Routledge Handbook on Tourism and Small Island States in the Pacific

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 0429672330
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook on Tourism and Small Island States in the Pacific by : Marcus L. Stephenson

Download or read book Routledge Handbook on Tourism and Small Island States in the Pacific written by Marcus L. Stephenson and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely handbook critically examines the development and role of tourism in small Pacific Island states located across Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. The volume presents an expansive evaluation of current issues, challenges and potentialities for the 13 self-governing states. Interdisciplinary in coverage and borne of a varied and international authorship, this handbook incorporates 27 specifically commissioned and original contributions. Structured into four thematic sections and embellished with insightful tables and illustrations throughout, the overarching ethos of this volume is to contribute to framing the role of tourism, tourism development and the tourism industry within the context of self-governing Pacific Island states faced with the challenge of pursuing an independent path of development. In doing so, the work highlights and deciphers various tourism development perplexities in the Pacific, examining closely the intersecting sociocultural, geopolitical, environmental, organizational, operational and strategic challenges. This volume, thus, discusses a range of issues: facilitators and inhibitors of tourism growth and development; climate change, ecological concerns, and eco-tourism; non-tourism and undertourism; crisis management and the COVID-19 virus; transportation and tourism infrastructural concerns; tourism policy and planning (including tourism governance); sectoral links between tourism; food and agriculture; gender and micro-entrepreneurship; community management and participation; cultural and natural heritage sites; and the handicraft industry. The work pays critical attention to the various trajectories of sustainable tourism and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Despite the many challenges and concerns raised, the book implicates the importance of good governance, progressive post-COVID-19 recovery strategies and directives, and creative and imaginative options in the successful development, re-development and advancement of tourism. As a definitive reference resource for this subject area, this handbook will be of great interest to students, researchers and academics within tourism, development studies, geography, Pacific studies, sustainability and environmental studies.

Handbook on Crisis and Disaster Management in Tourism

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Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1839105380
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook on Crisis and Disaster Management in Tourism by : Bruce Prideaux

Download or read book Handbook on Crisis and Disaster Management in Tourism written by Bruce Prideaux and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2024-04-12 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic have further emphasised the need for improved disaster management within the tourism industry, and with this in mind, the Handbook on Crisis and Disaster Management in Tourism fully addresses the importance of crisis and disaster readiness. This erudite Handbook brings together contributions from both leading tourism practitioners and scholars of a variety of disciplinary backgrounds, ranging from economics to hospitality, to showcase collaborative approaches to destination and business recovery.

The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415582075
Total Pages : 626 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment by : Andrew Holden

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment written by Andrew Holden and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook explores and critically evaluates the debates and controversies inherent to tourism's relationship with nature, especially pertinent at a time of major re-evaluation of our relationship with the environment as a consequence of the environmental problems we now face.

Worldwide Destinations

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003862284
Total Pages : 819 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Worldwide Destinations by : Brian Boniface

Download or read book Worldwide Destinations written by Brian Boniface and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-04-30 with total page 819 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism is a unique text that explores tourism demand, supply, organisation, and resources for every country worldwide in a logically structured and accessible format. The ninth edition is fully updated to include the following features: Greater exploration of current issues such as climate change, the impact of COVID-19 on destinations and subsequent recovery strategies, regenerative tourism, changes in consumer behaviour, and sustainability New and updated case studies throughout Increased emphasis on South America and a new chapter focussing on the tourism geography of Antarctica Enhanced online resources for lecturers and students including PPTs, web links, video links, MCQs, and discussion questions The first part of this book comprises thematic chapters that detail the geographic knowledge and principles required to analyse the tourism appeal of destinations. The subsequent division of this book into regional chapters enables the student to carry out a systematic analysis of a particular destination by providing insights on cultural characteristics as well as information on specific places. This volume is an invaluable resource for studying every destination in the world, explaining tourism demand, evaluating the many types of tourist attractions, and examining the trends that may shape the future geography of tourism. This thorough guide is a must-have for any student undertaking a course in travel and tourism.

