Septuagint Wisdom Of Joshua Ben Sira

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Septuagint: Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852319
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-06-21 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira was likely the last book added to the Septuagint, in 132 BC, after Joshua ben Sira's grandson translated it in Alexandria. The book is known by several names, including Sirach, Wisdom of Sirach, Wisdom of Jesus Sirach, ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus, and the Book of the All-Virtuous Wisdom of Yeshua ben Sira. This diversity of names is based on the fact that the Masorites did not copy the text, however, an Aramaic copy and some fragments of the ancient Hebrew version have survived. As the Masorites did not copy the Wisdom of Solomon, it was ultimately dropped from most Protestant bibles, however, remains part of the Catholic, Orthodox, and Tewahedo Bibles. Hebrew and Aramaic fragments of the Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira were in circulation during the Herodian Dynasty, and fragments have survived among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including the 2QSir, 11QPsa, and MasSir scrolls, however, the fragments may not have been part of a book called the Wisdom of Joshua Ben Sira. The 2QSir and MasSir scrolls are so damaged that they are barely recognizable as being excerpts from Joshua ben Sira, and the 11QPsa scroll, while being one of the best-preserved scrolls found in the Qumran caves, includes random psalms and proverbs from multiple sources, including excerpts from Joshua ben Sira. As the Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira was itself a collection of proverbs that Joshua had collected, it is possible that these scrolls may have simply drawn on the same sources. Some elements of the hedonistic version of Judaism remain in the Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira, including the reference to Iaw reacquiring Israel as his portion when the Highest God divided the nations of humanity between the princes. This is a reference to the 70 or 72 Elohim who were placed over the 70 or 72 nations of humans, in the early Second Temple era hedonistic form of Judaism. This was first mentioned in the Song of Moses, in Deuteronomy chapter 32, and then again in the Talmud which mentions the story of Dobiel, the 'prince of Persia' who was once the proxy for Gabriel in heaven for 21 days after Gabriel angered God by allowing the Jews to leave Babylon, when God wanted the Babylonians to kill them. While be was Gabriel's proxy Dobiel allowed the Persians to conquer the known world, which was the explanation of the sudden rise of the Persian Empire in the early Second Temple era. Dobiel was again referred to as the 'Prince of Persia' in the Revelation of Metatron, which listed Samael as the 'Prince of Rome.'

Septuagint: Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira and Odes

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289738
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira and Odes by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira and Odes written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2022-06-26 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira was an independently translated early Jewish collection of wisdom proverbs, translated in 132 BC according to the prologue by the author, which was added the Septuagint. The translator claimed to be the grandson of Joshua ben Sira, who had moved to Egypt, and found that there were no books of minor wisdom among the Septuagint, and so translated his grandfather’s collection. In later centuries, additional books were sometimes added as appendixes, including the Book of Odes. The book is mostly a collection of older songs and prayers found in the Septuagint, however, it was not made from the Septuagint’s translations, but from Theodotion’s translation of circa 200 AD. Theodotion’s translation was not from the Aramaic texts, but the Hasmonean Dynasty’s Hebrew translation, resulting in some textual differences between the songs in Odes and the versions of them in the older books of the Septuagint, especially in Exodus. The Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira is known by several names, including Sirach, Wisdom of Sirach, Wisdom of Jesus Sirach, ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus, and the Book of the All-Virtuous Wisdom of Yeshua ben Sira. This diversity of names is based on the fact that the Masoretes did not copy the text, however, an Aramaic copy and some fragments of the ancient Hebrew version have survived. The conflicting names of Yehoshua ben Sira, used in Hebrew translations, and variations of Jesus Sirach, used in Christian translations, are derived from the Hebrew and Greek variants of his name.

A New English Translation of the Septuagint

Author : Albert Pietersma
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019972394X
Total Pages : 1050 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis A New English Translation of the Septuagint by : Albert Pietersma

Download or read book A New English Translation of the Septuagint written by Albert Pietersma and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-11-02 with total page 1050 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation of Jewish sacred writings) is of great importance in the history of both Judaism and Christianity. The first translation of the books of the Hebrew Bible (plus additions) into the common language of the ancient Mediterranean world made the Jewish scriptures accessible to many outside Judaism. Not only did the Septuagint become Holy Writ to Greek speaking Jews but it was also the Bible of the early Christian communities: the scripture they cited and the textual foundation of the early Christian movement. Translated from Hebrew (and Aramaic) originals in the two centuries before Jesus, the Septuagint provides important information about the history of the text of the Bible. For centuries, scholars have looked to the Septuagint for information about the nature of the text and of how passages and specific words were understood. For students of the Bible, the New Testament in particular, the study of the Septuagint's influence is a vital part of the history of interpretation. But until now, the Septuagint has not been available to English readers in a modern and accurate translation. The New English Translation of the Septuagint fills this gap.

