Slavery by Another Name

Download Slavery by Another Name PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Icon Books
ISBN 13 : 1848314132
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (483 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Slavery by Another Name by : Douglas A. Blackmon

Download or read book Slavery by Another Name written by Douglas A. Blackmon and published by Icon Books. This book was released on 2012-10-04 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Pulitzer Prize-winning history of the mistreatment of black Americans. In this 'precise and eloquent work' - as described in its Pulitzer Prize citation - Douglas A. Blackmon brings to light one of the most shameful chapters in American history - an 'Age of Neoslavery' that thrived in the aftermath of the Civil War through the dawn of World War II. Using a vast record of original documents and personal narratives, Blackmon unearths the lost stories of slaves and their descendants who journeyed into freedom after the Emancipation Proclamation and then back into the shadow of involuntary servitude thereafter. By turns moving, sobering and shocking, this unprecedented account reveals these stories, the companies that profited the most from neoslavery, and the insidious legacy of racism that reverberates today.

Unrequited Toil

Download Unrequited Toil PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108631703
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (86 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Unrequited Toil by : Calvin Schermerhorn

Download or read book Unrequited Toil written by Calvin Schermerhorn and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-16 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written as a narrative history of slavery within the United States, Unrequited Toil details how an institution that seemed to be disappearing at the end of the American Revolution rose to become the most contested and valuable economic interest in the nation by 1850. Calvin Schermerhorn charts changes in the family lives of enslaved Americans, exploring the broader processes of nation-building in the United States, growth and intensification of national and international markets, the institutionalization of chattel slavery, and the growing relevance of race in the politics and society of the republic. In chapters organized chronologically, Schermerhorn argues that American economic development relied upon African Americans' social reproduction while simultaneously destroying their intergenerational cultural continuity. He explores the personal narratives of enslaved people and develops themes such as politics, economics, labor, literature, rebellion, and social conditions.

The Legal Understanding of Slavery

Download The Legal Understanding of Slavery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191645354
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Legal Understanding of Slavery by : Jean Allain

Download or read book The Legal Understanding of Slavery written by Jean Allain and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-09-27 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised." So reads the legal definition of slavery agreed by the League of Nations in 1926. Further enshrined in law during international negotiations in 1956 and 1998, this definition has been interpreted in different ways by the international courts in the intervening years. What can be considered slavery? Should forced labour be considered slavery? Debt-bondage? Child soldiering? Or forced marriage? This book explores the limits of how slavery is understood in law. It shows how the definition of slavery in law and the contemporary understanding of slavery has continually evolved and continues to be contentious. It traces the evolution of concepts of slavery, from Roman law through the Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries, up to the modern day manifestations, including manifestations of forced labour and trafficking in persons, and considers how the 1926 definition can distinguish slavery from lesser servitudes. Together the contributors have put together a set of guidelines intended to clarify the law where slavery is concerned. The Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines on the Legal Parameters of Slavery, reproduced here for the first time, takes their shared understanding of both the past and present to project a consistent interpretation of the legal definition of slavery for the future.

The Half Has Never Been Told

Download The Half Has Never Been Told PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465097685
Total Pages : 558 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Half Has Never Been Told by : Edward E Baptist

Download or read book The Half Has Never Been Told written by Edward E Baptist and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2016-10-25 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking history demonstrating that America's economic supremacy was built on the backs of enslaved people Winner of the 2015 Avery O. Craven Prize from the Organization of American Historians Winner of the 2015 Sidney Hillman Prize Americans tend to cast slavery as a pre-modern institution -- the nation's original sin, perhaps, but isolated in time and divorced from America's later success. But to do so robs the millions who suffered in bondage of their full legacy. As historian Edward E. Baptist reveals in The Half Has Never Been Told, the expansion of slavery in the first eight decades after American independence drove the evolution and modernization of the United States. In the span of a single lifetime, the South grew from a narrow coastal strip of worn-out tobacco plantations to a continental cotton empire, and the United States grew into a modern, industrial, and capitalist economy. Told through the intimate testimonies of survivors of slavery, plantation records, newspapers, as well as the words of politicians and entrepreneurs, The Half Has Never Been Told offers a radical new interpretation of American history.

Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865

Download Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393065316
Total Pages : 641 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865 by : James Oakes

Download or read book Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865 written by James Oakes and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2013 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Traces the history of emancipation and its impact on the Civil War, discussing how Lincoln and the Republicans fought primarily for freeing slaves throughout the war, not just as a secondary objective in an effort to restore the country"--OCLC

A Documentary History of Slavery in North America

Download A Documentary History of Slavery in North America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 082032065X
Total Pages : 558 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Documentary History of Slavery in North America by : Willie Lee Nichols Rose

Download or read book A Documentary History of Slavery in North America written by Willie Lee Nichols Rose and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Documenting multiple aspects of slavery and its development in North America, this collection provides more than one hundred excerpts from personal accounts, songs, legal documents, diaries, letters, and other written sources. The book assembles a remarkable portrayal of the day-to-day connections between, and among, slaves and their owners across more than two centuries of subjugation and resistance, despair and hope. Beginning with a chronicle of the origins of slavery in the British colonies of North America, the collection traces the growth of the system to the antebellum period and includes accounts of slave revolts, auctions, slave travel and laws, and family life. Intimate as well as comprehensive, the documents reveal the individual views, goals, and lives of slaves and their masters, making this engaging work one of the most respected catalogs of firsthand information about slavery in North America.