Architectural Conservation in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003807941
Total Pages : 951 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Architectural Conservation in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands by : John H. Stubbs

Download or read book Architectural Conservation in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands written by John H. Stubbs and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-22 with total page 951 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fourth in a series that documents architectural conservation in different parts of the world, Architectural Conservation in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands: National Experiences and Practice addresses cultural heritage protection in a region which comprises one third of the Earth’s surface. In response to local needs, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands have developed some of the most important and influential techniques, legislation, doctrine and theories in cultural heritage management in the world. The evolution of the heritage protection ethos and contemporary architectural conservation practices in Australia and Oceania are discussed on a national and regional basis using ample illustrations and examples. Accomplishments in architectural conservation are discussed in their national and international contexts, with an emphasis on original developments (solutions) and contributions made to the overall field. Enriched with essays contributed from fifty-nine specialists and thought leaders in the field, this book contains an extraordinary breadth and depth of research and synthesis on the why’s and how’s of cultural heritage conservation. Its holistic approach provides an essential resource and reference for students, academics, researchers, policy makers, practitioners and all who are interested in conserving the built environment.

Island Tourism Policy and Sustainable Development

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040091741
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Island Tourism Policy and Sustainable Development by : Michelle T. McLeod

Download or read book Island Tourism Policy and Sustainable Development written by Michelle T. McLeod and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-07-11 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This insightful and timely book is the first of its kind to explore specific policies, issues, challenges, and practices that will enhance the sustainable development of tourism in island destinations, including island nations, twin-island nations, and sub-national island jurisdictions (SNIJs). Islands are faced with a myriad of challenges: economic failure, natural disasters, political upheavals, and socio-cultural dilemmas. Tourism is the most likely means for economic development in many islands and yet, specific tailor-made policies for an island context have received limited exploration and discussion. The policies explored in this volume include those relating to management, marketing, governance, and sustainable development of the tourism sector in islands. This book is ‘go-to’ guide on the topic and the case studies and best practices throughout the book provide practical knowledge and insight. The volume posits a concise and logically structured review of island tourism in a post-pandemic context, exploring specific tourism policies that will contribute to the enhancement of sustainable tourism development in islands, particularly those in developing countries. This significant book offers insight into best practices and will be of interest to academics, researchers, policymakers, and students of tourism policy, planning, and sustainable development.

Tourism, Change and the Global South

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000399796
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Tourism, Change and the Global South by : Jarkko Saarinen

Download or read book Tourism, Change and the Global South written by Jarkko Saarinen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-16 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This significant volume is the first to focus on both the changing nature of tourism and the capacity of tourism to effect change, especially in the Global South. Geographically, this changing nature of tourism is based on the transforming relationships between demand, supply and location. While this is nothing new in tourism, recent decades have intensified the changing characteristics of global tourism. From another perspective, tourism represents a change, and nowadays many localities and regions aim to use tourism as a tool for positive change, i.e. development. However, this has turned out to be a challenging task in practice, especially in the Global South context where the relationship between tourism growth and local development has often been controversial. This book looks at a host of critical concepts in one volume, such as growth and development, adaptation and resilience, sustainability and responsibility, governance and planning and heritage and destination management strategies. By understanding the drivers of change, this book sheds new insight into the promise and role of sustainability and responsibility in tourism development. This book will be of great interest to all upper-level students, academics and researchers in the fields of Tourism, Geography and Cultural and Heritage studies.

