Science Evaluation and Status Creation

Download Science Evaluation and Status Creation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1839106093
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Science Evaluation and Status Creation by : Peter Edlund

Download or read book Science Evaluation and Status Creation written by Peter Edlund and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-27 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this insightful book, Peter Edlund takes a status-based approach to theorizing the development of the European Research Council (ERC). Drawing upon rich empirical material, the author vividly details how the ERC was transformed from a funding organization into an authoritative status intermediary in European science.

Generation, Compilation, Evaluation and Dissemination of Data for Science and Technology

Download Generation, Compilation, Evaluation and Dissemination of Data for Science and Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483140520
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Generation, Compilation, Evaluation and Dissemination of Data for Science and Technology by : Bertrand Dreyfus

Download or read book Generation, Compilation, Evaluation and Dissemination of Data for Science and Technology written by Bertrand Dreyfus and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Generation, Compilation, Evaluation and Dissemination of Data for Science and Technology is a compilation of manuscripts presented at the four proceedings organized by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA). It focuses on the functions of CODATA, a data center that operates by generating, compiling and evaluating data. This book discusses conventional areas of CODATA activity, namely the fields of physics, chemistry and allied subjects, the biological sciences, geology, geophysics, geography, and astronomy. It includes lectures from the first two sessions, giving up-to-date reviews on data centers, particularly the use of computers in a variety of data activities. The book also deals with CODATA's original areas of interest: spectroscopic and thermodynamic data. Information scientists interested in documentation systems will find this book indispensable.

A Textbook of Sports Science : TEST, EVALUATION, ACCREDITATION, MEASUREMENTS And STANDARDS ( TEAMS )

Download A Textbook of Sports Science : TEST, EVALUATION, ACCREDITATION, MEASUREMENTS And STANDARDS ( TEAMS ) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : K.K. Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Textbook of Sports Science : TEST, EVALUATION, ACCREDITATION, MEASUREMENTS And STANDARDS ( TEAMS ) by : DR. DEVINDER K. KANSAL

Download or read book A Textbook of Sports Science : TEST, EVALUATION, ACCREDITATION, MEASUREMENTS And STANDARDS ( TEAMS ) written by DR. DEVINDER K. KANSAL and published by K.K. Publications. This book was released on 2021-07-23 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CONTENTS IN BRIEF PREFACE & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii PART - I: INTRODUCTION 19-77 Chapter-1: Philosophy of Testing 21 Chapter-2: Need for Sports Science to Develop Sports Excellence 36 Chapter-3: Measuring Physical Education Component is Lifeline of All Education 52 Chapter-4: History of Test and Measurement 68 PART - II: TEST CONSTRUCTION 78-143 Chapter-5: Test Classification 80 Chapter-6: Criteria of Good Test 88 Chapter-7: Construction of Psychomotor Tests 104 Chapter-8: Construction of Knowledge Tests 116 Chapter-9: Construction of Affective Tests 126 Chapter-10:Test Administration 131 PART - III: PHYSICAL TESTS 144-185 Chapter-11: Anthropometric Tests 145 Chapter-12: Testing Health Markers 164 PART - IV: PSYCHOMOTOR TESTS 186-373 Chapter-13: Introduction to Psychomotor Testing 188 Chapter-14: Muscular Strength & Endurance Testing 198 Chapter-15: Cardio-Pulmonary Endurance 212 Chapter-16: Flexibility Tests 231 Chapter-17: Muscular Power Tests 244 Chapter-18: Agility Tests 252 Chapter-19: Balance and Its Tests 260 Chapter-20: Tests of Speed Reaction Time and Coordination 272 Chapter-21: Physical Activity: Cognition and Testing 284 Chapter-22: Physical and Motor Fitness Testing 298 Chapter-23: General Motor Ability Testing 307 Chapter-24: Team Games Skill Testing 317 Chapter-25: Individual Games Skill Testing 348 PART - V: MEASUREMENTS 374-418 Chapter-26: Measurements of Champions 375 Chapter-27: Measurement of Behaviour Change and Sport for All 385 Chapter-28: Measurement and Sports Talent Selection 397 Chapter-29: Measurement and Sports Excellence 411 PART-VI: STATISTICS, EVALUATION, ACCREDITATION & STANDARDS 419-536 Chapter-30: Introduction to Statistical Tests 421 Chapter-31: Data Distribution and Central Tendency 429 Chapter-32: Variability Testing 446 Chapter-33: Normal Probability Curve 454 Chapter-34: Diagrammatic Representations of Data 458 Chapter-35: Evaluation Fundamentals 478 Chapter-36: Accreditation and Standards 494 Chapter-37: Grading : ASummative Evaluation 514 PART - VII : REFERENCE SECTION 537-608 BIBLIOGRAPHY : 538-552 APPENDIXES : 553 - 584 GLOSSARY : 585-595 INDEX : 596-601 EPILOGUE : 602 EPILOGUE A: Standards for Sports Universities’ Departments (illustrated) : 603 EPILOGUE B: Standards for Sports Universities’ Courses (illustrated) : 604 ABOUT THE AUTHOR : 606 Readers Opinions & Suggestions Form for Improvements in the Next Edition : 607