Septuagint: Wisdom

Author : Joshua Ben Sira
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781989852354
Total Pages : 702 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (523 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Wisdom by : Joshua Ben Sira

Download or read book Septuagint: Wisdom written by Joshua Ben Sira and published by . This book was released on 2020-07-03 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid-3rd century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Hebrew scriptures for the Library of Alexandria. The creation of the Septuagint resulted from this order. It is generally accepted that there were several versions of the ancient Hebrew and Samaritan scriptures before the translation of the Septuagint. The final version of the Septuagint was published in 132 BC, which included most of the Wisdom Section. Psalms of Solomon was most-likely added in the 1st-century BC, while Odes, were likely added in the 2nd century AD. Neither of these two books was universally found in the surviving manuscripts, and Odes appears to have originally been an appendix.In the 3rd-century AD, the entire Septuagint was redacted into the 'Christian' version, in which Jesus created Adam and Eve in Genesis, and the name Iaw was removed from the Septuagint, replaced with kýrios (κύριος), which is generally translated as 'Lord.' This version is compiled from the earliest surviving full copies of the Septuagint: the Codex Alexandrinus, and Codex Vaticanus, as well as the partially surviving Codex Sinaiticus, all of which are Christian copies dating to the 4th and 5th-centuries AD. When possible the pre-Christian versions have been reconstructed through comparison to the fragments of the older versions of the Septuagint, such as Rahlfs nos. 801, 802, 803, 805, 819, 848, 942, 943, and 957. This version is not intended as a critical edition, comparing the different surviving versions, but rather an easy-to-read version that restores the Septuagint as much as possible to the original Greek translation created at the Library of Alexandria between 300 and 132 BC. Psalms of Solomon is an exception, as it does not survive in these manuscripts, and therefore alternative sources have been used.

Scripture in Transition

Author : Anssi Voitila
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004165827
Total Pages : 797 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Scripture in Transition by : Anssi Voitila

Download or read book Scripture in Transition written by Anssi Voitila and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 797 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Altogether 46 essays in honour of Professor Raija Sollamo contribute to explore various aspects of the rich textual material around the turn of the era. At that time Scripture was not yet fixed; various writings and collections of writings were considered authoritative but their form was more or less in transition. The appearance of the first biblical translations are part of this transitional process. The Septuagint in particular provides us evidence and concrete examples of those textual traditions and interpretations that were in use in various communities. Furthermore, several biblical concepts, themes and writings were reinterpreted and actualised in the Dead Sea Scrolls, illuminating the transitions that took place in one faction of Judaism. The topics of the contributions are divided into five parts: Translation and Interpretation; Textual History; Hebrew and Greek Linguistics; Dead Sea Scrolls; Present-Day.

Septuagint: Numbers

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852513
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Numbers by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Numbers written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-08-10 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1800s, the majority of Biblical scholars have interpreted the books of Leviticus and Numbers as a later addition to the original laws of Moses found in Exodus, with Deuteronomy being an even later addition during the Babylonian or Persian eras. Cosmic Genesis is either considered to be part of Moses' original work or a later addition in the Persian era, depending on the scholar. Leviticus and Numbers contain several amendments to Moses' laws in Exodus, as well as establishing the land rights of the various tribes of Israel within historic Canaan, including the assignment of several cities and their environs to the Levitical Priesthood. The most obvious amendment to Moses' laws, is replacing the sacrifice of the firstborn with the establishment of the Levitical Priesthood. Exodus 13 includes a requirement that the firstborn Israelites must be slaughtered as a sacrifice to the Lord, however, allowed an animal to be substituted. This law would not have been difficult for a group of nomadic shepherds to follow but would have become progressively more difficult as the Israelites became more urbanized in Canaan. The substitution of the Levitical Priesthood for the firstborn Israelites was established in Numbers chapter 3. This 'authorized' Torah also removed the Korahites from the Temple of Solomon, adding the Revolt of Korah to the Torah, set long before the Israelites entered Canaan. The Sons of Korah, or Korahites, were a rival priesthood to the Levites that administered the Temple of Solomon from the time of Solomon until Josiah. They are believed to have originally been the priesthood of El Elyon at the Jebusite Temple before David conquered them. Solomon, David's youngest son, was an unlikely heir, and not the original heir apparent, as his elder brother Adonijah attempted to succeed David by marrying Abishag the Shunamite, David's youngest wife, who was twelve years old at the time. However, Solomon's Jebusite mother Bathsheba, and the prophet Nathan conspired to place the fifteen-year-old Solomon on the throne and then purged the government of non-Jebusites, who appear to have all supported Adonijah. The Sons of Korah were the authors of some of the Psalms, and are documented as existing in Judea as late as the Persian era, although seem to have disappeared by the early Greek era. Some have theorized they may have formed the priesthood of the Essenes (Nazarenes) in the late-Persian era, as the Essenes had another Torah, and used different holy books from the other Jews, such as the books of Enoch and Jubilees.