Tourism in Pacific Islands

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317682580
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Tourism in Pacific Islands by : Stephen Pratt

Download or read book Tourism in Pacific Islands written by Stephen Pratt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-02-20 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific Island Countries have been shown to be especially vulnerable to such external influences as natural disasters, political unrest and downturns in the global economy and their tourism industries have been notably affected. In particular, they typically have a narrow resource base and a fragile and often vulnerable natural environment. While there is some research on islands and small states, there is a dearth of information on the South Pacific and very little research is being undertaken in the region compared to other geographical regions in the world. This volume brings together current work in Pacific Island tourism. In this collection, three main themes arise: Images of the South Pacific; Socio-economic Impacts of Tourism; and Pacific Island Countries and the Outside World. The first focus is on the question of image, namely, stereotypes of a destination held by tourists and potential tourists, the extent to which residents, for their part, really welcome visitors, and the role tourism might play in changing pre-established images. The second theme is tourism's impacts, notably the economic and socio-cultural effects of international tourism's intrusion in the region which, though often hotly debated, have attracted relatively little empirical research. The third focus is on the challenges of how PICs articulate with their external geo-political and physical environment. These involve existing relations with formal colonial centres, geographical isolation, the need for greater air access to the outside world and for more tourists, and the continuing threat to several PICs of global warming, which increased air travel will inevitably exacerbate. This text will be of interest to tourism students, researchers and academics in the fields of tourism, development studies and cultural studies.

Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317229231
Total Pages : 786 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa by : Dallen J. Timothy

Download or read book Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa written by Dallen J. Timothy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-12-07 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa examines the importance of tourism as a historical, economic, social, environmental, religious and political force in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It highlights the ecological and resource challenges related to water, desert environments, climate change and oil. It provides an in-depth analysis of the geopolitical conditions that have long determined the patterns of tourism demand and supply throughout the region and how these play out in the everyday lives of residents and destinations as they attempt to grow tourism or ignore it entirely. While cultural heritage remains the primary tourism asset for the region as a whole, many new types of tourisms are emerging, especially in the Arabian Gulf region, where hyper-development is closely associated with the increasingly prominent role of luxury real estate and shopping, retail, medical tourism, cruises and transit tourism. The growing phenomenon of an expatriate workforce, and how its segregation from the citizenry creates a dual socio-economic system in several countries, is unmatched by other regions of the world. Many indigenous people of MENA keep themselves apart from other dominant groups in the region, although these social boundaries are becoming increasingly blurred as tourism, being one socio-economic force for change, has inspired many nomadic peoples to settle into towns and villages and rely more on tourists for their livelihoods. All of these issues and more shape the foundations of this book. This Handbook is the first of its kind to examine tourism from a broad regional and inclusive perspective, surveying a broad range of social, cultural, heritage, ecological and political matters in a single volume. With a wide range of contributors, many of whom are natives of the Middle East and North Africa, this Handbook is a vital resource for students and scholars interested in Tourism, Middle East Studies and Geography.

The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Hospitality Education

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135018952
Total Pages : 570 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Hospitality Education by : Dianne Dredge

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Hospitality Education written by Dianne Dredge and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-10-03 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tourism is much more than an economic sector, it is also a social, cultural, political, and environmental force that drives societal change. Understanding, responding to, and managing this change will inevitably require knowledge workers who are able to address a range of problems associated with tourism, travel, hospitality, and the increasingly complex operating environment within which they exist. The purpose of this Handbook is to provide an insightful and authoritative account of the various issues that are shaping the higher educational world of tourism, hospitality and events education and to highlight the creative, inventive and innovative ways that educators are responding to these issues. It takes as its central focus a dynamic curriculum space shaped by internal and external factors from global to local scales, a variety of values and perspectives contributed by a range of stakeholders, and shifting philosophies about education policy, pedagogy and teaching practice. A benchmark for future curriculum design and development, it critically reviews the development of conceptual and theoretical approaches to tourism and hospitality education. The Handbook is composed of contributions from specialists in the field, is interdisciplinary in coverage and international in scope through its authorship and content. Providing a systematic guide to the current state of knowledge on tourism and hospitality education and its future direction this is essential reading for students, researchers and academics in Tourism, Hospitality, Events, Recreation and Leisure Studies.

