Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization

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Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000006816
Total Pages : 738 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization by : Dan Frangopol

Download or read book Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization written by Dan Frangopol and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-07-07 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization contains the lectures and papers presented at IABMAS 2010, the Fifth International Conference of the International Association for Bridge Maintenance and Safety (IABMAS), held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA from July 11 through 15, 2010.All major aspects of bridge maintenance, s

Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471579984
Total Pages : 704 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (799 download)

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Book Synopsis Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges by : M. J. N. Priestley

Download or read book Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges written by M. J. N. Priestley and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1996-04-12 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because of their structural simplicity, bridges tend to beparticularly vulnerable to damage and even collapse when subjectedto earthquakes or other forms of seismic activity. Recentearthquakes, such as the ones in Kobe, Japan, and Oakland,California, have led to a heightened awareness of seismic risk andhave revolutionized bridge design and retrofit philosophies. In Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, three of the world's topauthorities on the subject have collaborated to produce the mostexhaustive reference on seismic bridge design currently available.Following a detailed examination of the seismic effects of actualearthquakes on local area bridges, the authors demonstrate designstrategies that will make these and similar structures optimallyresistant to the damaging effects of future seismicdisturbances. Relying heavily on worldwide research associated with recentquakes, Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges begins with anin-depth treatment of seismic design philosophy as it applies tobridges. The authors then describe the various geotechnicalconsiderations specific to bridge design, such as soil-structureinteraction and traveling wave effects. Subsequent chapters coverconceptual and actual design of various bridge superstructures, andmodeling and analysis of these structures. As the basis for their design strategies, the authors' focus is onthe widely accepted capacity design approach, in which particularlyvulnerable locations of potentially inelastic flexural deformationare identified and strengthened to accommodate a greater degree ofstress. The text illustrates how accurate application of thecapacity design philosophy to the design of new bridges results instructures that can be expected to survive most earthquakes withonly minor, repairable damage. Because the majority of today's bridges were built before thecapacity design approach was understood, the authors also devoteseveral chapters to the seismic assessment of existing bridges,with the aim of designing and implementing retrofit measures toprotect them against the damaging effects of future earthquakes.These retrofitting techniques, though not considered appropriate inthe design of new bridges, are given considerable emphasis, sincethey currently offer the best solution for the preservation ofthese vital and often historically valued thoroughfares. Practical and applications-oriented, Seismic Design and Retrofit ofBridges is enhanced with over 300 photos and line drawings toillustrate key concepts and detailed design procedures. As the onlytext currently available on the vital topic of seismic bridgedesign, it provides an indispensable reference for civil,structural, and geotechnical engineers, as well as students inrelated engineering courses. A state-of-the-art text on earthquake-proof design and retrofit ofbridges Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges fills the urgent need for acomprehensive and up-to-date text on seismic-ally resistant bridgedesign. The authors, all recognized leaders in the field,systematically cover all aspects of bridge design related toseismic resistance for both new and existing bridges. * A complete overview of current design philosophy for bridges,with related seismic and geotechnical considerations * Coverage of conceptual design constraints and their relationshipto current design alternatives * Modeling and analysis of bridge structures * An exhaustive look at common building materials and theirresponse to seismic activity * A hands-on approach to the capacity design process * Use of isolation and dissipation devices in bridge design * Important coverage of seismic assessment and retrofit design ofexisting bridges

Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119987342
Total Pages : 549 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings by : Stelios Antoniou

Download or read book Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings written by Stelios Antoniou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings Understand the complexities and challenges of retrofitting building infrastructure Across the world, buildings are gradually becoming structurally unsound. Many were constructed before seismic load capacity was a mandatory component of building standards, and were often built with low-quality materials or using unsafe construction practices. Many more are simply aging, with materials degrading, and steel corroding. As a result, efforts are ongoing to retrofit existing structures, and to develop new techniques for assessing and enhancing seismic load capacity in order to create a safer building infrastructure worldwide. Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings provides a thorough book-length discussion of these techniques and their applications. Balancing theory and practice, the book provides engineers with a broad base of knowledge from which to approach real-world seismic assessments and retrofitting projects. It incorporates knowledge and experience frequently omitted from the building design process for a fuller account of this critical engineering subfield. Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings readers will also find: Detailed treatment of each available strengthening technique, complete with advantages and disadvantages In-depth guidelines to select a specific technique for a given building type and/or engineering scenario Step-by-step guidance through the assessment/retrofitting process Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings is an ideal reference for civil and structural engineering professionals and advanced students, particularly those working in seismically active areas.

Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

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Author :
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
ISBN 13 : 9782883940642
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Buildings by : fib Fédération internationale du béton

Download or read book Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Buildings written by fib Fédération internationale du béton and published by fib Fédération internationale du béton. This book was released on 2003-08-01 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In most parts of the developed world, the building stock and the civil infrastructure are ageing and in constant need of maintenance, repair and upgrading. Moreover, in the light of our current knowledge and of modern codes, the majority of buildings stock and other types of structures in many parts of the world are substandard and deficient. This is especially so in earthquake-prone regions, as, even there, seismic design of structures is relatively recent. In those regions the major part of the seismic threat to human life and property comes from old buildings. Due to the infrastructure's increasing decay, frequently combined with the need for structural upgrading to meet more stringent design requirements (especially against seismic loads), structural retrofitting is becoming more and more important and receives today considerable emphasis throughout the world. In response to this need, a major part of the fib Model Code 2005, currently under development, is being devoted to structural conservation and maintenance. More importantly, in recognition of the importance of the seismic threat arising from existing substandard buildings, the first standards for structural upgrading to be promoted by the international engineering community and by regulatory authorities alike are for seismic rehabilitation of buildings. This is the case, for example, of Part 3: Strengthening and Repair of Buildings of Eurocode 8 (i. e. of the draft European Standard for earthquake-resistant design), and which is the only one among the current (2003) set of 58 Eurocodes attempting to address the problem of structural upgrading. It is also the case of the recent (2001) ASCE draft standard on Seismic evaluation of existing buildings and of the 1996 Law for promotion of seismic strengthening of existing reinforced concrete structures in Japan. As noted in Chapter 1 of this Bulletin, fib - as CEB and FIP did before - has placed considerable emphasis on assessment and rehabilitation of existing structures. The present Bulletin is a culmination of this effort in the special but very important field of seismic assessment and rehabilitation. It has been elaborated over a period of 4 years by Task Group 7.1 Assessment and retrofit of existing structures of fib Commission 7 Seismic design, a truly international team of experts, representing the expertise and experience of all the important seismic regions of the world. In the course of its work the team had six plenary two-day meetings: in January 1999 in Pavia, Italy; in August 1999 in Raleigh, North Carolina; in February 2000 in Queenstown, New Zealand; in July 2000 in Patras, Greece; in March 2001 in Lausanne, Switzerland; and in August 2001 in Seattle, Washington. In October 2002 the final draft of the Bulletin was presented to public during the 1st fib Congress in Osaka. It was also there that it was approved by fib Commission 7 Seismic Design. The contents is structured into main chapters as follows: 1 Introduction - 2 Performance objectives and system considerations - 3 Review of seismic assessment procedures - 4 Strength and deformation capacity of non-seismically detailed components - 5 Seismic retrofitting techniques - 6 Probabilistic concepts and methods - 7 Case studies

Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Columns

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781527527850
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

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Book Synopsis Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Columns by : Konstantinos G. Megalooikonomou

Download or read book Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Columns written by Konstantinos G. Megalooikonomou and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2019-05 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reinforced concrete columns play a very important role in structural performance. As such, it is essential to apply a suitable analytical tool to estimate their structural behaviour considering all failure mechanisms such as axial, shear, and flexural failures. This book highlights the development of a fiber beam-column element accounting for shear effects and the effect of tension stiffening through reinforcement-to-concrete bond, along with the employment of suitable constitutive material laws.

Strengthening and Retrofitting of Existing Structures

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 981105858X
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Strengthening and Retrofitting of Existing Structures by : Aníbal Costa

Download or read book Strengthening and Retrofitting of Existing Structures written by Aníbal Costa and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-13 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the fundamentals of strengthening and retrofitting approaches, solutions and technologies for existing structures. It addresses in detail specific techniques for the strengthening of traditional constructions, reinforced concrete buildings, bridges and their foundations. Finally, it discusses issues related to standards and economic decision support tools for retrofitting.

Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design

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Author :
Publisher : AASHTO
ISBN 13 : 1560514566
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design by :

Download or read book Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design written by and published by AASHTO. This book was released on 2010 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edition is based on the work of NCHRP project 20-7, task 262 and updates the 2nd (1999) edition -- P. ix.