The Science of Evaluation

Download The Science of Evaluation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1446290980
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (462 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Science of Evaluation by : Ray Pawson

Download or read book The Science of Evaluation written by Ray Pawson and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2013-02-01 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluation researchers are tasked with providing the evidence to guide programme building and to assess its outcomes. As such, they labour under the highest expectations - bringing independence and objectivity to policy making. They face huge challenges, given the complexity of modern interventions and the politicised backdrop to all of their investigations. They have responded with a huge portfolio of research techniques and, through their professional associations, have set up schemes to establish standards for evaluative inquiry and to accredit evaluation practitioners. A big question remains. Has this monumental effort produced a progressive, cumulative and authoritative body of knowledge that we might think of as evaluation science? This is the question addressed by Ray Pawson in this sequel to Realistic Evaluation and Evidence-based Policy. In answer, he provides a detailed blueprint for an evaluation science based on realist principles.

Creating Equitable Services for the Gifted: Protocols for Identification, Implementation, and Evaluation

Download Creating Equitable Services for the Gifted: Protocols for Identification, Implementation, and Evaluation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799881555
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creating Equitable Services for the Gifted: Protocols for Identification, Implementation, and Evaluation by : Nyberg, Julia L.

Download or read book Creating Equitable Services for the Gifted: Protocols for Identification, Implementation, and Evaluation written by Nyberg, Julia L. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-11-12 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the importance of the development of intellectualism and the need to ensure equity and access to learning experiences, educators at all levels must be aware of research-based protocols to identify, serve, and evaluate programs for diverse gifted learners. It is essential to understand how gifted education can increase equity in identification practices for historically underrepresented groups, what the specific curricular opportunities are that must be provided to learners to develop gifted programs, and what the key considerations are to the design and implementation of authentic and equitable programs for gifted learners. Creating Equitable Services for the Gifted: Protocols for Identification, Implementation, and Evaluation curates cutting-edge protocols in the field of gifted education related to the areas of equitable identification, implementation of services, and programmatic assessment. These protocols seek to initiate discussion and critical discourse regarding diverse gifted learners among higher education faculty, state department personnel, district administrators, and classroom teachers. Covering topics such as digital differentiation, equitable assessment, and STEM education, this text is ideal for teacher education programs, preparation programs, university degree programs, university credential programs, certificate programs, faculty, graduate students, state departments of education, superintendents, coordinators, administrators, teachers, professors, academicians, and researchers.

Science Evaluation and Its Management

Download Science Evaluation and Its Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 9789051994384
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (943 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Science Evaluation and Its Management by : Václav Pačes

Download or read book Science Evaluation and Its Management written by Václav Pačes and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluation of scientific research, particularly of research which is supported by government funds, is a matter of growing concern in virtually every nation. It is no longer adequate to expect that the value of investments in research will be judged in long-term historical perspective. Resources are scarce and policy-makers are looking for ways to assure that these resources are used in the most effective way. From the life-or-death evaluations of academic research institutes in the post-communist countries to the Government Performance and Results Act(GPRA) in the United States, research evaluation has become a topic of utmost importance in science policy. Evaluation often has substantial consequences for researchers and research institutions, including restructuring, shifting of priorities, budget reductions, or evenclosures. Therefore it is essential that evaluation is done systematically and objectively, with methodologies that can be understood and trusted by those concerned. This book is based on a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, co-organized by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. It describes a range of the most up-to-date methods of science evaluation and the experience with their implementation in many countries. This book can be of interest to researchers, policy-makers, practitioners of science evaluation and many others interested in science policy.

Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards

Download Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309289548
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards by : National Research Council

Download or read book Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-05-29 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assessments, understood as tools for tracking what and how well students have learned, play a critical role in the classroom. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards develops an approach to science assessment to meet the vision of science education for the future as it has been elaborated in A Framework for K-12 Science Education (Framework) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). These documents are brand new and the changes they call for are barely under way, but the new assessments will be needed as soon as states and districts begin the process of implementing the NGSS and changing their approach to science education. The new Framework and the NGSS are designed to guide educators in significantly altering the way K-12 science is taught. The Framework is aimed at making science education more closely resemble the way scientists actually work and think, and making instruction reflect research on learning that demonstrates the importance of building coherent understandings over time. It structures science education around three dimensions - the practices through which scientists and engineers do their work, the key crosscutting concepts that cut across disciplines, and the core ideas of the disciplines - and argues that they should be interwoven in every aspect of science education, building in sophistication as students progress through grades K-12. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards recommends strategies for developing assessments that yield valid measures of student proficiency in science as described in the new Framework. This report reviews recent and current work in science assessment to determine which aspects of the Framework's vision can be assessed with available techniques and what additional research and development will be needed to support an assessment system that fully meets that vision. The report offers a systems approach to science assessment, in which a range of assessment strategies are designed to answer different kinds of questions with appropriate degrees of specificity and provide results that complement one another. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards makes the case that a science assessment system that meets the Framework's vision should consist of assessments designed to support classroom instruction, assessments designed to monitor science learning on a broader scale, and indicators designed to track opportunity to learn. New standards for science education make clear that new modes of assessment designed to measure the integrated learning they promote are essential. The recommendations of this report will be key to making sure that the dramatic changes in curriculum and instruction signaled by Framework and the NGSS reduce inequities in science education and raise the level of science education for all students.

Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations for 1997

Download Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations for 1997 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 900 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations for 1997 by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies

Download or read book Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations for 1997 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 900 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Primary Science and Technology Encyclopedia

Download The Primary Science and Technology Encyclopedia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136834974
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Primary Science and Technology Encyclopedia by : Christopher Collier

Download or read book The Primary Science and Technology Encyclopedia written by Christopher Collier and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-12-13 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides clear descriptions, definitions and explanations of difficult scientific concepts, carefully chosen to reflect the needs of those involved in primary science education.

Wetland Creation and Restoration

Download Wetland Creation and Restoration PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 654 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wetland Creation and Restoration by : Jon A. Kusler

Download or read book Wetland Creation and Restoration written by Jon A. Kusler and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a preliminary evaluation of the status of the science of wetland creation and restoration in the United States. It contains a series of regional reviews. Each review summarizes wetland creation and restoration experiences in broadly defined wetland regions (e.g. Pacific coastal wetlands, wooded wetlands of the Southeast). It also includes a series of theme papers, covering a wide range of topics of general application to wetland creation and restoration (hydrology, management techniques, planning).

Creating Complicated Lives

Download Creating Complicated Lives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 0773540679
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (735 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creating Complicated Lives by : Marianne Gosztonyi Ainley

Download or read book Creating Complicated Lives written by Marianne Gosztonyi Ainley and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2012 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nearly forgotten history and complex career paths of the first Canadian women scientists.

Scientific Evaluation of Biological Opinions on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin

Download Scientific Evaluation of Biological Opinions on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309083249
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Scientific Evaluation of Biological Opinions on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin by : National Research Council

Download or read book Scientific Evaluation of Biological Opinions on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-09-22 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During 2001, a severe drought occurred in the Klamath River Basin. The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) determined that the newly issued biological opinions and their RPAs must prevail; thus, water that would have gone to irrigators was directed almost entirely to attempts to maintain minimum lake levels and minimum flows as prescribed in the two RPAs. The severe economic consequences of this change in water management led DOI to request that the National Research Council (NRC) independently review the scientific and technical validity of the government's biological opinions and their RPAs. The NRC Committee on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin was formed in response to this request. The committee was charged with filing an interim report after approximately less than 3 months of study and a final report after about 18 months of study. The interim report, which is summarized here, focuses on the biological assessments of the USBR (2001) and the USFWS and NMFS biological opinions of 2001 regarding the effects of Klamath Project operations on the three listed fish species.

Measurement and Statistics on Science and Technology

Download Measurement and Statistics on Science and Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 0415341043
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (153 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Measurement and Statistics on Science and Technology by : Benoit Godin

Download or read book Measurement and Statistics on Science and Technology written by Benoit Godin and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an historical examination of official science and technology statistics and indicators in Western countries.

