Routledge Handbook Of Social Economic And Criminal Justice

Download Routledge Handbook Of Social Economic And Criminal Justice full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Routledge Handbook Of Social Economic And Criminal Justice ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Routledge Handbook of Social, Economic, and Criminal Justice

Author : Cliff Roberson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351002686
Total Pages : 521 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Social, Economic, and Criminal Justice by : Cliff Roberson

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Social, Economic, and Criminal Justice written by Cliff Roberson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative volume explores different perspectives on economic and social justice and the challenges presented by and within the criminal justice system. It critically discusses key concerns involved in realizing economic and social justice, including systemic issues in economic and social justice, issues related to organizations and social institutions, special issues regarding specific populations, and a review of national and international organizations that promote economic justice. Addressing more than just the ideology and theory underlying economic and social justice, the book presents chapters with practical examples and research on how economic and social justice might be achieved within the criminal justice systems of the world. With contributions from leading scholars around the globe, this book is an essential reference for scholars with an interest in economic and social justice from a wide range of disciplines, including criminal justice and criminology as well as sociology, social work, public policy, and law.

Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology

Author : K. Jaishankar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000300889
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology by : K. Jaishankar

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology written by K. Jaishankar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-08-01 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the literature and cultural practices of the South Asian region demonstrate a rich understanding of criminology, this handbook is the first to focus on crime, criminal justice, and victimization in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. South Asia’s rapid growth in population and economy continues to introduce transformations in social behaviors, including those related to criminality and victimization. Readers of this handbook will gain a comprehensive look at criminology, criminal justice, and victimology in the South Asian region, including processes, historical perspectives, politics, policies, and victimization. This collection of chapters penned by scholars from all eight of the South Asian nations, as well as the US, UK, Australia, and Belgium, will advance the study and practice of criminology in the South Asian region and carry implications for other regions. The Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology provides a wealth of information on criminological issues and their effect on the countries and governments’ efforts to mitigate them. It is essential reading for students and scholars of South Asian criminology, criminal justice, and politics.

Routledge Handbook of International Criminology

Author : Cindy J. Smith
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135193851
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of International Criminology by : Cindy J. Smith

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of International Criminology written by Cindy J. Smith and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2011-05-03 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of International Criminology brings together the latest thinking and findings from a diverse group of both senior and promising young scholars from around the globe. This collaborative project articulates a new way of thinking about criminology that extends existing perspectives in understanding crime and social control across borders, jurisdictions, and cultures, and facilitates the development of an overarching framework that is truly international. The book is divided into three parts, in which three distinct yet overlapping types of crime are analyzed: international crime, transnational crime, and national crime. Each of these perspectives is then articulated through a number of chapters which cover theory and methods, international and transnational crime analyses, and case studies of criminology and criminal justice in relevant nations. In addition, questions placed at the end of each chapter encourage greater reflection on the issues raised, and will encourage young scholars to move the field of inquiry forward. This handbook is an excellent reference tool for undergraduate and graduate students with particular interests in research methods, international criminology, and making comparisons across countries.

The Routledge Handbook of International Crime and Justice Studies

Author : Bruce Arrigo
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113686850X
Total Pages : 684 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of International Crime and Justice Studies by : Bruce Arrigo

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of International Crime and Justice Studies written by Bruce Arrigo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-15 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the enduring debates and emerging challenges in crime and justice studies from an international and multi-disciplinary perspective.

Routledge Handbook of Crime Science

Author : Richard Wortley
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135981809
Total Pages : 1051 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Crime Science by : Richard Wortley

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Crime Science written by Richard Wortley and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-11-13 with total page 1051 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crime science is precisely what it says it is: the application of science to the phenomenon of crime. This handbook, intended as a crime science manifesto, showcases the scope of the crime science field and provides the reader with an understanding of the assumptions, aspirations and methods of crime science, as well as the variety of topics that fall within its purview. Crime science provides a distinctive approach to understanding and dealing with crime: one that is outcome-oriented, evidence-based and that crosses boundaries between disciplines. The central mission of crime science is to find new ways to cut crime and increase security. Beginning by setting out the case for crime science, the editors examine the roots of crime science in environmental criminology and describe its key features. The book is then divided into two sections. The first section comprises chapters by disciplinary specialists about the contributions their sciences can make or have already made to crime science. Chapter 12 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9780415826266_oachapter12.pdf

The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling

Author : Max Gallien
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000508773
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling by : Max Gallien