Septuagint: Maccabees

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289185
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Maccabees by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Maccabees written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Four books of Maccabees were ultimately added to the Septuagint, three in the 1ˢᵗ century BC, and the 4ᵗʰ as an appendix in the 1ˢᵗ century AD. No trace of these books have been found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, and they are generally thought to have been written in Greek. 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees do include several Aramaic loanwords that support an Aramaic source text. A different book of Maccabees has survived in the Arabic language, either called Arabic Maccabees, or 5ᵗʰ Maccabees. Three additional books of Maccabees have survived in the Ge'ez language in Ethiopia and are generally considered translations from either Syriac or Arabian sources. 1ˢᵗ Maccabees tells the story of the Maccabean Revolt against the rule of the Seleucid Empire in the 2ⁿᵈ century BC. The content of 1ˢᵗ Maccabees appears to be a Sadducee text, as it clearly gives all credit to the self-declared high-priests that led the rebellion against the Greeks, and barely mentioned the sky-god Shamayim, or the earth-goddess Eretz. It also omits the names of the other gods that 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees and 3ʳᵈ Maccabees mentions the Judeans worshiping, such as Dionysus, which supports its authorship in the Hasmonean Dynasty, when the other gods were no longer tolerated. 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees claims to be an abridged version of Jason of Cyrene's now lost five-volume version of Maccabees. Jason's books of the Maccabees were likely composed earlier than 1ˢᵗ Maccabees, as the story ends decades earlier, and contains many references to Sabaoth, translated into Greek as Dionysus, which are missing from the 1ˢᵗ Maccabees. While 1ˢᵗ Maccabees is a very secular version of the events that led to the creation of the Hasmonean kingdom, and was, therefore, almost certainly composed by a Sadducee, 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees claims that Judas the Hammer, the protagonist of both 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees was a Hasidean, suggesting that either Jason of Cyrene, or whoever abridged his work, was a Hasidean. 1ˢᵗ Maccabees mentioned the Hasideans joining Judas' forces, but did not claim he was one. 4ᵗʰ Maccabees is a philosophical interpretation of 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees. It was added to the Septuagint in the 1ˢᵗ-century AD, however, it could have been written anywhere between circa 100 BC and 100 AD. This text includes more details regarding the torture of the Hebrew youths from 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees, which may have come from Jason of Cyrene's original five-volume version of Maccabees. The author of 4ᵗʰ Maccabees accepts the flying horsemen of 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees as sky messengers, which implies the Phrygian imagery was widely accepted by Jews at the time and supports the Greek and Roman records that indicate the Phrygians and Hebrews worshiped the same god. Unlike 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ Maccabees, 4ᵗʰ Maccabees does not mention the god Dionysus/Sabaoth, indicating that the book was written in Hasmonean Dynasty or later. 4ᵗʰ Maccabees also does not have any Aramaic loanwords, indicating it was almost certainly written in Greek.

