Sex Segregation and Wage Gaps in East and West Germany

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex Segregation and Wage Gaps in East and West Germany by : Stepan Jurajda

Download or read book Sex Segregation and Wage Gaps in East and West Germany written by Stepan Jurajda and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we examine occupational and firm-level sex segregation and their relationship with wages in West Germany and in East Germany, where anti-discrimination policies were recently implemented. We employ a representative sample of social-security wage records from 1992 and 1995, including a matched employer-employee sub-sample. We find large differences in the size of the wage gap, but not in the degree of segregation across the two parts of Germany. In contrast to U.S. literature German wages are not lower in predominantly female occupations. Conditioning on unobservable taste and labor quality differences, there is a small wage impact of sex segregation in both parts of Germany. Finally, by 1992 the East German wage structure appears as stable as that of West Germany.

Wage Determination and Sex Segregation in Employment in West Germany

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Wage Determination and Sex Segregation in Employment in West Germany by : Friederike Maier

Download or read book Wage Determination and Sex Segregation in Employment in West Germany written by Friederike Maier and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

When are 'Female' Occupations Paying More?

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis When are 'Female' Occupations Paying More? by : Stepan Jurajda

Download or read book When are 'Female' Occupations Paying More? written by Stepan Jurajda and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We compare the importance of occupational gender segregation for the gender wage gap in East and West Germany in 1995 using a sample of social-security wage records of full-time workers. East Germany, which features a somewhat higher degree of occupational segregation, has a gender wage gap on the order of one fifth of the West German gap. Segregation is not related to the West German wage gap, but in East Germany, wages of both men and women are higher in predominantly female occupations. East German female employees apparently have better observable and unobservable characteristics than their male colleagues. These findings are in contrast to a large U.S. literature, but are consistent with the imposition of high wage levels in East Germany at the outset of reforms and the selection of only high-skill women into employment. Finally, conditioning on unobservable labor quality differences using the longitudinal dimension of the data, there is a negligible impact of segregation in both parts of Germany.

The Transition in East Germany

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis The Transition in East Germany by : Jennifer Hunt

Download or read book The Transition in East Germany written by Jennifer Hunt and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since monetary union with western Germany on 1 July 1990, eastern female monthly wages have risen by 10 percentage points relative to male wages, but female employment has fallen 5 percentage points more than male employment. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel to study the years 1990-1994, I show that along with age, the wage of a worker in 1990 is the most important determinant of the hazard rate from employment. Differences in mean 1990 wages explain more than half of the gender gap in this hazard rate, since low earners were more likely to leave employment, and were disproportionately female. The withdrawal from employment of low earners can explain 40% of the rise in relative female wages. Competing risks analysis reveals that the wage has its effect through layoffs, and hence through labor demand, which is consistent with the hypothesis that union wage rises have caused the least productive to be laid off. There is no evidence that reduction in child care availability is a major factor in reducing female employment rates.

Gender Inequality in the Eastern European Labour Market

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317327942
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender Inequality in the Eastern European Labour Market by : Giovanni Razzu

Download or read book Gender Inequality in the Eastern European Labour Market written by Giovanni Razzu and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-10-26 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under communism there was, in the countries of Eastern Europe, a high level of gender equality in the labour market, particularly in terms of high participation rates by women. The transition from communism has upset this situation, with different impacts in the different countries. This book presents a comprehensive overview of gender and the labour market since the fall of communism in a wide range of Eastern European countries. Each country chapter describes the nature of inequality in the particular country, and goes on to examine the factors responsible for this, including government policies, changing social attitudes, levels of educational attainment and the impact of motherhood. Overall, the book provides an interesting comparison to the situation in Western developed countries, outlining differences and similarities. No one single Eastern European model emerges while, as in Western developed countries, a range of experiences and trends is the norm.

The Gender Wage Gap and Discrimination, East Germany 1990 - 1997

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 13 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis The Gender Wage Gap and Discrimination, East Germany 1990 - 1997 by : Ira N. Gang

Download or read book The Gender Wage Gap and Discrimination, East Germany 1990 - 1997 written by Ira N. Gang and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Interplay Between Gender, Markets and the State in Sweden, Germany and the United States

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351756605
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis The Interplay Between Gender, Markets and the State in Sweden, Germany and the United States by : Lilja Mosesdottir

Download or read book The Interplay Between Gender, Markets and the State in Sweden, Germany and the United States written by Lilja Mosesdottir and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-01-15 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title was first published in 2001. The development of gender relations during the post-war period in Sweden, Germany and the US forms the core of this work. It looks at the hierarchical relations between men and women based on economic, political, social and biological differentiations. The analytical focus is primarily on how actors, cultural norms and institutional arrangements interrelate and affect the relative position of men and women to create patterns/forms of gender relations that vary across countries and change through time. The main advantages of a comparative study is that it highlights the differences and similarities of the countries being compared. This book argues that social blocks involving a stable system of relations that have challenged and become embedded into institutional arrangements are the main force creating differences in the patterns of gender relations across the countries.