The Routledge Handbook of Health Tourism

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317437500
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Health Tourism by : Melanie Kay Smith

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Health Tourism written by Melanie Kay Smith and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Health Tourism provides a comprehensive and cutting-edge overview of the philosophical, conceptual and managerial issues in the field of health tourism with contributions from more than 30 expert academics and practitioners from around the world. Terms that are used frequently when defining health tourism, such as wellbeing, wellness, holistic, medical and spiritual, are analysed and explored, as is the role that health and health tourism play in quality-of-life enhancement, wellbeing, life satisfaction and happiness. An overview is provided of health tourism facilities such as thermal waters, spas, retreats and wellness hotels and the various challenges inherent in managing these profitably and sustainably. Typologies are given not only of subsectors of health tourism and related activities but also of destinations, such as natural landscapes, historic townscapes or individual resources or attractions around which whole infrastructures have been developed. Attention is paid to some of the lifestyle changes that are taking place in societies which influence consumer behaviour, motivations and demand for health tourism, including government policies, regulations and ethical considerations. This significant volume offers the reader a comprehensive synthesis of this field, conveying the latest thinking and research. The text is international in focus, encouraging dialogue across disciplinary boundaries and areas of study and will be an invaluable resource for all those with an interest in health tourism.

The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in The Asia-Pacific

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000604578
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in The Asia-Pacific by : Kapila D. Silva

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in The Asia-Pacific written by Kapila D. Silva and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-07-29 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in the Asia-Pacific revisits the use, growth, and potential of the cultural landscape methodology in the conservation and management of culture-nature heritage in the Asia-Pacific region. Taking both a retrospective and prospective view of the management of cultural heritage in the region, this volume argues that the plurality and complexity of heritage in the region cannot be comprehensively understood and effectively managed without a broader conceptual framework like the cultural landscape approach. The book also demonstrates that such an approach facilitates the development of a flexible strategy for heritage conservation. Acknowledging the effects of rapid socio-economic development, globalization, and climate change, contributors examine the pressure these issues place on the sustenance of cultural heritage. Including chapters from more than 20 countries across the Asia-Pacific region, the volume reviews the effectiveness of theoretical and practical potentials afforded by the cultural landscape approach and examines how they have been utilized in the Asia-Pacific context for the last three decades. The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in the Asia-Pacific provides a comprehensive analysis of the processes of cultural landscape heritage conservation and management. As a result, it will be of interest to academics, students, and professionals who are based in the fields of cultural heritage management, architecture, urban planning, landscape architecture, and landscape management.

Routledge Handbook of Seascapes

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000603229
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Seascapes by : Gloria Pungetti

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Seascapes written by Gloria Pungetti and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-07-31 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seascape studies have developed in response to questions arising from composite correlations such as coastal, island and marine research, social requirements, landscape design and planning, marine ecology, and environment and resource management. This global volume is the first comprehensive overview to provide a solid foundation on the concept of seascape, with the latest research findings from leading experts across a variety of fields, offering a holistic approach to seascape linking nature with culture, and theory with practice. Divided into six parts, it includes over 30 chapters from contributors around the world. Pioneering methods with illustrated case studies from the Mediterranean, Scandinavia, North Sea, North America and Asia serve as examples for future seascape development, conservation and governance. An important and extremely timely resource, the Routledge Handbook of Seascapes provides academics, practitioners, NGOs, consultants and government officials with a broad overview of current research and practice for future application and advance worldwide.