Next Generation Science Standards

Download Next Generation Science Standards PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309272278
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (722 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Next Generation Science Standards by : NGSS Lead States

Download or read book Next Generation Science Standards written by NGSS Lead States and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-08-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Next Generation Science Standards identifies the science all K-12 students should know. These new standards are based on the National Research Council's A Framework for K-12 Science Education. The National Research Council, the National Science Teachers Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Achieve have partnered to create standards through a collaborative state-led process. The standards are rich in content and practice and arranged in a coherent manner across disciplines and grades to provide all students an internationally benchmarked science education. The print version of Next Generation Science Standards complements the nextgenscience.org website and: Provides an authoritative offline reference to the standards when creating lesson plans Arranged by grade level and by core discipline, making information quick and easy to find Printed in full color with a lay-flat spiral binding Allows for bookmarking, highlighting, and annotating

Science and Technology Policy - Volume I

Download Science and Technology Policy - Volume I PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 184826058X
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Science and Technology Policy - Volume I by : Rigas Arvanitis

Download or read book Science and Technology Policy - Volume I written by Rigas Arvanitis and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-07-20 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science and Technology Policy theme is a component of Encyclopedia of Technology, Information, and Systems Management Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Science and technology policy covers all the public sector measures designed for the creation, funding, support, and mobilization of scientific and technological resources. The content of the Theme on Science and technology policy provides the essential aspects and a myriad of issues of great relevance to our world such as: Science and Technology Policy; International Dimensions of Science and Technology Policy; The Innovation System; The Policy Making Process in Science and Technology; Regional Perspectives: A New Scenario for Science and Technology Policies in the Developed and Developing World . These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs

Assessment and Evaluation of Information Technologies in Medicine

Download Assessment and Evaluation of Information Technologies in Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 9789051992007
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Assessment and Evaluation of Information Technologies in Medicine by : Elisabeth M. S. J. Van Gennip

Download or read book Assessment and Evaluation of Information Technologies in Medicine written by Elisabeth M. S. J. Van Gennip and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Title Page -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Introduction -- Part A: Methodological Aspects -- Evaluation of Automatic Health Information Systems What and How? -- Technology Assessment in Medical and Health Care Informatics: A Clarification of the Concept -- Supporting System Development with Technology Assessment -- The Conceptionof a Medical Computer System -- Verification and Validation -- Case Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Decision Support System Validation -- Approaches to Experimental Design -- Analysis of Costs of Information Systems -- Measuring Effects -- Methods for Data Acquisition -- From Assessment to Decision-Making -- Technology Assessment for Decision-Making in the Field of Informatics in Medicine and Health Care -- Part B: Examples from AIM Projects -- The Impact of Clinical Pilot Projects in R & D Programmes Supported by the EU -- Assessment and Evaluation of Knowledge-Based Expert Systems for Medical Diagnosis -- Evaluation in the TELEGASTRO-Project -- The KANDID Way to ESTEEM -- On the Evaluation of System Integration -- Protocol for the Clinical Functionality Assessment of a Workstation for Stereotactic Neurosurgery -- SAMMIE Software Applied to MultiModal Images and Education -- Technology Assessment in theEurIpacs Project -- Assessment of Workstations and PACS in AIM: The Experience of the MILORD Project -- Part C: Literature Overview -- Overview of Published Assessment and Evaluation Studies -- Literature on Assessment of Information Technology and Medical KBS Evaluation: Studies and Methodologies -- Authors List -- Authors Addresses

A Framework for K-12 Science Education

Download A Framework for K-12 Science Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309214459
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Framework for K-12 Science Education by : National Research Council

Download or read book A Framework for K-12 Science Education written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-02-28 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science, engineering, and technology permeate nearly every facet of modern life and hold the key to solving many of humanity's most pressing current and future challenges. The United States' position in the global economy is declining, in part because U.S. workers lack fundamental knowledge in these fields. To address the critical issues of U.S. competitiveness and to better prepare the workforce, A Framework for K-12 Science Education proposes a new approach to K-12 science education that will capture students' interest and provide them with the necessary foundational knowledge in the field. A Framework for K-12 Science Education outlines a broad set of expectations for students in science and engineering in grades K-12. These expectations will inform the development of new standards for K-12 science education and, subsequently, revisions to curriculum, instruction, assessment, and professional development for educators. This book identifies three dimensions that convey the core ideas and practices around which science and engineering education in these grades should be built. These three dimensions are: crosscutting concepts that unify the study of science through their common application across science and engineering; scientific and engineering practices; and disciplinary core ideas in the physical sciences, life sciences, and earth and space sciences and for engineering, technology, and the applications of science. The overarching goal is for all high school graduates to have sufficient knowledge of science and engineering to engage in public discussions on science-related issues, be careful consumers of scientific and technical information, and enter the careers of their choice. A Framework for K-12 Science Education is the first step in a process that can inform state-level decisions and achieve a research-grounded basis for improving science instruction and learning across the country. The book will guide standards developers, teachers, curriculum designers, assessment developers, state and district science administrators, and educators who teach science in informal environments.