Smart Power examines the many facets of this unprecedented transformation. This enlightening book begins with a look back on the deregulatory efforts of the 1990s and their gradual replacement by concerns over climate change, promoting new technologies, and developing stable prices and supplies. In thorough but non-technical terms it explains the revolutionary changes that the Smart Grid is bringing to utility operations. It also examines the options for low-carbon emissions along with the real-world challenges the industry and its regulators must face as the industry retools and finances its new sources and systems. Throughout the book, Peter Fox-Penner provides insights into the policy choices and regulatory reform needed to face these challenges. He not only weighs the costs and benefits of every option, but presents interviews with informed experts, including economists, utility CEOs, and engineers. He gives a brief history of the development of the current utility business model and examines possible new business models that are focused on energy efficiency. Smart Power explains every aspect of the coming energy revolution for utilities in lively prose that will captivate even the most techno-phobic readers.

Securing the Smart Grid

Download Securing the Smart Grid PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9781597495714
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (957 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Securing the Smart Grid by : Tony Flick

Download or read book Securing the Smart Grid written by Tony Flick and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-11-03 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Securing the Smart Grid discusses the features of the smart grid, particularly its strengths and weaknesses, to better understand threats and attacks, and to prevent insecure deployments of smart grid technologies. A smart grid is a modernized electric grid that uses information and communications technology to be able to process information, such as the behaviors of suppliers and consumers. The book discusses different infrastructures in a smart grid, such as the automatic metering infrastructure (AMI). It also discusses the controls that consumers, device manufacturers, and utility companies can use to minimize the risk associated with the smart grid. It explains the smart grid components in detail so readers can understand how the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of these components can be secured or compromised. This book will be a valuable reference for readers who secure the networks of smart grid deployments, as well as consumers who use smart grid devices. Details how old and new hacking techniques can be used against the grid and how to defend against them Discusses current security initiatives and how they fall short of what is needed Find out how hackers can use the new infrastructure against itself

Smart Grid

Download Smart Grid PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123864534
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smart Grid by : Fereidoon P. Sioshansi

Download or read book Smart Grid written by Fereidoon P. Sioshansi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-10-06 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The creation of a flexible, efficient, digitized, dependable and resilient power grid may well be the best route to increasing energy efficiency & security, as well as boosting the potential of renewable & distributed power sources. This book covers smart grids from A-Z, providing a complete treatment of the topic, covering both policy and technology, explaining the most recent innovations supporting its development, and clarifying how the smart grid can support the integration of renewable energy resources. Among the most important topics included are smart metering, renewable energy storage, plug-in hybrids, flexible demand response, strategies for offsetting intermittency issues, micro-grids for off-grid communities, and specific in-depth coverage of wind and solar power integration. The content draws lessons from an international panel of contributors, whose diverse experiences implementing smart grids will help to provide templates for success. Provides critical information on the technological, design and policy issues that must be taken into account to ensure that the smart grid is implemented successfully Demonstrates how smart grids can help utilities adhere to increased renewable portfolio standards Provides examples of successful microgrid/smart metering projects from around the world that can act as templates for developers, operators and investors embarking upon similar projects

From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Download From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128197110
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy by : Ersan Kabalci

Download or read book From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy written by Ersan Kabalci and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-07-30 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy covers novel and emerging metering and monitoring technologies, communication systems, and technologies in smart grid areas to present a valuable reference for readers from various engineering backgrounds. Considering relevant topics on the essentials of smart grids and emerging wireless communication systems, such as IEEE 802.15.4 based novel technologies, cognitive radio networks and Internet of Energy, this book offers a discussion on the emerging trends and research direction for communication technologies. The book includes research concepts and visualization of smart grids and related communication technologies, making it a useful book for practicing network engineers. Includes global case studies and examples of communications systems integrated with smart grids Presents literature surveys for a wide variety of smart grids, wired and wireless communication technologies, big data, privacy and security Covers all aspects of IoE systems and discusses the differences between IoE and Smart Grids

