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Selective Catalytic Reduction For Treating The Nox Emissions From Lean Burn Gasoline Engines
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Book Synopsis Selective Catalytic Reduction for Treating the NOx Emissions from Lean-Burn Gasoline Engines by : Joseph R. Theis
Download or read book Selective Catalytic Reduction for Treating the NOx Emissions from Lean-Burn Gasoline Engines written by Joseph R. Theis and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Passive Ammonia-SCR Catalyst System for NOx Abatement from Lean-burn Gasoline Engines by : Vitaly Y. Prikhodko
Download or read book Passive Ammonia-SCR Catalyst System for NOx Abatement from Lean-burn Gasoline Engines written by Vitaly Y. Prikhodko and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation summarizes experimental and computational observations from investigations of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) in lean gasoline engine exhaust based on utilizing ammonia (NH3) generated by a three-way catalyst (TWC) during brief periods of fuel-rich engine operation. NH3 released from the TWC is stored and available to reduce NOx on a downstream SCR catalyst during subsequent periods of lean engine operation. The experimental results include high-speed measurements of transient NH3 formation on the TWC monolith catalysts, as the catalysts were exposed to lean gasoline engine exhaust from a commercial engine. In addition to the experimental investigations, dynamic computational simulations of NH3 generation on the TWC catalyst were implemented to provide more detailed information about NH3 generation on TWCs based on available reaction kinetic mechanisms. Based on the experimental and computational results, estimates of the potential fuel efficiency gains and emissions relevant to simulated drive cycles indicate that passive SCR can potentially achieve significant fuel efficiency benefits while still meeting regulated NOx emissions limits for vehicles powered by lean gasoline engines. However, optimal performance of the system will most likely require development of emission control methods that include accurate models for SCR catalyst NH3 storage and reaction under realistic drive-cycle transients.
Book Synopsis Lean NOx Trap Catalysis for Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines by :
Download or read book Lean NOx Trap Catalysis for Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the nation's demand for energy grows along with concern for the environment, there is a pressing need for cleaner, more efficient forms of energy. The internal combustion engine is well established as one of the most reliable forms of power production. They are commercially available in power ranges from 0.5 kW to 6.5 MW, which make them suitable for a wide range of distributed power applications from small scale residential to large scale industrial. In addition, alternative fuels with domestic abundance, such as natural gas, can play a key role in weaning our nations dependence on foreign oil. Lean burn natural gas engines can achieve high efficiencies and can be conveniently placed anywhere natural gas supplies are available. However, the aftertreatment of Nox emissions presents a challenge in lean exhaust conditions. Unlike carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, which can be catalytically reduced in lean exhaust, NOx emissions require a net reducing atmosphere for catalytic reduction. Unless this challenge of NOx reduction can be met, emissions regulations may restrict the implementation of highly efficient lean burn natural gas engines for stationary power applications. While the typical three-way catalyst is ineffective for NOx reduction under lean exhaust conditions, several emerging catalyst technologies have demonstrated potential. The three leading contenders for lean burn engine de-NOx are the Lean NOx Catalyst (LNC), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and the Lean Nox Trap (LNT). Similar to the principles of SCR, an LNT catalyst has the ability to store NOx under lean engine operation. Then, an intermittent rich condition is created causing the stored NOx to be released and subsequently reduced. However, unlike SCR, which uses urea injection to create the reducing atmosphere, the LNT can use the same fuel supplied to the engine as the reductant. LNT technology has demonstrated high reduction efficiencies in diesel applications where diesel fuel is the reducing agent. The premise of this research is to explore the application of Lean NOx Trap technology to a lean burn natural gas engine where natural gas is the reducing agent. Natural gas is primarily composed of methane, a highly stable hydrocarbon. The two primary challenges addressed by this research are the performance of the LNT in the temperature ranges experienced from lean natural gas combustion and the utilization of the highly stable methane as the reducing agent. The project used an 8.3 liter lean burn natural gas engine on a dynamometer to generate the lean exhaust conditions. The catalysts were packaged in a dual path aftertreatment system, and a set of valves were used to control the flow of exhaust to either leg during adsorption and regeneration.
