Shrimp Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Strategy Manual

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Shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease strategy manual

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251336326
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease strategy manual by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease strategy manual written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contents of this Shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease strategy manual provides information and guidance relevant to the development of policies to respond to outbreaks of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in farmed marine shrimp. The etiologic agents for AHPND are virulent strains of bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related species, which harbor specific toxin genes. While these bacterial species are part of the normal microflora of the marine environment, they may cause substantial mortalities in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) cultured in countries in Asia and the Americas. These strains of these Vibrio bacteria secrete a PirABvp binary toxin resulting in sloughing of tubule epithelial cells and dysfunctions of the hepatopancreas in the acute form; mortality can reach 100 percent in affected ponds. Chronic presentation of this disease involves secondary bacterial infection of hepatopancreas and running mortality over the culture cycle. Acute or chronic presentation would greatly depend on the culture conditions. This disease can be considered a toxicosis rather than an infection. Economic losses due to this disease have amounted to over USD 7 billion annually. Further outbreaks of AHPND, particularly in areas that are currently free of the disease, would be expected to experience similar devastating effects on local shrimp producers and the surrounding communities; and thus, there is an urgent need to develop a contingency plan to control and eradicate this disease. This manual includes information on: 1) the nature of AHPND: a brief review of current knowledge in disease etiology, susceptible species and global distribution; 2) diagnosis of disease: a description of gross clinical signs and laboratory methods; 3) prevention and treatment: farm management, the use and development of antibiotics, bacteriophages, probiotics, disease-tolerant shrimp, shrimp immunity and vaccination; 4) epidemiology: AHPND’s geographic distribution, genotype, persistence in the environment, reservoir hosts, modes of transmission, risk factors, and economic impacts; 5) principles of control and eradication: methods for containment, mitigation and eradication of AHPND, and trade and industry considerations; and 6) policy development and implementation: AHPND-specific objectives, options and strategies for eradication and control, education, capacity building, funding, and compensation.

The Progressive Management Pathway for Aquaculture Biosecurity

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251379831
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis The Progressive Management Pathway for Aquaculture Biosecurity by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book The Progressive Management Pathway for Aquaculture Biosecurity written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2023-08-04 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The PMP/AB refers to a pathway aimed at enhancing aquaculture biosecurity by building on existing frameworks, capacity and appropriate tools using risk-based approaches and public-private sector partnerships. It is expected to result in sustainable (i) reduction in burden of diseases; (ii) improvement of aquatic health and welfare at farm, national and regional levels; (iii) minimization of global spread of diseases; (iv) optimization of socio-economic benefits from aquaculture; (v) attraction of investment opportunities into aquaculture; and (vi) achievement of One Health goals. In the context of the PMP/AB, biosecurity refers to the cost-effective management of risks posed by pathogens to aquaculture through a strategic approach at the enterprise, local-sector, national and international levels with shared public-private responsibilities. This guidance document for PMP/AB application contains the rationale, vision, mission, scope, goals and benefits of the PMP/AB. The four stages of the PMP/AB are described in detail, including the overall objectives and key outcomes to complete each stage. It also presents a general stepwise process and recommended activities for completing the different stages. The PMP/AB checklist is divided into four broad categories, namely: Sectors and Stakeholders; Aquatic Health Services; Surveillance, Monitoring and Diagnostics; and Management and Evaluation.

Aquaculture Pathophysiology

Author : Frederick S.B. Kibenge
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0443186103
Total Pages : 694 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Aquaculture Pathophysiology by : Frederick S.B. Kibenge

Download or read book Aquaculture Pathophysiology written by Frederick S.B. Kibenge and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-08-29 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquaculture Pathophysiology, Volume II. Crustacean and Molluscan Diseases is a concise, practical reference on shellfish diseases of significant risk to aquaculture. Its value to the veterinarian, fish health biologist or extensionist, fish pathologist and fish health diagnostician is its easy reach for critical information on the diagnosis and management of significant infectious and non-infectious diseases for the major temperate, subtropical and tropical shellfish species of commercial and fisheries importance. This volume should be read in partnership with volume one on finfish diseases as the principles and approach to the diagnosis and management of aquacultured animal species are similar. This comprehensive resource is ideal for researchers, teachers, students, diagnostic laboratory scientists, aquaculture technicians, and farmers who need to be competent across both finfish and shellfish health issues. - Presents a focus on the disease process of major or emerging viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections affecting aquacultured shellfish species e.g., shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, crabs, oysters, mussels, abalone and scallops - Focuses on important or emerging environmental, nutritional, genetic, deformity, toxicological, endocrine disruption, and neoplastic diseases in crustaceans and mollusks - Provides a review of the immunology of shellfish relevant to a practical understanding of disease diagnosis and management - Includes an overview of laboratory diagnostic methods relevant to the detection of shellfish diseases - Discusses the diverse risk factors of shellfish diseases and options for their control