White Cargo

Download White Cargo PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814742963
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis White Cargo by : Don Jordan

Download or read book White Cargo written by Don Jordan and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2008-03-08 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: White Cargo is the forgotten story of the thousands of Britons who lived and died in bondage in Britain's American colonies. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, more than 300,000 white people were shipped to America as slaves. Urchins were swept up from London's streets to labor in the tobacco fields, where life expectancy was no more than two years. Brothels were raided to provide "breeders" for Virginia. Hopeful migrants were duped into signing as indentured servants, unaware they would become personal property who could be bought, sold, and even gambled away. Transported convicts were paraded for sale like livestock. Drawing on letters crying for help, diaries, and court and government archives, Don Jordan and Michael Walsh demonstrate that the brutalities usually associated with black slavery alone were perpetrated on whites throughout British rule. The trade ended with American independence, but the British still tried to sell convicts in their former colonies, which prompted one of the most audacious plots in Anglo-American history. This is a saga of exploration and cruelty spanning 170 years that has been submerged under the overwhelming memory of black slavery. White Cargo brings the brutal, uncomfortable story to the surface.

The 1619 Project

Download The 1619 Project PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : One World
ISBN 13 : 0593230590
Total Pages : 625 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (932 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The 1619 Project by : Nikole Hannah-Jones

Download or read book The 1619 Project written by Nikole Hannah-Jones and published by One World. This book was released on 2024-06-04 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • NAACP IMAGE AWARD WINNER • A dramatic expansion of a groundbreaking work of journalism, The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story offers a profoundly revealing vision of the American past and present. “[A] groundbreaking compendium . . . bracing and urgent . . . This collection is an extraordinary update to an ongoing project of vital truth-telling.”—Esquire NOW AN EMMY-NOMINATED HULU ORIGINAL DOCUSERIES • FINALIST FOR THE KIRKUS PRIZE • ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: The Washington Post, NPR, Esquire, Marie Claire, Electric Lit, Ms. magazine, Kirkus Reviews, Booklist In late August 1619, a ship arrived in the British colony of Virginia bearing a cargo of twenty to thirty enslaved people from Africa. Their arrival led to the barbaric and unprecedented system of American chattel slavery that would last for the next 250 years. This is sometimes referred to as the country’s original sin, but it is more than that: It is the source of so much that still defines the United States. The New York Times Magazine’s award-winning 1619 Project issue reframed our understanding of American history by placing slavery and its continuing legacy at the center of our national narrative. This book substantially expands on that work, weaving together eighteen essays that explore the legacy of slavery in present-day America with thirty-six poems and works of fiction that illuminate key moments of oppression, struggle, and resistance. The essays show how the inheritance of 1619 reaches into every part of contemporary American society, from politics, music, diet, traffic, and citizenship to capitalism, religion, and our democracy itself. This book that speaks directly to our current moment, contextualizing the systems of race and caste within which we operate today. It reveals long-glossed-over truths around our nation’s founding and construction—and the way that the legacy of slavery did not end with emancipation, but continues to shape contemporary American life. Featuring contributions from: Leslie Alexander • Michelle Alexander • Carol Anderson • Joshua Bennett • Reginald Dwayne Betts • Jamelle Bouie • Anthea Butler • Matthew Desmond • Rita Dove • Camille T. Dungy • Cornelius Eady • Eve L. Ewing • Nikky Finney • Vievee Francis • Yaa Gyasi • Forrest Hamer • Terrance Hayes • Kimberly Annece Henderson • Jeneen Interlandi • Honorée Fanonne Jeffers • Barry Jenkins • Tyehimba Jess • Martha S. Jones • Robert Jones, Jr. • A. Van Jordan • Ibram X. Kendi • Eddie Kendricks • Yusef Komunyakaa • Kevin M. Kruse • Kiese Laymon • Trymaine Lee • Jasmine Mans • Terry McMillan • Tiya Miles • Wesley Morris • Khalil Gibran Muhammad • Lynn Nottage • ZZ Packer • Gregory Pardlo • Darryl Pinckney • Claudia Rankine • Jason Reynolds • Dorothy Roberts • Sonia Sanchez • Tim Seibles • Evie Shockley • Clint Smith • Danez Smith • Patricia Smith • Tracy K. Smith • Bryan Stevenson • Nafissa Thompson-Spires • Natasha Trethewey • Linda Villarosa • Jesmyn Ward