Book Synopsis NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines by : B. Ashok
Download or read book NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines written by B. Ashok and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles presents the fundamental theory of emission formation, particularly the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and its chemical reactions and control techniques. The book provides a simplified framework for technical literature on NOx reduction strategies in IC engines, highlighting thermodynamics, combustion science, automotive emissions and environmental pollution control. Sections cover the toxicity and roots of emissions for both SI and CI engines and the formation of various emissions such as CO, SO2, HC, NOx, soot, and PM from internal combustion engines, along with various methods of NOx formation. Topics cover the combustion process, engine design parameters, and the application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction, making this book ideal for researchers and students in automotive, mechanical, mechatronics and chemical engineering students working in the field of emission control techniques. Covers advanced and recent technologies and emerging new trends in NOx reduction for emission control Highlights the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine performance parameters Discusses emission norms such as EURO VI and Bharat stage VI in reducing global air pollution due to engine emissions
Book Synopsis Catalysts, Systems and Methods to Reduce NOX in an Exhaust Gas Stream by :
Download or read book Catalysts, Systems and Methods to Reduce NOX in an Exhaust Gas Stream written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalysts, systems and methods are described to reduce NO.sub.x emissions of an internal combustion engine. In one embodiment, an emissions treatment system for an exhaust stream is provided having an SCR catalyst comprising silver tungstate on an alumina support. The emissions treatment system may be used for the treatment of exhaust streams from diesel engines and lean burn gasoline engines. An emissions treatment system may further comprise an injection device operative to dispense a hydrocarbon reducing agent upstream of the catalyst.
Book Synopsis Nitrogen oxides (NOx) why and how they are controlled by :
Download or read book Nitrogen oxides (NOx) why and how they are controlled written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Multi-Stage Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx in Lean-Burn Engine Exhaust by :
Download or read book Multi-Stage Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx in Lean-Burn Engine Exhaust written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent Studies suggest that the conversion of NO to NO2 is an important intermediate step in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx to N2. These studies have prompted the development of schemes that use an oxidation catalyst to convert NO to NO2, followed by a reduction catalyst to convert NO2 to N2. Multi-stage SCR offers high NOx reduction efficiency from catalysts that, separately, are not very active for reduction of NO, and alleviates the problem of selectivity between NO reduction and hydrocarbon oxidation. A plasma can also be used to oxidize NO to NO2. This paper compares the multi-stage catalytic scheme with the plasma-assisted catalytic scheme for reduction of NOx in lean-burn engine exhausts. The advantages of plasma oxidation over catalytic oxidation are presented.
Book Synopsis Redox Catalysis for Environmental Applications by : Preshit Vilas Gawade
Download or read book Redox Catalysis for Environmental Applications written by Preshit Vilas Gawade and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Iii) Lean-burn natural gas fired engines remains a popular choice in the energy market. Despite emission being greatly reduced, exhaust still contains considerable amount of NOx, CO and hydrocarbons. Hence after-treatment to clean up the exhaust is essential. The selective catalytic reduction using hydrocarbons is considered as a promising alternative for conventional after-treatment technology and is well suited, especially for natural gas lean-burn engines.
Book Synopsis Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions with Lower Hydrocarbons for Natural Gas-fired Lean-burn Engines by : Sreshtha Sinha Majumdar
Download or read book Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions with Lower Hydrocarbons for Natural Gas-fired Lean-burn Engines written by Sreshtha Sinha Majumdar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A hydrothermally stable dual-catalyst aftertreatment system for emission control of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with lower hydrocarbons (CHx) has been developed for natural gas-fired stationary lean-burn engines. The dual-catalyst system consists of a physical mixture of a reduction catalyst, palladium supported on sulfated zirconia (Pd/SZ) and an oxidation catalyst, cobalt oxide supported on ceria, CoOx/CeO2. The multifunctional aftertreatment system oxidizes nitric oxide (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), reduces NO2 to nitrogen (N2), and oxidizes carbon monoxide (CO) and the unutilized hydrocarbons. For practical applications in environmental catalysis, the catalytically active powder catalyst needs to be wash-coated onto a monolith core. To prevent permanent loss of activity due to physical separation of the wash-coat from the walls of the monolith core, adhesivity enhancing materials (binders) are added to the wash-coat. A novel method of incorporating binder to the active catalyst in situ during sol-gel synthesis is presented in this work. Alumina binder incorporated into Pd/SZ in situ during sol-gel synthesis was chosen for further development of a catalytically active washcoat based on activity tests under simulated engine-exhaust conditions. The alumina binder-incorporated Pd/SZ catalyst slurry controlled at pH 1 and calcined at 700°C demonstrated the most promising NOx reduction and CH4 oxidation activity. Cyclic thermal shock tests demonstrated enhanced adhesive properties of the wash-coat to the walls of the cordierite monolith core. Thus, a catalytically active wash-coat with superior adhesive properties was developed for practical application in a real-world aftertreatment unit.