Essentials of Aquaculture Practices

Author : Norfazreena Mohd Faudzi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819766990
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Essentials of Aquaculture Practices by : Norfazreena Mohd Faudzi

Download or read book Essentials of Aquaculture Practices written by Norfazreena Mohd Faudzi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Aquatic Food Security

Author : Margaret Crumlish
Publisher : 5m Books Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1789183332
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Aquatic Food Security by : Margaret Crumlish

Download or read book Aquatic Food Security written by Margaret Crumlish and published by 5m Books Ltd. This book was released on 2024-03-04 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquatic Food Security explores a range of issues related to this subject using global examples to illustrate both strengths and weaknesses within the existing aquatic food supply chain. This is already an area of vital importance and it will increase in importance as the aquaculture industry grows for the foreseeable future. The book covers topics such as the role of intensification in global aquaculture production, the importance of nutrition and selective breeding, diseases and public health considerations, the role of markets and of processing and retail sectors and quality issues in our global seafood. 5m Books

Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases for Practitioners

Author : Laura Urdes
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119839718
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases for Practitioners by : Laura Urdes

Download or read book Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases for Practitioners written by Laura Urdes and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-03-07 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases for Practitioners Comprehensive reference on the diseases and applied epidemiology of all aquatic animal taxa, including invertebrates and vertebrates Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases for Practitioners provides information on the diseases and applied epidemiology of all aquatic animal taxa, including invertebrates and vertebrates, along with information on applied epidemiology, acknowledging the One Health concept, and discussion on probabilities of disease outbreaks occurring and assesses the economic costs of treating those outbreaks, if applicable. Divided into two sections, the book looks at the pathology of major aquatic taxa and their associated infectious diseases—parasitic, viral, and bacterial—and non-infectious diseases. Each includes an overview, their host range and transmission, signs and diagnosis, differentials, and treatment and management. These assets are accompanied by clinical signs-lesion differential charts. Sample topics discussed in Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases include: Echinoderms, including crinoidea (crinoids, sea lilies, feather stars, and asteroidea), sea stars/starfish, and ophiuroidea (brittle stars and basket stars) Reptiles, including turtles (freshwater and marine), crocodilians, marine iguanas, and sea snakes Pinnipeds, including otariidae (eared seals), odobenidae (walruses), phocidae (earless seals), mustelidae (otters), and sirenia (manatees and dugongs) Tropical marine aquarium fish (damselfish, angelfish, gobies, wrasses, parrotfish, butterfly fish, and clownfish) and anemones. A highly useful reference for veterinary practitioners, academic staff, and researchers, Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases is also suitable for those who are interested in aquatic veterinary medicine and serves as a companion to Fundamentals of Aquatic Veterinary Medicine, written by the same editorial team.

National Aquatic Animal Health and Biosecurity Strategy – FAO project TCP/MIC/3603/C2 for The Federated States of Micronesia

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251329710
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis National Aquatic Animal Health and Biosecurity Strategy – FAO project TCP/MIC/3603/C2 for The Federated States of Micronesia by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book National Aquatic Animal Health and Biosecurity Strategy – FAO project TCP/MIC/3603/C2 for The Federated States of Micronesia written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents the accomplishments of the FAO Project TCP/MIC/3603/C2 – “National Aquatic Animal Health and Biosecurity Strategy” that was implemented in 2019 for the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). These include the following: (i) Round-table discussions on aquaculture development, biosecurity legislation, aquatic animal health and aquaculture biosecurity (21–22 May 2019); (ii) Technical Seminar on Basic Aquatic Animal Health and Aquaculture Biosecurity (23 May 2019); (iii) National Consultation on Aquaculture Development, Biosecurity Legislation, Aquatic Animal Health (24 May 2019); and (iv) Introductory training course on risk analysis within the Progressive Management Pathway for Improving Aquaculture Biosecurity (PMP/AB) (27–28 May 2019). The various activities undertaken during the field mission provided the basis for drafting the National Strategy on Aquatic Animal Health (NSAAH) and the National Aquatic Pathogen List (NAPL) for FSM. There is a need to conduct another round of national consultations in order to generate feedback prior to finalizing the documents and approval. The next step will be to incorporate them into the government’s policy documents and work with partners for joint resource mobilization to support implementation. The report also contains a list of recommendations that the Government of FSM should consider to improve capacities in aquatic animal health and aquaculture biosecurity.