Deep Roots

Download Deep Roots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691203725
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Deep Roots by : Avidit Acharya

Download or read book Deep Roots written by Avidit Acharya and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Despite dramatic social transformations in the United States during the last 150 years, the South has remained staunchly conservative. Southerners are more likely to support Republican candidates, gun rights, and the death penalty, and southern whites harbor higher levels of racial resentment than whites in other parts of the country. Why haven't these sentiments evolved or changed? Deep Roots shows that the entrenched political and racial views of contemporary white southerners are a direct consequence of the region's slaveholding history, which continues to shape economic, political, and social spheres. Today, southern whites who live in areas once reliant on slavery--compared to areas that were not--are more racially hostile and less amenable to policies that could promote black progress. Highlighting the connection between historical institutions and contemporary political attitudes, the authors explore the period following the Civil War when elite whites in former bastions of slavery had political and economic incentives to encourage the development of anti-black laws and practices. Deep Roots shows that these forces created a local political culture steeped in racial prejudice, and that these viewpoints have been passed down over generations, from parents to children and via communities, through a process called behavioral path dependence. While legislation such as the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act made huge strides in increasing economic opportunity and reducing educational disparities, southern slavery has had a profound, lasting, and self-reinforcing influence on regional and national politics that can still be felt today. A groundbreaking look at the ways institutions of the past continue to sway attitudes of the present, Deep Roots demonstrates how social beliefs persist long after the formal policies that created those beliefs have been eradicated."--Jacket.

Slavery in the South

Download Slavery in the South PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313052778
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Slavery in the South by : Clayton E. Jewett

Download or read book Slavery in the South written by Clayton E. Jewett and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2004-02-28 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Slavery in the United States is once again a topic of contention as politicians and interest groups argue about and explore the possibility of reparations. The subject is clearly not exhausted, and a state-by-state approach fills a critical reference niche. This book is the first comparative summary of the southern slave states from Colonial times to Reconstruction. The history of slavery in each state is a story based on the unique events in that jurisdiction, and is a chronicle of the relationships and interactions between its blacks and whites. Each state chapter explores the genesis, growth and economics of slavery, the life of free and enslaved blacks, the legal codes that defined the institution and affected both whites and blacks, the black experience during the Civil War, and the freedmen's struggle during Emancipation and Reconstruction. The commonalities and differences can be seen from state to state, and students and other interested readers will find fascinating accounts from ex-slaves that flesh out the fuller picture of slavery state- and country-wide. Included are timelines per state, photos, numerous tables for comparison, and appendixes on the numbers of slaveholders by state in 1860; dates of admission, secession, and readmission; and economic statistics. A bibliography and index complete the volume.

Slavery's Capitalism

Download Slavery's Capitalism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812293096
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Slavery's Capitalism by : Sven Beckert

Download or read book Slavery's Capitalism written by Sven Beckert and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the nineteenth century, the United States entered the ranks of the world's most advanced and dynamic economies. At the same time, the nation sustained an expansive and brutal system of human bondage. This was no mere coincidence. Slavery's Capitalism argues for slavery's centrality to the emergence of American capitalism in the decades between the Revolution and the Civil War. According to editors Sven Beckert and Seth Rockman, the issue is not whether slavery itself was or was not capitalist but, rather, the impossibility of understanding the nation's spectacular pattern of economic development without situating slavery front and center. American capitalism—renowned for its celebration of market competition, private property, and the self-made man—has its origins in an American slavery predicated on the abhorrent notion that human beings could be legally owned and compelled to work under force of violence. Drawing on the expertise of sixteen scholars who are at the forefront of rewriting the history of American economic development, Slavery's Capitalism identifies slavery as the primary force driving key innovations in entrepreneurship, finance, accounting, management, and political economy that are too often attributed to the so-called free market. Approaching the study of slavery as the originating catalyst for the Industrial Revolution and modern capitalism casts new light on American credit markets, practices of offshore investment, and understandings of human capital. Rather than seeing slavery as outside the institutional structures of capitalism, the essayists recover slavery's importance to the American economic past and prompt enduring questions about the relationship of market freedom to human freedom. Contributors: Edward E. Baptist, Sven Beckert, Daina Ramey Berry, Kathryn Boodry, Alfred L. Brophy, Stephen Chambers, Eric Kimball, John Majewski, Bonnie Martin, Seth Rockman, Daniel B. Rood, Caitlin Rosenthal, Joshua D. Rothman, Calvin Schermerhorn, Andrew Shankman, Craig Steven Wilder.