Book Synopsis Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Coal-Fired Boilers by : Gene Knight
Download or read book Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Coal-Fired Boilers written by Gene Knight and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2008-08 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Clean Coal Technology Demo. Program (CCTDP) is an effort to demonstrate a new generation of innovative coal utilization processes in a series of facilities built across the country. These projects are carried out on a commercial scale to prove technical feasibility and provide the info. required for future applications. Projects have demonstrated technical options with the potential to meet the needs of energy markets while satisfying environ. requirements. Part of this program is the demo. of technologies designed to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from existing coal-fired utility boilers. This report summarizes the status of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for the control of NOx emissions from high-sulfur, coal-fired boilers. Illus.
Book Synopsis NOx Reduction in Rich Catalytic Quick Lean Combustion of Synthesis Gas and in Ethanol Selective Catalytic Reduction by : Yuk Fai Tham
Download or read book NOx Reduction in Rich Catalytic Quick Lean Combustion of Synthesis Gas and in Ethanol Selective Catalytic Reduction written by Yuk Fai Tham and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation of the Kinetics of No Reduction by Ammonia on an Automotive Catalyst by :
Download or read book Investigation of the Kinetics of No Reduction by Ammonia on an Automotive Catalyst written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As lean-burn engines are being introduced in the United States, both advantages and disadvantages arise. Lean-burn engines can operate at a high efficiency, and are developed for a wide range of power supplies. Unfortunately, due to the low temperature at which these engines operate, NO[subscript x] formation becomes an issue. Forthcoming legislation pertaining to heavy-duty lean-burn engines aimed at reducing both particulate matter emissions and emissions of nitric oxides has brought about a need for a better method for reducing NO[subscript x] from lean exhaust gases at moderate temperatures. It is generally accepted that current fuel treatment processes alone will be unable to accommodate emission standards proposed for upcoming years. While the current 3-way catalyst is ineffective in reducing NO[subscript x] under lean conditions, many new strategies are being developed. The Lean NO[subscript x] Catalyst (LNC), Lean NO[subscript x] Trap (LNT), and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst are all viable methods with research underway. Currently, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides by N-containing reducing agents is one of the most powerful methods for accomplishing the removal of NO[subscript x] from an exhaust stream. This technology has been in place in steady state power plants, but has yet to be fully implemented in mobile engines. This is due in part to the problems encountered in the automated control of ammonia addition to the exhaust gas. In steady state operation, a relatively constant amount of NO[subscript x] is produced over a given amount of time. Thus, to provide a stoichiometric amount of ammonia only the steady state concentration of NO[subscript x] must be known. In an automotive application the NO[subscript x] produced is not constant and the addition of ammonia must vary accordingly. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the SCR process of the reaction between NO and NH3 through an experimental matrix and also through a kinetic study extracted from the results. These results are used in a simple theoretical model of the SCR reaction. The use of NO as the only form of NO[subscript x] allows for the kinetics of the NO reaction to be studied separately from the NO2 kinetics. This will be a first step in understanding the overall SCR process involving both NO and NO2. The SCR process for the reaction between NO and NH3, while understood on a global scale, is still under debate at the elementary level. It is currently thought that the reaction occurs according to an Eley-Rideal mechanism, where strongly absorbed ammonia reacts with weakly absorbed or gas phase NO to produce nitrogen and water. It is generally accepted that this reaction proceeds in first order with respect to nitric oxide and zero order with respect to ammonia and oxygen.
Book Synopsis NOx Trap Catalysts and Technologies by : Luca Lietti
Download or read book NOx Trap Catalysts and Technologies written by Luca Lietti and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vehicle exhaust emissions, particularly from diesel cars, are considered to be a significant problem for the environment and human health. Lean NOx Trap (LNT) or NOx Storage/Reduction (NSR) technology is one of the current techniques used in the abatement of NOx from lean exhausts. Researchers are constantly searching for new inexpensive catalysts with high efficiency at low temperatures and negligible fuel penalties, to meet the challenges of this field. This book will be the first to comprehensively present the current research on this important area. Covering the technology used, from its development in the early 1990s up to the current state-of-the-art technologies and new legislation. Beginning with the fundamental aspects of the process, the discussion will cover the real application standard through to the detailed modelling of full scale catalysts. Scientists, academic and industrial researchers, engineers working in the automotive sector and technicians working on emission control will find this book an invaluable resource.