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling written by Max Gallien and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-21 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling offers a comprehensive survey of interdisciplinary research related to smuggling, reflecting on key themes, and charting current and future trends. Divided into six parts and spanning over 30 chapters, the volume covers themes such as mobility, borders, violent conflict, and state politics, as well as looks at the smuggling of specific goods – from rice and gasoline to wildlife, weapons, and cocaine. Chapters engage with some of the most contentious academic and policy debates of the twenty-first century, including the historical creation of borders, re-bordering, the criminalisation of migration, and the politics of selective toleration of smuggling. As it maps a field that contains unique methodological, ethical, and risk-related challenges, the book takes stock not only of the state of our shared knowledge, but also reflects on how this has been produced, pointing to blind spots and providing an informed vision of the future of the field. Bringing together established and emerging scholars from around the world, The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling is an indispensable resource for students and researchers of conflict studies, borderland studies, criminology, political science, global development, anthropology, sociology, and geography.

Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology

Author : Walter S. DeKeseredy
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317221826
Total Pages : 675 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology by : Walter S. DeKeseredy

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology written by Walter S. DeKeseredy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 675 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of the second edition of the Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology is twofold: (1) to provide original chapters that cover contemporary critical criminological theoretical offerings generated over the past five years and (2) to provide chapters on important new substantive topics that are currently being studied and theorized by progressive criminologists. Special attention is devoted to new theoretical directions in the field, such as southern criminology, queer criminology, and green criminology. The diverse chapters cover not only cutting-edge theories, but also the variety of research methods used by leading scholars in the field and the rich data generated by their rigorous empirical work. In addition, some of the chapters suggest innovative and realistic short- and long-term policy proposals that are typically ignored by mainstream criminology. These progressive strategies address some of the most pressing social problems facing contemporary society today, which generate much pain and suffering for socially and economically disenfranchised people. The new edition of the Handbook is a major work in redefining areas within the context of international multidisciplinary critical research, and in highlighting emerging areas, such as human trafficking, Internet pornography and image-based sexual abuse. It is specifically designed to be a comprehensive resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers and policymakers.

The Routledge Handbook on Crime and International Migration

Author : Sharon Pickering
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135924333
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook on Crime and International Migration by : Sharon Pickering

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook on Crime and International Migration written by Sharon Pickering and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook on Crime and International Migration is concerned with the various relationships between migration, crime and victimization that have informed a wide criminological scholarship often driven by some of the original lines of inquiry of the Chicago School. Historically, migration and crime came to be the device by which Criminology and cognate fields sought to tackle issues of race and ethnicity, often in highly problematic ways. However, in the contemporary period this body of scholarship is inspiring scholars to produce significant evidence that speaks to some of the biggest public policy questions and debunks many dominant mythologies around the criminality of migrants. The Routledge Handbook on Crime and International Migration is also concerned with the theoretical, empirical and policy knots found in the relationship between regular and irregular migration, offending and victimization, the processes and impact of criminalization, and the changing role of criminal justice systems in the regulation and enforcement of international mobility and borders. The Handbook is focused on the migratory ‘fault lines’ between the Global North and Global South, which have produced new or accelerated sites of state control, constructed irregular migration as a crime and security problem, and mobilized ideological and coercive powers usually reserved for criminal or military threats. Offering a strong international focus and comprehensive coverage of a wide range of border, criminal justice and migration-related issues, this book is an important contribution to criminology and migration studies and will be essential reading for academics, students and practitioners interested in this field.

Routledge Handbook of Public Criminologies

Author : Kathryn Henne
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351066080
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Public Criminologies by : Kathryn Henne

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Public Criminologies written by Kathryn Henne and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-01-16 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring contributions from scholars from across the globe, Routledge Handbook of Public Criminologies is a comprehensive resource that addresses the challenges related to public conversations around crime and policy. In an era of fake news, misguided rhetoric about immigrants and refugees, and efforts to toughen criminal laws, criminologists seeking to engage publicly around crime and policy arguably face an uphill battle. This handbook outlines the foundations of and developments in public criminology, underscoring the need to not only understand earlier ideas and debates, but also how scholars pursue public-facing work through various approaches. The first of its kind, this collection captures diverse and critical perspectives on the practices and challenges of actually doing public criminology. The book presents real-world examples that help readers better understand the nature of public criminological work, as well as the structural and institutional barriers and enablers of engaging wider audiences. Contributors address policies around crime and crime control, media landscapes, and changing political dynamics. In examining attempts to bridge the gaps between scholarship, activism, and outreach, the essays featured here capture important tensions related to inequality and social difference, including the ways in which criminology can be complicit in perpetuating inequitable practices and structures, and how public criminology aims—but sometimes fails—to address them. The depth and breadth of material in the book will appeal to a wide range of academics, students, and practitioners. It is an important resource for early career researchers, more established scholars, and professionals, with accessible content that can also be used in upper-level undergraduate classes. Chapter 5 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Criminology