Routledge Handbook of National and Regional Ocean Policies

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317658051
Total Pages : 828 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of National and Regional Ocean Policies by : Biliana Cicin-Sain

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of National and Regional Ocean Policies written by Biliana Cicin-Sain and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-05-15 with total page 828 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive handbook, prepared by leading ocean policy academics and practitioners from around the world, presents in-depth analyses of the experiences of fifteen developed and developing nations and four key regions of the world that have taken concrete steps toward cross-cutting and integrated national and regional ocean policy. All chapters follow a common framework for policy analysis. While most coastal nations of the world already have a variety of sectoral policies in place to manage different uses of the ocean (such as shipping, fishing, oil and gas development), in the last two decades, the coastal nations covered in the book have undertaken concerted efforts to articulate and implement an integrated, ecosystem-based vision for the governance of ocean areas under their jurisdiction. This includes goals and procedures to harmonize existing uses and laws, to foster sustainable development of ocean areas, to protect biodiversity and vulnerable resources and ecosystems, and to coordinate the actions of the many government agencies that are typically involved in oceans affairs. The book highlights the serious conflicts of use in most national ocean zones and the varying attempts by nations to follow the prescriptions emanating from the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and the outcomes of the 1992, 2002, and 2012 sustainable development summits. The interrelationship among uses and processes in the coast and ocean requires that ocean governance be integrated, precautionary, and anticipatory. Overall, the book provides a definitive state-of-the-art review and analysis of national and regional ocean policies around the world.

The Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Food and Gastronomy

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134457405
Total Pages : 535 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Food and Gastronomy by : Philip Sloan

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Food and Gastronomy written by Philip Sloan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-06-12 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The issues surrounding the provision, preparation and development of food products is fundamental to every human being on the planet. Given the scarcity of agricultural land, environmental pollution, climate change and the exponential growth of the world’s population where starvation and obesity are both widespread it is little wonder that exploring the frontiers of food is now a major focus for researchers and practitioners. This timely Handbook provides a systematic guide to the current state of knowledge on sustainable food. It begins by analyzing the historical development surrounding food production and consumption, then moves on to discuss the current food crisis and challenges as well as the impacts linked to modern agriculture and food security. Finally, it concludes with a section that examines emerging sustainable food trends and movements in addition to an analysis of current food science innovations. Developed from specifically commissioned original contributions the Handbook’s inherent multidisciplinary approach paves the way for deeper understanding of all aspects linked to the evolution of food in society, including insights into local food, food and tourism, organic food, indigenous and traditional food, sustainable restaurant practices, consumption patterns and sourcing. This book is essential reading for students, researches and academics interested in the possibilities of sustainable forms of gastronomy and gastronomy’s contribution to sustainable development. The title includes a foreword written by Roberto Flore, Head Chef at the Nordic Food Lab, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Tourism in European Microstates and Dependencies

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Author :
Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 1789243106
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Tourism in European Microstates and Dependencies by : Dallen J. Timothy

Download or read book Tourism in European Microstates and Dependencies written by Dallen J. Timothy and published by CABI. This book was released on 2020-11-06 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tourism in European Microstates and Dependencies carefully examines the nuances and realities associated with tourism, social and economic development, geography, and geopolitics of Europe's smallest microstates and dependencies. Through case study-based material, the book covers the smallest states of Europe, the European dependencies inside Europe, and other unique territorial anomalies and unrecognized de facto states. It looks at how, besides small size and economy of scale, one of the characteristics that connects these unique states and territories is their dependence on tourism, or their desire to develop it, for their socio-economic well-being.

Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136294821
Total Pages : 627 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (362 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management by : Hance D. Smith

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management written by Hance D. Smith and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-10-16 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive handbook provides a global overview of ocean resources and management by focusing on critical issues relating to human development and the marine environment, their interrelationships as expressed through the uses of the sea as a resource, and the regional expression of these themes. The underlying approach is geographical, with prominence given to the biosphere, political arrangements and regional patterns – all considered to be especially crucial to the human understanding required for the use and management of the world's oceans. Part one addresses key themes in our knowledge of relationships between people and the sea on a global scale, including economic and political issues, and understanding and managing marine environments. Part two provides a systematic review of the uses of the sea, grouped into food, ocean space, materials and energy, and the sea as an environmental resource. Part three on the geography of the sea considers management strategies especially related to the state system, and regional management developments in both core economic regions and the developing periphery. Chapter 23 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203115398.ch23