Book Synopsis Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOX by NH3 for Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatment by : Christopher Sokolowski
Download or read book Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOX by NH3 for Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatment written by Christopher Sokolowski and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing price of liquid fuels and an increased focus on fuel efficiency has driven vehicle engine manufacturers toward diesel and other lean burn engines at the cost of increased emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX), which contribute to pollution such as smog, ground level ozone, and acid deposition. Within the past thirty years, increasingly stringent NOX emission standards have forced engine manufacturers to develop novel ways to reduce these emissions. With the implementation of the latest American and European NOX emission standards, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) has become the most prominent NOX reduction method in lean-burn engines.In the present work, a method is developed to test the performance of commercial SCR catalyst coated monoliths and probe the deactivation mechanisms. A monolith testing apparatus is constructed for these purposes. Necessary design features included a programmable gas mixing system, a steam generator, a temperature control system, and an analysis system based upon Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. It is found that a high flow rate of carrier gas as well as a method to generate a water mist and prevent dripping is essential to ensure a stable supply of steam and repeatable results.Important SCR reactions, namely the standard, fast, and slow SCR reactions as well as NH3 adsorption and performance of a zeolite catalyst coated monolith were investigated at three temperatures -- 250 and 300 °C representing engine operation at normal operating conditions and 400 °C representing engine operation at high load. The amount of NH3 adsorbed decreased with temperature in line with previous studies while NOX reduction performance increased with higher temperatures at all inlet compositions tested. A transient drop in NO conversion performance was observed upon introduction of NH3 without the presence of NO2 consistent with previous studies suggesting an NH3 inhibition mechanism. When supplied with 1:1 and 1:3 ratios of NO:NO2 at 250 °C, the catalyst reduced more NOX than NH3 suggesting that part of the NOX reduction was proceeding through an ammonium nitrate intermediate and generating nitric acid. In addition, NH3 oxidation into N2O was prevalent at 300°C in an excess of NO2. The SCR reaction results indicate that both transient effects and side reactions play an important role in an NH3 SCR system, particularly one that is designed to operate under continuously changing conditions.Catalyst aging mechanisms were investigated by comparing catalytic performance, material structure, and surface composition of a new and a used zeolite catalyst monolith for the fast SCR reaction. Physical analysis of the catalyst monoliths through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) indicated four aging mechanisms. Both the new and used catalyst monoliths performed at least 95% NOX reduction in the fast reaction at all temperatures tested. Despite the similar NOX reduction performance, the used catalyst monolith exhibited lower NO oxidation performance, increased NH3 oxidation, and a lower quantity of adsorbed NH3 compared to the new catalyst monolith. Dealumination is likely the primary cause of the used catalyst monolith's lower NOX reduction performance with promoter metal deactivation, poisoning by sulfur and phosphorous, and mechanical failure of the catalyst coating on the monolith also contributing to the decreased performance. The results do not find evidence of carbon coking. This investigation into catalyst aging mechanisms confirms the efficacy of the commercial SCR catalyst monolith over long time periods.
Book Synopsis Messieurs & trés honnorez freres suivant l'ordre du synode dernier tenu à Nimegue nous vous envoyons ci joint les sentimens des eglises de Rotterdam & de Delft sur l'article 53. du dit synode. Nous prions Dieu de benir vos personnes & votre troupeau & sommes ... vos ... serviteurs [..] de l'eglise Walonne de Ter Goude ... by :
Download or read book Messieurs & trés honnorez freres suivant l'ordre du synode dernier tenu à Nimegue nous vous envoyons ci joint les sentimens des eglises de Rotterdam & de Delft sur l'article 53. du dit synode. Nous prions Dieu de benir vos personnes & votre troupeau & sommes ... vos ... serviteurs [..] de l'eglise Walonne de Ter Goude ... written by and published by . This book was released on 1694 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions for Lean Burn Engine Technology by :
Download or read book Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions for Lean Burn Engine Technology written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lean-burn engines offer the potential for significant fuel economy improvements in cars and trucks, perhaps the next great breakthrough in automotive technology that will enable greater savings in imported petroleum. The development of lean-burn engines, however, has been an elusive goal among automakers because of the emissions challenges associated with lead-burn engine technology. Presently, cars operate with sophisticated emissions control systems that require the engine's air-fuel ratio to be carefully controlled around the stoichiometric point (chemically correct mixture). Catalysts in these systems are called "three-way" catalysts because they can reduce hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions simultaneously, but only because of the tight control of the air-fuel ratio. The purpose of this cooperative effort is to develop advanced catalyst systems, materials, and necessary engine control algorithms for reducing NOX emissions in oxygen-rich automotive exhaust (as with lean-burn engine technology) to meet current and near-future mandated Clean Air Act standards. These developments will represent a breakthrough in both emission control technology and automobile efficiency. The total project is a joint effort among five national laboratories, together with US CAR. The role of Lockheed-Martin Energy Systems in the total project is two fold: characterization of catalyst performance through laboratory evaluations from bench-scale flow reactor tests to engine laboratory tests of full-scale prototype catalysts, and microstructural characterization of catalyst material before and after test stand and/or engine testing.
Author : Publisher :World Scientific ISBN 13 :1911299093 Total Pages :381 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (112 download)
Download or read book written by and published by World Scientific. This book was released on with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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