Intelligent Systems for Stability Assessment and Control of Smart Power Grids

Download Intelligent Systems for Stability Assessment and Control of Smart Power Grids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351664158
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Intelligent Systems for Stability Assessment and Control of Smart Power Grids by : Yan Xu

Download or read book Intelligent Systems for Stability Assessment and Control of Smart Power Grids written by Yan Xu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power systems are evolving towards the Smart Grid paradigm, featured by large-scale integration of renewable energy resources, e.g. wind and solar power, deeper participation of demand side, and enhanced interaction with electric vehicles. While these emerging elements are inherently stochastic in nature, they are creating a challenge to the system’s stability and its control. In this context, conventional analysis tools are becoming less effective, and necessitate the use alternative tools that are able to deal with the high uncertainty and variability in the smart grid. Smart Grid initiatives have facilitated wide-spread deployment of advanced sensing and communication infrastructure, e.g. phasor measurement units at grid level and smart meters at household level, which collect tremendous amount of data in various time and space scales. How to fully utilize the data and extract useful knowledge from them, is of great importance and value to support the advanced stability assessment and control of the smart grid. The intelligent system strategy has been identified as an effective approach to meet the above needs. This book presents the cutting-edge intelligent system techniques and their applications for stability assessment and control of power systems. The major topics covered in this book are: Intelligent system design and algorithms for on-line stability assessment, which aims to use steady-state operating variables to achieve fast stability assessment for credible contingencies. Intelligent system design and algorithms for preventive stability control, which aims at transparent and interpretable decision-making on preventive control actions to manipulate system operating condition against possible contingencies. Intelligent system design and algorithms for real-time stability prediction, which aims to use synchronized measurements to foresee the stability status under an ongoing disturbance. Intelligent system design and algorithms for emergency stability control, which aims at fast decision-making on stability control actions at emergency stage where instability is propagating. Methodologies and algorithms for improving the robustness of intelligent systems against missing-data issues. This book is a reference and guide for researchers, students, and engineers who seek to study and design intelligent systems to resolve stability assessment and control problems in the smart grid age.

Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids

Download Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461416043
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids by : Aranya Chakrabortty

Download or read book Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids written by Aranya Chakrabortty and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-12-16 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, leading experts in power, control and communication systems discuss the most promising recent research in smart grid modeling, control and optimization. The book goes on to the foundation for future advances in this critical field of study.

Electric Transportation Systems in Smart Power Grids

Download Electric Transportation Systems in Smart Power Grids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000828905
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electric Transportation Systems in Smart Power Grids by : Hassan Haes Alhelou

Download or read book Electric Transportation Systems in Smart Power Grids written by Hassan Haes Alhelou and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-02-15 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leading countries around the globe, including Australia, have taken serious steps to decarbonize their energy and transportation sectors as part of their obligations for a suitable future with fewer emissions and a better environment. The decarbonization plans in different countries have resulted in changes such as increases in the penetration level of renewable energy sources and the introduction of electric vehicles as a target for future transportation systems. This is the point where mobility meets electricity and brings new challenges and opportunities, especially in the integration with modern power systems. The main impact would be on the demand-side and the distribution network. These impacts would be also reflected in the operation, control, security, and stability of transmission systems. This creates a new grid architecture characterized by a growing variability and uncertainties. Moreover, the growth in the share of renewable energy in the total energy market is one of the major causes of the increasing fluctuations in the balance between generation and consumption in the whole system. Therefore, the key challenge lies in developing new concepts to ensure the effective integration of distributed energy resources and electric transportation systems, including EVs, into existing and future market structures. Electric Transportation Systems in Smart Power Grids address how these issues—EVs, E-buses, and other smart appliances on the demand side—can be aggregated to form virtual power plants, which are considered an efficient solution to provide operational flexibility to the grid. The book also discusses how EV-based virtual power plants can also provide myriad services for distribution system operators, transmission system operators, and even local prosumers within the energy community. Features: Describes the services required to power systems from EVs and electric transportation sector Covers frequency control in modern power systems using aggregated EVs Discusses the integration and interaction between EVs and Smart grids Introduces electric vehicle aggregation methods for supporting power systems Highlights flexibility provided from electric transportation system to smart energy sector Discusses the high penetration level of renewable energy sources and EVs

Economics of Electricity

Download Economics of Electricity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107185653
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Economics of Electricity by : Anna Cretì

Download or read book Economics of Electricity written by Anna Cretì and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-30 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains the economics of electricity at each step of the supply chain: production, transportation and distribution, and retail.