Septuagint: Ezra

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604617
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Ezra by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Ezra written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The two books of Ezra were translated into Greek and added to the Septuagint before 200 BC when a large number of refugees fled the ongoing wars in Judea and settled in Egypt. 2ⁿᵈ Ezra became in the Masoretic Texts' version of Ezra, and by the year 100 AD the Apocalypse of Ezra was also in circulation as 3ʳᵈ Ezra. The original 2ⁿᵈ Ezra was later divided into two books in Latin translations, making a total of four books of Ezra, although one was later renamed Nehemiah. The two books of Ezra found in the Septuagint, are variously divided into two or three books, depending on the religious denomination. 2ⁿᵈ Ezra is equivalent to the Masoretic Ezra, which is used by Jews, however, there is no Hebrew version of 1ˢᵗ Ezra. Christian Orthodox, Coptic, and Tewahedo Bibles continue to use translations of the Septuagint, and therefore the books continue to be 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra. Catholic Bibles call 1ˢᵗ Ezra 3ʳᵈ Esdras, and have 2ⁿᵈ Ezra divided into the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Most Protestant Bibles do not include 1ˢᵗ Ezra, and have 2ⁿᵈ Ezra divided into the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. The book called 4ᵗʰ Ezra in Catholic Bibles was never in the Septuagint and is about a different Ezra who lived earlier during the Babylonian Captivity. The Septuagint's 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra are thematically similar, telling generally the same story, however from two different points of view. They tell the story of the fall of Jerusalem, first to the Egyptians, and then the Babylonians, followed by Babylon's fall to the Persians, and the Judahites to Judah to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. 1ˢᵗ Ezra was written from a non-spiritual viewpoint, common among the Sadducees, and repeatedly makes it clear that the author, Ezra, and various kings, viewed the Lord as the Judahite version of other gods, including the Egyptian creator and Sun-god Atum, and the Zoroastrian 'god of truth' and 'King of the Sky' Ahura Mazda. These views are inconsistent with the view of the Pharisees, which developed under the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty after Judea broke free from the rule of the Greeks, and the Lord became a separate god from all others. Both the Greek translations of 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra, and the Hebrew translation of Ezra, contain relics of an Aramaic source-text, unfortunately, the Aramaic Book of Ezra-Nehemiah is lost. The difference in the surviving Aramaic words within the Greek 1ˢᵗ Ezra, and Hebrew Ezra-Nehemiah (Greek 2ⁿᵈ Ezra), it appears that the two versions of Ezra already existed in the Aramaic versions. The differences between 2ⁿᵈ Ezra and Masoretic Ezra-Nehemiah are minimal and could be accounted for as scribal notes, and the redaction of Simon the Zealot, who added the name Yahweh extensively to the ancient texts when he translated them into Hebrew. 1ˢᵗ Ezra, the less spiritual of the two versions of the Septuagint's Ezra, clearly dates to the end of the Persian era, as it treats the Judahite Lord of the Temple in Jerusalem as another version of Ahura Mazda, the Zoroastrian God. Several Zoroastrian titles of Ahura Mazda are applied to the Judahite Lord, including King of Truth, and King of the Sky. Letters from the Persian Kings Cyrus II, Artaxerxes I, and Darius II, as included in the book, all of which were closely associated with Zoroastrianism, yet, referred to the Judahite Lord using titles generally associated with Ahura Mazda. In the Greek 1ˢᵗ Ezra and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra, as well as Masoretic Ezra, the temple is described as being a Zoroastrian fire-temple, containing an eternal fire, which 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees even referred to as being burning naphtha in the time of Nehemiah, like the other fire-temples across the Persian Empire.

Septuagint: Esther

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289053
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Esther by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Esther written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are two versions of the Book of Esther the various copies of the Septuagint, however, neither originated at the Library of Alexandria. The common version of Esther is found in almost all copies, while the rare version is only found in four know manuscripts, numbered as 19, 93, 108, and 319. This edition includes both the Septuagint's versions, using the oldest surviving copies as source texts, the Codex Vaticanus, and Septuagint manuscript 319. In addition to the two copies of the Book of Esther found in the Septuagint manuscripts, there are two additional surviving copies of the Book of Esther, one is found in the Masoretic Texts, while the other is found among the Vetus Latina manuscripts. The Masoretic Texts are the Hebrew translations of the ancient Israelite and Judahite books that form the core of the modern Tanakh which is used by Rabbinical Jews, while the Vetus Latina manuscripts are the Latin translations of the ancient books that were made before Jerome's official Latin translation of the Catholic/Orthodox Christian Bible, published circa 405 AD. Each of these texts is unique, however, all appear to derive from earlier Aramaic texts. Nevertheless, the postscript specifically mentions the translation being made in Jerusalem, which therefore implies that Judea was under the rule of the Ptolemy and Cleopatra in question, or else there was no reason to have referenced them. The Greeks in Egypt were already using the Egyptian Civil calendar, with Greek names substituted for Egyptian, and that calendar would have been referenced if a Greek scholar in Egypt had added the note. In the Seleucid Empire, a modified version of the Macedonian calendar was in use, however, this is also not mentioned in the Vaticanus version. The only one of the couples named Ptolemy and Cleopatra who did rule Judea was Cleopatra I Syra of the Seleucid Empire and her husband Ptolemy V of Egypt, meaning the Vaticanus version of Esther was most likely translated in the year 181 BC.