Author : Liqun Cao
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135021457
Total Pages : 742 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Criminology by : Liqun Cao

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Criminology written by Liqun Cao and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-07-24 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the world’s second largest economy, China has made great progress in developing criminology. The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Criminology aims to be a key reference point to summarize the large body of literature in both Chinese and English about various aspects of crime and its control in China for international scholars with an interest in the development of criminological research on and in the Greater China region, and for everyone with a broad interest in international criminology. The editors of the handbook have selected authoritative contributors recognized for their research and scholarship on China, Hong Kong Macao, and Taiwan. This handbook consists of five sections: An account of the development of criminology as an academic discipline in modern China, as well as some of the unique theories, strategies, or philosophies of crime control that have emerged, An analysis of the criminal justice system in China, including the police, the courts, corrections, juvenile justice and the death penalty, An exploration of the issues and problems in conducting research in China, Reflections on the nature of crime and criminality in China, including drugs, prostitution, human trafficking, corruption, floating population, domestic violence, and white-collar crime, An account of crime and criminal justice in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. The book presents a coherent and comprehensive collection of essays on current research and theory in criminology, crime and justice in China and Greater China, and the Editors’ Introduction and Conclusion provide further contextualisation of the Handbook’s key themes.

Routledge Handbook of Corrections in the United States

Author : O. Hayden Griffin III
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317291212
Total Pages : 1157 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Corrections in the United States by : O. Hayden Griffin III

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Corrections in the United States written by O. Hayden Griffin III and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 1157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Corrections in the United States brings together original contributions from leading scholars in criminology and criminal justice that provide an in-depth, state-of-the-art look at the most important topics in corrections. The book discusses the foundations of corrections in the United States, philosophical issues that have guided historical movements in corrections, different types of punishment and supervision, trends in incarceration, issues affecting race, ethnicity, and special populations in corrections, and a variety of other emerging issues. This book scrutinizes innovative community programs as well as more traditional sanctions, and exposes the key issues and debates surrounding the correctional process in the United States. Among other important topics, selections address the inherent discrimination within the system, special issues surrounding certain populations, and the utilization of the death penalty as the ultimate punishment. This book serves as an essential reference for academicians and practitioners working in corrections and related agencies, as well as for students taking courses in criminal justice, criminology, and related subjects.

Routledge Handbook of Risk Studies

Author : Adam Burgess
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317691652
Total Pages : 593 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Risk Studies by : Adam Burgess

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Risk Studies written by Adam Burgess and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-31 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is over 40 years since we began to reflect upon risk in a more social than technological and economic fashion, firstly making sense of the gap between expert and public assessment of risks, such as to our health and environment. With fixed certainties of the past eroded and the technological leaps of ‘big data’, ours is truly an age of risk, uncertainty and probability - from Google’s algorithms to the daily management of personal lifestyle risks. Academic reflection and research has kept pace with these dizzying developments but remains an intellectually fragmented field, shaped by professional imperatives and disciplinary boundaries, from risk analysis to regulation and social research. This is the first attempt to draw together and define risk studies, through a definitive collection written by the leading scholars in the field. It will be an indispensable resource for the many scholars, students and professionals engaging with risk but lacking a resource to draw it all together.

The Routledge Handbook of African Law

Author : Muna Ndulo
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351142348
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of African Law by : Muna Ndulo

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of African Law written by Muna Ndulo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-23 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of African Law provides a comprehensive, critical overview of the contemporary legal terrain in Africa. The international team of expert contributors adopt an analytical and comparative approach so that readers can see the nexus between different jurisdictions and different legal traditions across the continent. The volume is divided into five parts covering: Legal Pluralism and African Legal Systems The State, Institutions, Constitutionalism, and Democratic Governance Economic Development, Technology, Trade, and Investment Human Rights, Gender-Based Violence, and Access to Justice International Law, Institutions, and International Criminal Law Providing important insights into both the specific contexts of African legal systems and the ways in which these legal traditions intersect with the wider world, this handbook will be an essential resource for academics, researchers, lawyers, and graduate and undergraduate students studying this ever-evolving field.