Hosting Capacity for Smart Power Grids

Download Hosting Capacity for Smart Power Grids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030400298
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hosting Capacity for Smart Power Grids by : Ahmed F. Zobaa

Download or read book Hosting Capacity for Smart Power Grids written by Ahmed F. Zobaa and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-22 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together several aspects of hosting capacity (HC) assessment and enhancement of modern electrical power systems, HC is a key enabler for affordable, reliable and renewable energy sources, that will aid in transitioning away from traditional high-carbon energy sources. The chapters provide insight into the state of the art on current hosting capacity concepts, restrictive performance limits, distribution network operators and network planners’ viewpoints, and the cutting-edge technologies deployed worldwide for hosting capacity enhancement. Written by leading experts in power, control, and renewable energy resources. This book is beneficial to distribution system operators, network planners, distribution generation investors, and researchers in this field. Due to its broad scope, it is an ideal resource for students in advanced graduate-level courses and special topics in the field of hosting capacity assessment and enhancement in modern electrical power systems.

Smart and Power Grid Systems – Design Challenges and Paradigms

Download Smart and Power Grid Systems – Design Challenges and Paradigms PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000795144
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smart and Power Grid Systems – Design Challenges and Paradigms by : Kolla Bhanu Prakash

Download or read book Smart and Power Grid Systems – Design Challenges and Paradigms written by Kolla Bhanu Prakash and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-03-10 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Smart Grid represents an unprecedented opportunity to move the energy industry into a new era of reliability, availability, and efficiency that will contribute to our economic and environmental health. During the transition period, it will be critical to carry out testing, technology improvements, consumer education, development of standards and regulations, and information sharing between projects to ensure that the benefits we envision from the Smart Grid become a reality. Today, an electricity disruption such as a blackout can have a domino effect—a series of failures that can affect banking, communications, traffic, and security. This is a particular threat in the winter, when homeowners can be left without heat. A smarter grid will add resiliency to our electric power system and make it better prepared to address emergencies such as severe storms, earthquakes, large solar flares, and terrorist attacks. Because of its two-way interactive capacity, the Smart Grid will allow for automatic rerouting when equipment fails or outages occur. This will minimize outages and minimize the effects when they do happen. When a power outage occurs, Smart Grid technologies will detect and isolate the outages, containing them before they become large-scale blackouts. The new technologies will also help ensure that electricity recovery resumes quickly and strategically after an emergency—routing electricity to emergency services first, for example. In addition, the Smart Grid will take greater advantage of customer-owned power generators to produce power when it is not available from utilities. By combining these "distributed generation" resources, a community could keep its health center, police department, traffic lights, phone system, and grocery stores operating during emergencies. In addition, the Smart Grid is a way to address an aging energy infrastructure that needs to be upgraded or replaced. This book shows that Smart Grids can address energy efficiency, to bring increased awareness to consumers about the connection between electricity use and the environment, bring increased national security to our energy system—drawing on greater amounts of home-grown electricity that is more resistant to natural disasters and attack.

Optimization and Security Challenges in Smart Power Grids

Download Optimization and Security Challenges in Smart Power Grids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642381340
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Optimization and Security Challenges in Smart Power Grids by : Vijay Pappu

Download or read book Optimization and Security Challenges in Smart Power Grids written by Vijay Pappu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-01 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of state-of-the-art research on “Systems and Optimization Aspects of Smart Grid Challenges.” The authors have compiled and integrated different aspects of applied systems optimization research to smart grids, and also describe some of its critical challenges and requirements. The promise of a smarter electricity grid could significantly change how consumers use and pay for their electrical power, and could fundamentally reshape the current Industry. Gaining increasing interest and acceptance, Smart Grid technologies combine power generation and delivery systems with advanced communication systems to help save energy, reduce energy costs and improve reliability. Taken together, these technologies support new approaches for load balancing and power distribution, allowing optimal runtime power routing and cost management. Such unprecedented capabilities, however, also present a set of new problems and challenges at the technical and regulatory levels that must be addressed by Industry and the Research Community.