Shrimp infectious myonecrosis strategy manual

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251317984
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Shrimp infectious myonecrosis strategy manual by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Shrimp infectious myonecrosis strategy manual written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-09-30 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Shrimp infectious myonecrosis strategy manual provides key information for national policy-makers relevant to the development of contingency plans for countries, producers and other stakeholders with regard to outbreaks of infectious myonecrosis (IMN), a viral disease of farmed marine penaeid shrimp that is listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). IMN is a viral disease, discovered in 2002, that has caused substantial mortalities in populations of cultured Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) initially reported in Brazil (2002) and Indonesia (2006) and recently in India (2016) and Malaysia (2018). The purpose of this manual is to provide support for the various components of a national contingency plan. The information provided includes: (1) the nature of IMN: providing a brief review of disease etiology, susceptible species and global distribution; (2) diagnosis of infection: describing the gross clinical signs of disease, field diagnostic methods, differential and laboratory methods for diagnosis; (3) prevention and treatment: providing information on vaccination, and resistance and immunity of the hosts; (4) epidemiology: providing information on IMNV’s geographic distribution, persistence in the environment, modes of transmission, vectors and reservoir hosts, factors influencing disease transmission and expression, and impact of the disease; (5) principles of control and eradication: describing the methods and (6) policy development and implementation: summarizing the overall policy, IMN-specific objectives, problems, overview of response options, strategies for eradication and control, capacity building and funding and compensation.

Diagnostics and detection of african swine fever virus

Author : Yongtao Li
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 283252320X
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnostics and detection of african swine fever virus by : Yongtao Li

Download or read book Diagnostics and detection of african swine fever virus written by Yongtao Li and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-05-11 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Vannamei Shrimp Farming

Author : S. Felix
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781000167269
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (672 download)

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Book Synopsis Vannamei Shrimp Farming by : S. Felix

Download or read book Vannamei Shrimp Farming written by S. Felix and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume arose from an attempt to find a new way to approach the shrimp aquaculture's future, facing up to the central insight that a global, technology-driven blue revolution will require new forms of governance to match the technological and social changes brought by innovative aquaculture practices. Each chapter contains evidence-based background information emphasizing core science, intended for the professional who already possesses a basic understanding of the principles of shrimp aquaculture and layout of each chapter includes a table of contents, materials and methodologies and a concluding set of objectives of the experimental study for the better understanding of the subject matter to the readers. The aim of this book is to provide a basic understanding of the modern culture techniques currently used in shrimp aquaculture research, primarily for vannamei, such that readers can develop an understanding of both the power and limitations of Intensive systems.Recently, in the scientific literature, there has been a profusion of information pertaining to many advanced culture systems such as raceways, reciruclatory aquaculture systems and many advanced culture practices such as biofloc technology and probiotics based culture practices.The material covered in the chapters of this book provides background to newcomers interested in Intensive shrimp culture techniques and a description of the current state of research and scientific understanding of advanced systems and standard management practices in regards to environmental sustainability of shrimp aquaculture would be much more helpful for the farmers and the industrial stakeholders. For researchers currently working in the field on specific culture systems and practices this text provides invaluable information that relates innovative intensive culture systems. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Aquaculture zoning, site selection and area management under the ecosystem approach to aquaculture

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251096996
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Aquaculture zoning, site selection and area management under the ecosystem approach to aquaculture by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Aquaculture zoning, site selection and area management under the ecosystem approach to aquaculture written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-11-19 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ecosystem approach to aquaculture provides the conceptual guideline to spatial planning and management. This publication describes the three major steps in spatial planning and management, namely, zoning, site selection and design of an aquaculture management area, or AMA. The rationale for and objectives of each step, the ways (methodologies) to implement it, and the means (tools) that are available to enable a methodology are described in a stepwise fashion. Recommendations to practitioner s and policy-makers are provided. A separate policy brief accompanies this paper. The benefits from spatial planning and management are numerous and include higher productivity and returns for investors, and more effective mitigation of environmental, economic and social risks, the details of which are provided in this paper. This publication is organized in two parts. Part one is the “Guidance”; it is the main body of the document and describes the processes and steps for spatial planning, incl uding aquaculture zoning, site selection and area management. Part two of the publication includes six annexes that present key topics, including: (i) binding and non-legally binding international instruments, which set the context for sustainable national aquaculture; (ii) biosecurity zoning; (iii) aquaculture certification and zonal management; (iv) an overview of key tools and models that can be used to facilitate and inform the spatial planning process; (v) case studies from ten countries – Brazil, Chile, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Oman, the Philippines, Turkey, Uganda and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; and (vi) a workshop report. The country case studies illustrate key aspects of the implementation of spatial planning and management at the national level, but mostly within local contexts.