Handbook of Human Rights

Author : Thomas Cushman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134019076
Total Pages : 1097 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Human Rights by : Thomas Cushman

Download or read book Handbook of Human Rights written by Thomas Cushman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-02-20 with total page 1097 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In mapping out the field of human rights for those studying and researching within both humanities and social science disciplines, the Handbook of Human Rights not only provides a solid foundation for the reader who wants to learn the basic parameters of the field, but also promotes new thinking and frameworks for the study of human rights in the twenty-first century. The Handbook comprises over sixty individual contributions from key figures around the world, which are grouped according to eight key areas of discussion: foundations and critiques; new frameworks for understanding human rights; world religious traditions and human rights; social, economic, group, and collective rights; critical perspectives on human rights organizations, institutions, and practices; law and human rights; narrative and aesthetic dimension of rights; geographies of rights. In its presentation and analysis of the traditional core history and topics, critical perspectives, human rights culture, and current practice, this Handbook proves a valuable resource for all students and researchers with an interest in human rights.

The Routledge Handbook of Irish Criminology

Author : Deirdre Healy
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317698169
Total Pages : 724 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Irish Criminology by : Deirdre Healy

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Irish Criminology written by Deirdre Healy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-12-14 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Irish Criminology is the first edited collection of its kind to bring together the work of leading Irish criminologists in a single volume. While Irish criminology can be characterised as a nascent but dynamic discipline, it has much to offer the Irish and international reader due to the unique historical, cultural, political, social and economic arrangements that exist on the island of Ireland. The Handbook consists of 30 chapters, which offer original, comprehensive and critical reviews of theory, research, policy and practice in a wide range of subject areas. The chapters are divided into four thematic sections: Understanding crime examines specific offence types, including homicide, gangland crime and white-collar crime, and the theoretical perspectives used to explain them. Responding to crime explores criminal justice responses to crime, including crime prevention, restorative justice, approaches to policing and trial as well as post-conviction issues such as imprisonment, community sanctions and rehabilitation. Contexts of crime investigates the social, political and cultural contexts of the policymaking process, including media representations, politics, the role of the victim and the impact of gender. Emerging ideas focuses on innovative ideas that prompt a reconsideration of received wisdom on particular topics, including sexual violence and ethnicity. Charting the key contours of the criminological enterprise on the island of Ireland and placing the Irish material in the context of the wider European and international literature, this book is essential reading for those involved in the study of Irish criminology and international and comparative criminal justice.

The Routledge Handbook of Ethics and Public Policy

Author : Annabelle Lever
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315461714
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Ethics and Public Policy by : Annabelle Lever

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Ethics and Public Policy written by Annabelle Lever and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-26 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does it mean to do public policy ethics today? How should philosophers engage with ethical issues in policy-making when policy decisions are circumscribed by political and pragmatic concerns? How do ethical issues in public policy differ between areas such as foreign policy, criminal justice, or environmental policy? The Routledge Handbook of Ethics and Public Policy addresses all these questions and more, and is the first handbook of its kind. It is comprised of 41 chapters written by leading international contributors, and is organised into four clear sections covering the following key topics: Methodology: philosophical approaches to public policy, ethical expertise, knowledge, and public policy Democracy and public policy: identity, integration and inclusion: voting, linguistic policy, discrimination, youth policy, religious toleration, and the family Public goods: defence and foreign policy, development and climate change, surveillance and internal security, ethics of welfare, healthcare and fair trade, sovereignty and territorial boundaries, and the ethics of nudging Public policy challenges: criminal justice, policing, taxation, poverty, disability, reparation, and ethics of death policies. The Routledge Handbook of Ethics and Public Policy is essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy, politics, and social policy. It will be equally useful to those in related disciplines, such as economics and law, or professional fields, such as business administration or policy-making in general.

The Routledge Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime in Europe

Author : Judith van Erp
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131793671X
Total Pages : 596 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime in Europe by : Judith van Erp

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime in Europe written by Judith van Erp and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-04-10 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of white-collar crime remains a central concern for criminologists around the world and research concentrates on its nature, prevalence, causes and responses. However, most books on white-collar crime tend to focus on Anglo-American examples, which is surprising given the amount of rich data and research taking place in mainland Europe. This new handbook seeks to reset the balance and, for the first time, presents an overview of state-of-the-art research on white-collar crime in Europe. Adding to the existing Anglo-American body of knowledge, the Handbook will discuss specific European topics and typical European features of white-collar crime. The Routledge Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime in Europe consists of more than thirty chapters on topics ranging from the Icelandic Banking Crisis, to the origins of the study of white collar crime, to contemporary topics, such as white-collar crime in countries post-transition from communist regimes; the illegal e-waste trade and white-collar crime in professional football. Furthermore, the book contains extensive case study analyses of landmark European cases of white-collar crime. The editors have gathered together the leading voices in the field and a final section offers commentaries on white-collar crime in Europe from eminent criminologists David Friedrichs and Hazel Croall. This Handbook will thus serve as a work of reference for all scholars and students engaged in the study of corporate and white-collar crime and will also set out directions for new research in the future.