Septuagint: Leviticus

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989852491
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Leviticus by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Leviticus written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-08-05 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Hebrew scriptures for the Library of Alexandria, which resulted in the creation of the Septuagint. The original version, published circa 250 BC, only included the Torah, or in Greek terms, the Pentateuch. The Torah is the five books traditionally credited to Moses, circa 1500 BC: Cosmic Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. According to Jewish tradition, the original Torah was lost when the Babylonians destroyed the Temple of Solomon and was later rewritten by Ezra the Scribe from memory during the Second Temple period. Since the 1800s, the majority of Biblical scholars have interpreted the books of Leviticus and Numbers as a later addition to the original laws of Moses found in Exodus, with Deuteronomy being a later addition during the Babylonian era. Cosmic Genesis is either considered to be part of Moses' original work or a later addition in the Persian era, depending on the scholar. Leviticus and Numbers contain several amendments to Moses' laws in Exodus, as well as establishing the land rights of the various tribes of Israel within historic Canaan, including the assignment of several cities and their environs to the Levitical Priesthood. The most obvious amendment to Moses' laws, is replacing the sacrifice of the firstborn, with the establishment of the Levitical Priesthood. Exodus 13 includes a requirement that the firstborn Israelites must be slaughtered as a sacrifice to Iaw, however, allowed an animal to be substituted. This law would not have been difficult for a group of nomadic shepherds to follow but would have become progressively more difficult as the Israelites became more urbanized in Canaan. This seems to have resulted in an increase of child-sacrifice which the prophet Jeremiah spoke out against during his lifetime, estimated at between 650 BC and 570 BC. The practice was officially banned by King Josiah around 630 BC when the Levites 'found' the 'original' Torah of Moses during the refurbishing of Solomon's Temple. As this could not have been Moses' original Torah, as Moses had nothing to do with the Temple of Solomon, it was likely when Leviticus and Numbers were added to the Torah. This is likely when the 'authorized version' of Genesis, Exodus, and Numbers were cobbled together from the conflicting Elohist and Yahwist sources, although some groups may have continued to use the older versions of these books, as the Nazarenes had their own Torah in the 1st-century BC, which appears to have been the old Elohist Torah.

Septuagint: Torah

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852548
Total Pages : 1120 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Torah by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Torah written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-08-16 with total page 1120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his generals ripped apart his empire, and by 305 BC General Ptolemy had gained control of the Eastern Mediterranean, including Egypt, Judea, Cyprus, Cyrene, and coastal regions of modern Turkey, including Cilicia, Pamphylia, Lycia, and Caria. He established the dynasty of the Ptolemies that would rule Egypt for the next three centuries until Cleopatra VII Philopator committed suicide in 30 BC. The Ptolemys built one of the great wonders of the ancient world, the Library of Alexandria, which at its height was said to house over 400,000 scrolls. The original collection that was amassed in the first century of the library, was mostly Greek works, and translations of Egyptian works. In the middle of 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus ordered a translation of the ancient Hebrew scriptures for the library. To create this translation, a group of rabbis assembled in Alexandria who translated the common Aramaic version of the Torah popularly ascribed to Ezra the Scribe into Greek. This translation later became known as the Septuagint, the Greek term for 70. According to The Letter of Aristeas, this was because there were seventy rabbis who created the translation. An alternate theory is that there were 70 books in the Septuagint at some point, however, a joke preserved in the Book of the Hammer (Hebrew Maccabees) suggests there were originally 50 books in the Septuagint. An alternate theory is because the number 70 represented ‘completeness’ in ancient Canaanite cultures, including the Judahite and Samaritan cultures. The original version, published circa 250 BC, only included the Torah, or in Greek terms, the Pentateuch. These five books were traditionally credited to Moses circa 1500 BC: Cosmic Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Cosmic Genesis begins by recounting a fusion of ancient Akkadian and Middle Egyptian creation mythology before telling the stories of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the ancestors of the Israelites. Their stories also include smatterings of Old and Middle Egyptian religious iconography, such as Jacob's vision of the ladder up to the sky, which in Egyptian mythology was associated with first Horus the Elder and then Osiris since the Old Kingdom era. Few books have generated as many debates about geographical features as the book of Exodus. It describes a series of wonders that the god of the Israelites performed to free them from their slavery in Egypt, and then their trek across the wilderness to a mountain on which the god descended and gave them the Torah. Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy expand upon the laws and history of the Israelites in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. This translation attempts to restore and translate the original Septuagint's Torah as it would have appeared circa 250 BC.