Smart Grid Security

Download Smart Grid Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 146651650X
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smart Grid Security by : Gilbert N. Sorebo

Download or read book Smart Grid Security written by Gilbert N. Sorebo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Smart Grid has the potential to revolutionize electricity delivery systems, and the security of its infrastructure is a vital concern not only for cyber-security practitioners, engineers, policy makers, and utility executives, but also for the media and consumers. Smart Grid Security: An End-to-End View of Security in the New Electrical Grid explores the important techniques, challenges, and forces that will shape how we achieve a secure twenty-first century electric grid. Includes a Foreword by Michael Assante, President and CEO, National Board of Information Security Examiners Following an overview of the components of the Smart Grid, the book delves into the evolution of security standards and regulations and examines ways in which the Smart Grid might be regulated. The authors discuss the technical details about how metering technology is being implemented and the likely threats and vulnerabilities that utilities will face. They address the home area network (HAN) and examine distribution and transmission—the foundation for the delivery of electricity, along with distributed generation, micro-grids, and operations. The book explores future concepts—such as energy storage and the use of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)—in addition to the concomitant risk for fraud and manipulation with stored energy. Consumer-related issues are discussed as they pertain to emerging ways of receiving and generating energy. The book examines dysfunctions ranging from inadvertent outages to cyber-attack and presents recommendations on how to respond to these incidents. It concludes with speculation of future cyber-security challenges and discusses new ways that the grid can be defended, such as better key management and protection. Written in a style rigorous enough for the practitioner yet accessible to a broad audience, this comprehensive volume covers a topic that is becoming more critical to industry and consumers everywhere.

The Smart Grid

Download The Smart Grid PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031024966
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Smart Grid by : Math Bollen

Download or read book The Smart Grid written by Math Bollen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book links the challenges to which the electricity network is exposed with the range of new technology, methodologies and market mechanisms known under the name "smart grid." The main challenges will be described by the way in which they impact the electricity network: the introduction of renewable electricity production, energy efficiency, the introduction and further opening of the electricity market, increasing demands for reliability and voltage quality, and the growing need for more transport capacity in the grid. Three fundamentally different types of solutions are distinguished in this book: solutions only involving the electricity network (like HVDC and active distribution networks), solutions including the network users but under the control of the network operator (like requirements on production units and curtailment), and fully market-driven solutions (like demand response). An overview is given of the various solutions to the challenges that are possible with new technology; this includes some that are actively discussed elsewhere and others that are somewhat forgotten. Linking the different solutions with the needs of the electricity network, in the light of the various challenges, is a recurring theme in this book. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Challenges / Solutions in the Grid / Participation of Network Users / Market Incentives / Discussion / Conclusions

Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems

Download Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wiley-IEEE Press
ISBN 13 : 9780470627617
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems by : Ali Keyhani

Download or read book Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems written by Ali Keyhani and published by Wiley-IEEE Press. This book was released on 2011-08-02 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To address the modeling and control of smart grid renewable energy system into electric power systems, this book integrates three areas of electrical engineering: power system engineering, control systems engineering and power electronics The approach to the integration of these three areas differs from classical methods. Due to complexity of this task, the author has decided to present the basic concepts, and then present a simulation test bed in matlab to use these concepts to solve a basic problem in development of smart grid energy system. Therefore, each chapter has three parts: first a problem of integration is stated and its importance is described. Then, the mathematical model of the same problem is formulated. Next, the solution steps are outlined. This step is followed by developing a matlab simulation test bed. Each chapter ends with a set of problems and projects. The book is intended be used as textbook for instruction or by researchers. This book can be used as undergraduate text for both electrical and mechanical engineers. The prerequisite for the course is a course in fundamental of electrical engineering.