The Aftermath of Reunification

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (732 download)

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Book Synopsis The Aftermath of Reunification by : Karsten Kohn

Download or read book The Aftermath of Reunification written by Karsten Kohn and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Gender Wage Gap in West Germany

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender Wage Gap in West Germany by : Charlotte Lauer

Download or read book Gender Wage Gap in West Germany written by Charlotte Lauer and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Gender Wage Differences in West Germany

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (762 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender Wage Differences in West Germany by : Bernd Fitzenberger

Download or read book Gender Wage Differences in West Germany written by Bernd Fitzenberger and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Wage determination and sex segregation in employment in West Germany

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781871782011
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (82 download)

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Book Synopsis Wage determination and sex segregation in employment in West Germany by :

Download or read book Wage determination and sex segregation in employment in West Germany written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Age of Dualization

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Publisher : OUP USA
ISBN 13 : 0199797897
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis The Age of Dualization by : Patrick Emmenegger

Download or read book The Age of Dualization written by Patrick Emmenegger and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2012-01-17 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty, increased inequality, and social exclusion are back on the political agenda in Western Europe, not only as a consequence of the Great Recession of 2008, but also because of a seemingly structural trend towards increased inequality in advanced industrial societies that has persisted since the 1970s. How can we explain this increase in inequalities? Policies in labor markets, social policy, and political representation are strongly linked in the creation, widening, and deepening of insider-outsider divides--a process known as dualization. While it is certainly not the only driver of increasing inequality, the encompassing nature of its development across multiple domains makes dualization one of the most important current trends affecting developed societies. However, the extent and forms of dualization vary greatly across countries. The comparative perspective of this book provides insights into why Nordic countries witness lower levels of insider-outsider divides, whereas in continental, liberal and southern welfare states, they are more likely to constitute a core characteristic of the political economy. Most importantly, the comparisons presented in this book point to the crucial importance of politics and political choice in driving and shaping the social outcomes of deindustrialization. While increased structural labor market divides can be found across all countries, governments have a strong responsibility in shaping the distributive consequences of these labor market changes. Insider-outsider divides are not a straightforward consequence of deindustrialization, but rather the result of political choice. A landmark publication, this volume is geared for faculty and graduate students of economics, political science, social policy, and sociology, as well as policymakers concerned with increasing inequality in a period of deep economic and social crisis.

The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190878266
Total Pages : 889 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy by : Susan L. Averett

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.

Making It Count

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Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520908422
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Making It Count by : Stanley Lieberson

Download or read book Making It Count written by Stanley Lieberson and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1987-03-16 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title reexamines and reconsiders the model of empirical research underlying most empirical work. The goal is neither a whitewash nor capital punishment, but rather it is to reform and mold empirical research into an activity that contributes as much as possible to a rigorous understanding of society. Without worrying about defining science or even determining the essence of the scientific enterprise, the goal is one that pools together logical thinking and empirically determined information. One of the fundamental issues to be addressed in this volume: Are there questions currently studied that are basically unanswerable even if the investigator had ideal nonexperimental data? If so, what are the alternative questions that can be dealt with successfully by empirical social research, and how should they be approached? In the chapters ahead, it will be important to keep in mind this doctrine of the undoable. Of course, one cannot simply mutter "undoable" when a difficult obstacle is encountered, turn off the computer, and look in the want ads for a new job—or at least a new task. Instead, it means considering if there is some inherent logical reason or sociological force that makes certain empirical questions unanswerable. There are four types of undoable questions to consider: those that are inherently impossible; those that are premature; those that are overly complicated; and those that empirical and theoretical knowledge have nullified.

Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism

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Publisher : Bold Type Books
ISBN 13 : 1568588895
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (685 download)

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Book Synopsis Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism by : Kristen R. Ghodsee

Download or read book Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism written by Kristen R. Ghodsee and published by Bold Type Books. This book was released on 2018-11-20 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A spirited, deeply researched exploration of why capitalism is bad for women and how, when done right, socialism leads to economic independence, better labor conditions, better work-life balance and, yes, even better sex. In a witty, irreverent op-ed piece that went viral, Kristen Ghodsee argued that women had better sex under socialism. The response was tremendous — clearly she articulated something many women had sensed for years: the problem is with capitalism, not with us. Ghodsee, an acclaimed ethnographer and professor of Russian and East European Studies, spent years researching what happened to women in countries that transitioned from state socialism to capitalism. She argues here that unregulated capitalism disproportionately harms women, and that we should learn from the past. By rejecting the bad and salvaging the good, we can adapt some socialist ideas to the 21st century and improve our lives. She tackles all aspects of a woman's life - work, parenting, sex and relationships, citizenship, and leadership. In a chapter called "Women: Like Men, But Cheaper," she talks about women in the workplace, discussing everything from the wage gap to harassment and discrimination. In "What To Expect When You're Expecting Exploitation," she addresses motherhood and how "having it all" is impossible under capitalism. Women are standing up for themselves like never before, from the increase in the number of women running for office to the women's march to the long-overdue public outcry against sexual harassment. Interest in socialism is also on the rise -- whether it's the popularity of Bernie Sanders or the skyrocketing membership numbers of the Democratic Socialists of America. It's become increasingly clear to women that capitalism isn't working for us, and Ghodsee is the informed, lively guide who can show us the way forward.

Global Wage Report 2018/19

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789220313466
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Wage Report 2018/19 by : International Labour Office

Download or read book Global Wage Report 2018/19 written by International Labour Office and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-26 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2018/19 edition analyses the gender pay gap. The report focuses on two main challenges: how to find the most useful means for measurement, and how to break down the gender pay gap in ways that best inform policy-makers and social partners of the factors that underlie it. The report also includes a review of key policy issues regarding wages and the reduction of gender pay gaps in different national circumstances.

The Gender Pay Gap in Europe from a Legal Perspective

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789279162534
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis The Gender Pay Gap in Europe from a Legal Perspective by : Petra Foubert

Download or read book The Gender Pay Gap in Europe from a Legal Perspective written by Petra Foubert and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sammenligning af ligelønslovgivningen i 33 europæiske lande