Septuagint: Kingdoms

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604552
Total Pages : 725 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Kingdoms by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Kingdoms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on with total page 725 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Septuagint’s 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms retells the story of the unification of Israel under the Benjamite King Saul in the aftermath of the collapse of the Egyptian New Kingdom. The events of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms continues the history of the Hebrews told in the book of Judges, as the era of the Judges ended with Samuel, who anointed Saul, the tallest man in the land, to rule over the Israelites. Saul fought a series of wars to establish his kingdom, based in Samaria and Gilead, but alienated his family military leaders, and the general population of the land, and was ultimately killed in battle. The Septuagint’s 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms continues the history of Israel, with the lives of King David, and his son King Solomon. David was another warrior king, and expanded the kingdom in every direction, ultimately leaving a kingdom surrounded by allies and subject states to his son Solomon. King Solomon’s reign was considered by many later generations to have been the golden age of Israelite history. Unfortunately, the reign of his son Rehoboam was less popular, and the kingdom split into the kingdoms of Judah in the south, and Samaria, including Gilead in the north. As the archaeological record was yet to prove the existence of the kingdom of Israel, archaeologists consider the original three books of the Kingdoms to possibly be fiction, however, nothing contrary has been found either, and so the history recorded in the first three books of the Kingdoms cannot be disproved either. The Septuagint’s 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms tells the history of the kingdoms of Samaria and Judah from circa 850 BC until the Babylonians conquered Judah circa 600 BC. This era of history is well documented in the historical records of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Babylonians, and unlike the earlier books of the Kingdoms, is generally accepted by historians. This era included the rise and fall of the Aramean Empire based in Damascus, the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire farther north, the Assyrian wars against Egypt, and the sack of Thebes, and ultimately the rise of the Babylonian Empire. During this tumultuous time, the kingdoms of Israel, Judah, and Aram, which appears to have been considered an Israelite kingdom by the prophet Ezekiel, struggled for survival and fell one by one to the expanding empires around them. Before the era of 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms, Samara had established an empire, occupying the Aramean kingdoms of Damascus and Hama in modern Syria, which had ended suddenly when an earthquake had leveled Samaria. The earthquake was mentioned in the Book of Amos, and archaeological evidence of it is found throughout modern northern Israel and the Palestinian West Bank. It is estimated to have been between 7.8 and 8.2 on the Richter Scale, and aftershocks likely lasted around 6 months. In the aftermath, Damascus rose to form its own Aramean empire, occupying Hama, and northern Samaria, as well Gilead in southern modern Syria, which had been part of Samaria since the division of Israel into Samaria and Judah. However, as Assyria began to expand to the north, Samaria and Aram formed an anti-Assyria alliance, and the Samarian forces were stationed in Aram to help defend the northern border from the Assyrians. Judah was invited to join the alliance, but instead formed an alliance with the Assyrians and invaded and pillaged Samaria and southern Aram.

Septuagint: Exodus

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989852394
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Exodus by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Exodus written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-07-07 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few books have generated as many debates about geographical features as the book of Exodus. It describes in detail a series of wonders that the Lord God of the Israelites, performed to cause them to be freed from their slavery in the country, and then their trek across the wilderness to a mountain on which God descended and gave them the Torah. The wonders themselves have been the source of much speculation in the past 2500 years, but the trek across the wilderness and the location of the mountain of God are the real issues most commonly debated, although ironically, not generally by Jews, Samaritans, or Beta Israelites, the three groups that actually try to follow laws found in the Torah. Most of the speculation about the geography has been by Christian and Islamic scholars, who have tried to retrace the path the Israelites took out of Egypt in order to find the mountain of God, however, many mountains have been found following the places listed along the route, as most of the locations are debated. Half a dozen mountains have been identified, each with a list of locations along the route that may or may not be the original locations. This doesn't appear to be a new problem, as even then names for the mountain in the Torah and other ancient Hebrew texts changes from one paragraph to the next. This mountain is called both Sinai and Horeb throughout the Torah, and then Seir in the book of Judges, which is widely regarded as being the oldest Hebrew text that has not been heavily redacted. Most of the confusion about where the mountain is is derived from the various interpretations of the route the Israelites took out of Egypt, as well as who the Israelites were while they were in Egypt. Some of this confusion was clearly caused by the translation of the Septuagint at the Library of Alexandria circa 250 BC. The Greek translators used the term Erythrean Sea to translate the Hebrew term Suf Yam which simply translates as 'Reed Sea' or 'Papyrus Sea.' The Greek term Erythrean Sea was an adopted Persian term that referred to the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, and the Red Sea. No doubt the Greek translators were covering their bases, as they had no idea where the events of the Suf Yam had taken place. This mistranslation has unfortunately been carried into virtually all Christian translations of the Hebrew Scriptures as 'Red Sea,' including those made from the Masoretic Texts which do not mention the Red Sea. Ironically, this has even been re-imported to Hebrew, where the name for the Red Sea is now Suf Yam, making the ancient Greek mistranslation look correct. Nevertheless, ancient Egyptian records that have been translated in the past couple of centuries clarify the location of the event, and it is not in the Red Sea, which almost all translations of the Bibles and Targums report.