EASEC16

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811580790
Total Pages : 2093 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis EASEC16 by : Chien Ming Wang

Download or read book EASEC16 written by Chien Ming Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-22 with total page 2093 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents articles from The 16th East Asian-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, 2019, held in Brisbane, Australia. It provides a forum for professional engineers, academics, researchers and contractors to present recent research and developments in structural engineering and construction.​

Seismic Strengthening of Concrete Buildings Using FRP Composites

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Author :
Publisher : American Concrete Institute
ISBN 13 : 0870313134
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Seismic Strengthening of Concrete Buildings Using FRP Composites by :

Download or read book Seismic Strengthening of Concrete Buildings Using FRP Composites written by and published by American Concrete Institute. This book was released on 2008 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This CD-ROM consists of eight papers that were presented by ACI Committee 440 at the Spring Convention in Atlanta, GA, in April 2007"--Site Web de l'éditeur

Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401000212
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings by : S. Tanvir Wasti

Download or read book Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings written by S. Tanvir Wasti and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume contains a total of 23 papers centred on the research area of Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. This subject also forms the core of Project SfP977231, sponsored by the NATO Science for Peace Office and supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey [ TUBIT AK ]. Most of these papers were presented by the authors at a NATO Science for Peace Workshop held in Izmir on 13 - 14 May, 2003 and reflect a part of their latest work conducted within the general confines of the title of the NATO Project. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey serves as the hub of Project SfP977231 and coordinates research under the project with universities within Turkey, e. g. Istanbul Technical University and Kocaeli University, and with partner institutions in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: A few articles have also been contributed by invited experts, who are all noted researchers in the field. Altogether, the contents of the volume deal with a vast array of problems in Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation and cover a wide range of possible solutions, techniques and proposals. It is intended to touch upon many of these aspects separately below. Earthquakes constitute possibly the most widely spread and also the most feared of natural hazards. Recent earthquakes within the first six months of 2003, such as the Bingol Earthquake in Turkey and the Algerian earthquake, have caused both loss of life and severe damage to property.

10th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030881660
Total Pages : 2516 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis 10th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering by : Alper Ilki

Download or read book 10th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering written by Alper Ilki and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-26 with total page 2516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume highlights the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of FRP composites and structures, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the 10th International Conference on Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE), held in Istanbul, Turkey on December 8-10, 2021. It covers a diverse range of topics such as All FRP structures; Bond and interfacial stresses; Concrete-filled FRP tubular members; Concrete structures reinforced or pre-stressed with FRP; Confinement; Design issues/guidelines; Durability and long-term performance; Fire, impact and blast loading; FRP as internal reinforcement; Hybrid structures of FRP and other materials; Materials and products; Seismic retrofit of structures; Strengthening of concrete, steel, masonry and timber structures; and Testing. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.

Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Columns

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527530361
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Columns by : Konstantinos G. Megalooikonomou

Download or read book Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Columns written by Konstantinos G. Megalooikonomou and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2019-02-27 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reinforced concrete columns play a very important role in structural performance. As such, it is essential to apply a suitable analytical tool to estimate their structural behaviour considering all failure mechanisms such as axial, shear, and flexural failures. This book highlights the development of a fiber beam-column element accounting for shear effects and the effect of tension stiffening through reinforcement-to-concrete bond, along with the employment of suitable constitutive material laws.

Advanced Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications

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Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128203471
Total Pages : 844 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications by : Jiping Bai

Download or read book Advanced Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications written by Jiping Bai and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 844 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications, Second Edition provides updates on new research that has been carried out on the use of FRP composites for structural applications. These include the further development of advanced FRP composites materials that achieve lighter and stronger FRP composites, how to enhance FRP integrated behavior through matrix modification, along with information on pretension treatments and intelligence technology. The development of new technology such as automated manufacturing and processing of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have played a significant role in optimizing fabrication processing and matrix formation. In this new edition, all chapters have been brought fully up-to-date to take on the key aspects mentioned above. The book's chapters cover all areas relevant to advanced FRP composites, from the material itself, its manufacturing, properties, testing and applications in structural and civil engineering. Applications span from civil engineering, to buildings and the energy industry. - Covers all areas relevant to advanced FRP composites, from the material itself, its manufacturing, properties, testing and applications in structural engineering - Features new manufacturing techniques, such as automated fiber placement and 3D printing of composites - Includes various applications, such as prestressed-FRP, FRP made of short fibers, continuous structural health monitoring using advanced optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG), durability of FRP-strengthened structures, and the application of carbon nano-tubes or platelets for enhancing durability of FRP-bonded structures

Application of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites to the Highway Infrastructure

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Author :
Publisher : Transportation Research Board
ISBN 13 : 0309087694
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Application of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites to the Highway Infrastructure by : Dennis R. Mertz