FAO Aquaculture Newsletter

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis FAO Aquaculture Newsletter by :

Download or read book FAO Aquaculture Newsletter written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Marine Mammals Ashore

Author : Joseph R. Geraci
Publisher : National Aquarium in Baltimore
ISBN 13 : 0977460908
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (774 download)

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Book Synopsis Marine Mammals Ashore by : Joseph R. Geraci

Download or read book Marine Mammals Ashore written by Joseph R. Geraci and published by National Aquarium in Baltimore. This book was released on 2005 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive manual for understanding and carrying out marine mammal rescue activities for stranded seals, manatees, dolphins, whales, or sea otters.

Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors

Author : Douglas I. Johnson
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319676512
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors by : Douglas I. Johnson

Download or read book Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors written by Douglas I. Johnson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-23 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial Pathogens and their Virulence Factors contains a detailed description of 32 major bacterial pathogens that affect human health and their associated virulence determinants. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the different types and classes of general virulence factors involved in host cell adherence and invasion, dissemination within the host, host cell damage, and evasion of host defense systems, as well as mechanisms by which these virulence factors are regulated. Chapters 2 through 33 give concise descriptions of the disease states associated with the 32 bacterial genera and their major pathogenic species, along with an in-depth description of the individual virulence factors that have been found to be functionally involved in pathogenicity. A detailed bibliography derived from primary literature and review articles accompanies each of these chapters, allowing the reader to delve more deeply into individual pathogens and their virulence determinants. Chapter 34 discusses the exciting possibilities and initial successes of using detailed information on a pathogen’s virulence toolkit to design new therapeutics aimed at specific virulence traits.

Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases

Author : Ann E. Hajek
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119256062
Total Pages : 742 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases by : Ann E. Hajek

Download or read book Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases written by Ann E. Hajek and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-10-27 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rapidly growing interdisciplinary field, disease ecology merges key ideas from ecology, medicine, genetics, immunology, and epidemiology to study how hosts and pathogens interact in populations, communities, and entire ecosystems. Bringing together contributions from leading international experts on the ecology of diseases among invertebrate species, this book provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state of the field. Beginning with an introductory overview of general principles and methodologies, the book continues with in-depth discussions of a range of critical issues concerning invertebrate disease epidemiology, molecular biology, vectors, and pathogens. Topics covered in detail include: Methods for studying the ecology of invertebrate diseases and pathogens Invertebrate pathogen ecology and the ecology of pathogen groups Applied ecology of invertebrate pathogens Leveraging the ecology of invertebrate pathogens in microbial control Prevention and management of infectious diseases of aquatic invertebrates Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases is a necessary and long overdue addition to the world literature on this vitally important subject. This volume belongs on the reference shelves of all those involved in the environmental sciences, genetics, microbiology, marine biology, immunology, epidemiology, fisheries and wildlife science, and related disciplines.

Farming Freshwater Prawns

Author : Michael B. New
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251048115
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Farming Freshwater Prawns by : Michael B. New

Download or read book Farming Freshwater Prawns written by Michael B. New and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2002 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual provides information on the farming of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Many of the techniques described are also applicable to other species of freshwater prawns that are being cultured. The manual is not a scientific text but is intended to be a practical guide to in-hatchery and on-farm management. The target audience is therefore principally farmers and extension workers. However, it is also hoped that, like the previous manual on this topic, it will be useful for lecturers and students alike in universities and other institutes that provide training in aquaculture.

The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251316082
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-07-24 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conservation, sustainable use and development of aquatic genetic resources (AqGR) is critical to the future supply of fish. The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture is the first ever global assessment of these resources, with the scope of this first Report being limited to cultured AqGR and their wild relatives, within national jurisdiction. The Report draws on 92 reports from FAO member countries and five specially commissioned thematic background studies. The reporting countries are responsible for 96 percent of global aquaculture production. The Report sets the context with a review of the state of world’s aquaculture and fisheries and includes overviews of the uses and exchanges of AqGR, the drivers and trends impacting AqGR and the extent of ex situ and in situ conservation efforts. The Report also investigates the roles of stakeholders in AqGR and the levels of activity in research, education, training and extension, and reviews national policies and the levels of regional and international cooperation on AqGR. Finally, needs and challenges are assessed in the context of the findings from the data collected from the countries. The Report represents a snapshot of the present status of AqGR and forms a valuable technical reference document, particularly where it presents standardized key terminology and concepts.