Septuagint: Tobit

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604099
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Tobit by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Tobit written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2019-09-21 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The differences between the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus versions of Tobit are too extensive to treat the books as the same book, however, their story is essentially the same. The two books must have had a common source, however, the Sinaiticus's version is over 20% longer than the Vaticanus's version, and appears to be an older version of Tobit. One of the reasons that the Book of Tobit is interpreted as fiction, is the existence of historical errors and anachronisms found in the Vaticanus version, which includes the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar and the Persian king Ahasuerus jointly destroying Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian Empire. Nineveh was sacked by Babylonian King Nabopolassar in 612 BC, along with Median and Persian allies, led by the Median King Cyaxares, who then integrated the city into his Median Empire. Nabopolassar's son Nebuchadnezzar, who assumed the throne in 605 BC, finally conquered the remnants of the Assyrian forces in Syria at the Battle of Carchemish that same year, however, he did not attack or destroy Nineveh. Meanwhile, the name Ahasuerus was the Aramaic name of Xerxes, the Persian king who ruled between 486 and 465 BC. These anachronisms are not found in the Codex Sinaiticus' version, which does not mention either king, but gives credit to King Achiacharos of Media, which is likely an attempt to transliterate the Median name of King Cyaxares into Aramaic. Cyaxares's Median name was Uvaxshtra, however, it was transliterated several ways into the languages and scripts of the day, including the Assyrian and Babylonian Umakishtar, and the Phrygian Ksuwaksaros, and the Greek Cyaxares from which the modern English name is derived. The Sinaiticus version of Tobit describes King Achiacharos as conquering Nineveh and integrating it into his Median Kingdom, which, was done by King Cyaxares according to the Median, Persian, Babylonian, Egyptian, and Greek records from the era, and so, even if the origin of the name is disputed, the person described in King Cyaxares. There are several differences between the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus versions that point to the Sinaiticus version being older, and that point to the Vaticanus version being a later translation created in Alexandria, likely from an Aramaic early-Jewish redaction of the original Aramaic version.

Septuagint: Letter of Jeremiah

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989604161
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Letter of Jeremiah by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Letter of Jeremiah written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Letter of Jeremiah was included in the Septuagint, generally, after Lamentations, which was likewise traditionally attributed to Jeremiah or Baruch. This letter claims to be the letter that Jeremiah had written for the Judahites that had been taken away as captives when the Babylonians conquered Judah, as described in the Book of Judah, that Baruch took to Babylon. There are several letters included in the Book of Jeremiah that are attributed to Jeremiah, as well as a letter in the Book of Baruch that claims to be Jeremiah’s letter to the Judahites in Babylonia. The authenticity of the Letter of Jeremiah has been debated throughout its existence, for multiple reasons, including the content of the letter itself, which seems to be implying Judahites should not stop worshiping the sun, moon, and stars, to worship the idols of Babylon. The worship of the sun, moon, and stars was banned by King Josiah, the son-in-law of Jeremiah, under what was most likely Jeremiah's spiritual leadership, in order to promote the god Yahweh. This policy was clearly reversed under the reign of King Jehoiakim, and the prophet Jeremiah appears to have spent much of Jehoiakim’s rule in prison. Baruch was sent by the Judahite court to be Jeremiah’s scribe, however, Baruch clearly described his god as being the sun in the Book of Baruch, which he identified as having the sacred name of Amen. In 1st Ezra, the Egyptian King Necho II also identified the Judahite god as being the sun god, meaning the Judahites at the time of Jeremiah and Baruch, were predominantly worshiping the sun like the surrounding kingdoms, nevertheless, Jeremiah urged them to abandon sun-worship, and worship Yahweh. Therefore, the Letter of Jeremiah was almost certainly not written by Jeremiah, although might have been written by Baruch. This is the general Catholic interpretation, and the Letter of Jeremiah is inserted as the final chapter of the Book of Baruch in Catholic Bibles. The history of the Letter and its place in the Christian canon has been debated since the earliest surviving Christian writings on it. Origen of Alexandria, writing in the early-3rd-century AD, considered the Book of Jeremiah, Lamentations, and the Letter of Jeremiah to be one bigger Book of Jeremiah. Epiphanius of Salamis, writing in the late-3rd-century, considered the Book of Jeremiah, Book of Baruch, Lamentations, and the Letter of Jeremiah to be one bigger Book of Jeremiah. This view was repeated by Athanasius I of Alexandria in the mid-4th-century, and Cyril of Jerusalem in the late-4th-century. The view that the Septuagint’s Book of Jeremiah, Book of Baruch, Lamentations, and the Letter of Jeremiah are one large Book of Jeremiah was then canonized by the Council of Laodicea in 364 AD. The idea that the Letter of Jeremiah should not be part of Biblical canon is traced to Jerome, the translator of the original official Latin translation of the Bible, in the late-4th-century. The Masorites, a Jewish sect of scribes, had been copying a Hebrew translation of the scriptures that included books of Jeremiah and Lamentations, but not Baruch or the Letter. Jerome interpreted this as evidence that the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah originated in Greek, and were not originally Judahite or Samaritan works, like the texts the Masorites were copying. As a result, he relegated the two Greek works to the Apocrypha section of his Bible, where they have generally stayed in Catholic and Protestant bibles ever since. Fragments of the Letter of Jeremiah have been discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls, written in Hebrew, and dated to circa 100 BC, so the letter did not originate in Greek. The Eastern Orthodox Bibles continued to include the Letter of Jeremiah, as did the Ethiopian Tewahedo Bibles, which includes the Letter as part of Paralipomena of Jeremiah, along with 4th Baruch.