Download or read book Application of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites to the Highway Infrastructure written by Dennis R. Mertz and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2003 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising awareness of and increased attention to sexual harassment has resulted in momentum to implement sexual harassment prevention efforts in higher education institutions. Work on preventing sexual harassment is an area that has recently garnered a lot of attention, especially around education and programs that go beyond the standard anti-sexual harassment trainings often used to comply with legal requirements. On April 20-21, 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted the workshop Developing Evaluation Metrics for Sexual Harassment Prevention Efforts. The workshop explored approaches and strategies for evaluating and measuring the effectiveness of sexual harassment interventions being implemented at higher education institutions and research and training sites, in order to assist institutions in transforming promising ideas into evidence-based best practices. Workshop participants also addressed methods, metrics, and measures that could be used to evaluate sexual harassment prevention efforts that lead to change in the organizational climate and culture and/or a change in behavior among community members. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.

Advanced Composites in Bridge Construction and Repair

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857097016
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Composites in Bridge Construction and Repair by : Yail Jimmy Kim

Download or read book Advanced Composites in Bridge Construction and Repair written by Yail Jimmy Kim and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-05-16 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced composite materials for bridge structures are recognized as a promising alternative to conventional construction materials such as steel. After an introductory overview and an assessment of the characteristics of bonds between composites and quasi-brittle structures, Advanced Composites in Bridge Construction and Repair reviews the use of advanced composites in the design and construction of bridges, including damage identification and the use of large rupture strain fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The second part of the book presents key applications of FRP composites in bridge construction and repair, including the use of all-composite superstructures for accelerated bridge construction, engineered cementitious composites for bridge decks, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites for cable-stayed bridges and for repair of deteriorated bridge substructures, and finally the use of FRP composites in the sustainable replacement of ageing bridge superstructures. Advanced Composites in Bridge Construction and Repair is a technical guide for engineering professionals requiring an understanding of the use of composite materials in bridge construction. - Reviews key applications of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in bridge construction and repair - Summarizes key recent research in the suitability of advanced composite materials for bridge structures as an alternative to conventional construction materials

Retrofitting of Concrete Structures by Externally Bonded FRPs, With Emphasis on Seismic Applications

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Author :
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
ISBN 13 : 9782883940758
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Retrofitting of Concrete Structures by Externally Bonded FRPs, With Emphasis on Seismic Applications by : fib Fédération internationale du béton

Download or read book Retrofitting of Concrete Structures by Externally Bonded FRPs, With Emphasis on Seismic Applications written by fib Fédération internationale du béton and published by fib Fédération internationale du béton. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: fib Bulletin 35 is the first bulletin to publish documentation from an fib short course. These courses are held worldwide and cover advanced knowledge of structural concrete in general, or specific topics. They are organized by fib and given by internationally recognized experts in fib, often supplemented with local experts active in fib. They are based on the knowledge and expertise from fib's ten Commissions and nearly fifty Task Groups. fib Bulletin 35 presents the course materials developed for the short course "Retrofitting of Concrete Structures through Externally Bonded FRP, with emphasis on Seismic Applications", given in Ankara and Istanbul in June 2005. The course drew on expertise both from outside Turkey and from the large pool of local experts on this subject. In most countries of the world, the building stock is ageing and needs continuous maintenance or repair. Moreover, the majority of existing constructions are deficient in the light of current knowledge and design codes. The problem of structural deficiency of existing constructions is especially acute in seismic regions, as, even there, seismic design of structures is relatively recent. The direct and indirect costs of demolition and reconstruction of structurally deficient constructions are often prohibitive; furthermore they entail a substantial waste of natural resources and energy. Therefore, structural retrofitting is becoming increasingly widespread throughout the world. Externally bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) are rapidly becoming the technique of choice for structural retrofitting. They are cleaner and easier to apply than conventional retrofitting techniques, reduce disruption to the occupancy and operation of the facility, do not generate debris or waste, and reduce health and accident hazards at the construction site as well as noise and air pollution in the surroundings. fib Bulletin 35 gives state-of-the-art coverage of retrofitting through FRPs and presents relevant provisions from three recent standardisation milestones: EN 1998-3:2005 "Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings", the 2005 Draft of the Turkish seismic design code, and the Italian regulatory document CNR-DT 200/04, "Instructions for Design, Execution and Control of Strengthening Interventions by Means of Fibre-Reinforced Composites" (2004).

FRP

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis FRP by : J. G. Teng

Download or read book FRP written by J. G. Teng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are used to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) structures. A large amount of research now exists on this. This book brings together all existing research into one volume.