Slave Songs of the United States

Download Slave Songs of the United States PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Applewood Books
ISBN 13 : 1557094349
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Slave Songs of the United States by : William Francis Allen

Download or read book Slave Songs of the United States written by William Francis Allen and published by Applewood Books. This book was released on 1996 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1867, this book is a collection of songs of African-American slaves. A few of the songs were written after the emancipation, but all were inspired by slavery. The wild, sad strains tell, as the sufferers themselves could, of crushed hopes, keen sorrow, and a dull, daily misery, which covered them as hopelessly as the fog from the rice swamps. On the other hand, the words breathe a trusting faith in the life after, to which their eyes seem constantly turned.

Eighty-Eight Years

Download Eighty-Eight Years PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820348295
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Eighty-Eight Years by : Patrick Rael

Download or read book Eighty-Eight Years written by Patrick Rael and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2015-08-15 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why did it take so long to end slavery in the United States, and what did it mean that the nation existed eighty-eight years as a house divided against itself, as Abraham Lincoln put it? The decline of slavery throughout the Atlantic world was a protracted affair, says Patrick Rael, but no other nation endured anything like the United States. Here the process took from 1777, when Vermont wrote slavery out of its state constitution, to 1865, when the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery nationwide. Rael immerses readers in the mix of social, geographic, economic, and political factors that shaped this unique American experience. He not only takes a far longer view of slavery's demise than do those who date it to the rise of abolitionism in 1831, he also places it in a broader Atlantic context. We see how slavery ended variously by consent or force across time and place and how views on slavery evolved differently between the centers of European power and their colonial peripheries some of which would become power centers themselves. Rael shows how African Americans played the central role in ending slavery in the United States. Fueled by new Revolutionary ideals of self-rule and universal equality and on their own or alongside abolitionists, both slaves and free blacks slowly turned American opinion against the slave interests in the South. Secession followed, and then began the national bloodbath that would demand slavery's complete destruction.

Freebooters and Smugglers

Download Freebooters and Smugglers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arkansas Press
ISBN 13 : 1557288585
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (572 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Freebooters and Smugglers by : Ernest Obadele-Starks

Download or read book Freebooters and Smugglers written by Ernest Obadele-Starks and published by University of Arkansas Press. This book was released on 2007-11-01 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1891 a young W. E. B. DuBois addressed the annual American Historical Association on the enforcement of slave trade laws: “Northern greed joined to Southern credulity was a combination calculated to circumvent any law, human or divine.” One law in particular he was referring to was the Abolition Act of 1808. It was specifically passed to end the foreign slave trade. However, as Ernest Obadele-Starks shows, thanks to profiteering smugglers like the Lafitte brothers and the Bowie brothers, the slave trade persisted throughout the south for a number of years after the law was passed. Freebooters and Smugglers examines the tactics and strategies that the adherents of the foreign slave trade used to challenge the law. It reassesses the role that Americans played in the continuation of foreign slave transshipments into the country right up to the Civil War, shedding light on an important topic that has been largely overlooked in the historiography of the slave trade.

American Slavery and Colour

Download American Slavery and Colour PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (21 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis American Slavery and Colour by : William Chambers

Download or read book American Slavery and Colour written by William Chambers and published by . This book was released on 1861 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Oration by Frederick Douglass. Delivered on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Freedmen's Monument in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1876, with an Appendix

Download Oration by Frederick Douglass. Delivered on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Freedmen's Monument in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1876, with an Appendix PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 3385512875
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oration by Frederick Douglass. Delivered on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Freedmen's Monument in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1876, with an Appendix by : Frederick Douglass

Download or read book Oration by Frederick Douglass. Delivered on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Freedmen's Monument in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1876, with an Appendix written by Frederick Douglass and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-06-14 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reprint of the original, first published in 1876.

The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America: 1638–1870

Download The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America: 1638–1870 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : e-artnow
ISBN 13 : 8026883780
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (268 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America: 1638–1870 by : W.E.B. Du Bois

Download or read book The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America: 1638–1870 written by W.E.B. Du Bois and published by e-artnow. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph was begun during my residence as Rogers Memorial Fellow at Harvard University, and is based mainly upon a study of the sources, i.e., national, State, and colonial statutes, Congressional documents, reports of societies, personal narratives, etc. The collection of laws available for this research was, I think, nearly complete; on the other hand, facts and statistics bearing on the economic side of the study have been difficult to find, and my conclusions are consequently liable to modification from this source. The question of the suppression of the slave-trade is so intimately connected with the questions as to its rise, the system of American slavery, and the whole colonial policy of the eighteenth century, that it is difficult to isolate it, and at the same time to avoid superficiality on the one hand, and unscientific narrowness of view on the other. While I could not hope entirely to overcome such a difficulty, I nevertheless trust that I have succeeded in rendering this monograph a small contribution to the scientific study of slavery and the American Negro.' William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois (1868 – 1963) was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community. After completing graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909.