Septuagint: Cosmic Genesis

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1998288889
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (982 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Cosmic Genesis by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Cosmic Genesis written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2024-09-14 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Israelite scriptures for the Library of Alexandria, which resulted in the creation of the Septuagint. The original version, published circa 250 BC, only included the Torah, or in Greek terms, the Pentateuch. The Torah is composed of the five books traditionally credited to Moses, circa 1500 BC: Cosmic Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The first of these five books was known as Cosmic Genesis in Greek, however, known as Bereshít in Hebrew, which translates as approximately ‘In the beginning’ the first few words of the book. The Book of Cosmic Genesis begins by recounting a fusion of ancient Akkadian and Middle Egyptian creation mythology, before telling the stories of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the ancestors of the Israelites. Their stories also include smatterings of Old and Middle Egyptian religious iconography, such as Jacob seeing the ladder up to the sky, which in Egyptian mythology was associated with Osiris since the Old Kingdom era. The book culminates with the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob, all moving to Egypt during a famine in Canaan. Based on the chronology in the Septuagint, his famine would have been during the collapse of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, which led to a group of Canaanites seizing control of Egypt, as described a the end of Cosmic Genesis.

Revelation of Metatron

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852238
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Revelation of Metatron by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Revelation of Metatron written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Revelation of Metatron is a medieval Jewish work, that claims to have been written in the late-2nd century AD by Rabbi Ishmael 'the High Priest.' It is known by various names, including the Sepher Hekhalot (Book of the Palaces), the 3rd Book of Enoch, and the Book of Rabbi Ishmael the High Priest, although its most common name, is the Revelation of Metatron. The earliest name for the work was likely the Sepher Hekhalot (Book of the Palaces), however, all copies have been so reworked that it cannot be known for sure. It is clear that Rabbi Ishmael did not write it, and his name, which is in almost every verse, was inserted to replace another name that the medieval publisher did not want associated with the book. Rabbi Ishmael was the author of the book called Hekhalot Rabbati (Greater Palaces) sometime between 100 and 130 AD, and his name was late used as a pseudonym by many authors of Merkabah literature between 200 and 1000 AD. Hekhalot (Palaces) and Merkabah (Flying-chariot) are two related forms of Jewish literature that developed from the visions from in the prophetic books, such as Ezekiel, apocalyptic books, such as Isaiah, and the Enochian tradition. Hekhalot literature, which includes books that focus on Merkabah, such as Maaseh Merkabah (Working of the Flying-Chariot), is the term used for works written during the Second Temple era. During the Second Jewish-Roman War, Merkabah literature was prohibited, largely it seems, due to the teachings of Rabbi Elisha ben Abujah, more commonly referred to as 'Aher,' meaning 'the other.' After the literature was banned, it went 'underground' and continued to be used in secret, resulting in the Merkabah (Flying-chariot) literature, which itself later gave rise to the Kabbalah school of Judaism. At each stage the literature became more metaphysical and spiritual, resulting in stranger and stranger texts for the uninitiated, much of which can be seen in the various additions and redactions to the Revelation of Metatron. The contents of the chapters of the Ascension of Moses that have survived to the present show that the Ascension is an earlier version of the Revelation of Metatron, and the original protagonist of the story, later redacted to Rabbi Ishmael. There are several parallels between the stories of Moses and Metatron in the Ascension, and the stories of Ishmael and Metatron in the Revelation, however, the Revelation includes several heretical concepts that the original redactor and author of Chapter 16 did not want to ascribe to Moses and therefore used the popular Merkabah pseudonym Ishmael. The date of the original redaction is also difficult to determine, as Aher is a heretic in the Talmuds and Tosefta, and so the derogatory nick-name could have been adopted from the Talmud or Tosefta at any point. Nevertheless, if the original work was Rabbi Elisha's (Aher's) Sepher Hekhalot, it would have likely been redacted before the Babylonian Talmud's version of the story, which did not bother to name him. By that point, the text would have been by a generally unknown author, and there would have been no reason to redact his name from it. This would place the original redaction sometime before 450 AD, and likely in Byzantine Palestine.