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Rna Structure And Function Of Influenza Virus
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Book Synopsis RNA Structure and Function of Influenza Virus by : Tian Jiang
Download or read book RNA Structure and Function of Influenza Virus written by Tian Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Influenza viruses are negative-sense RNA viruses, which are a significant public health threat. Among the three different species of influenza, influenza A virus poses the biggest health risk. Currently, few drugs treat influenza; neuraminidase inhibitors are essentially the only therapeutics available. Moreover, sporadic cases of drug-resistant influenza viruses have been detected worldwide. The once widely used adamantanes are now mostly ineffective towards currently circulating influenza (H3N2). Thus, it is important to develop novel antiviral treatments as well as more effective vaccines. RNA structure plays key roles in the replication, transcription and translation of many viruses including influenza. However, little is known about influenza RNA structure. Recently, bioinformatics analysis predicted conserved and stable secondary structure in segments 7 and 8 of influenza A, which are alternatively spliced. Part I: A region 79 nucleotides downstream from the 5' splice site in segment 7 was predicted to have an especially stable and conserved secondary structure, using a combination of thermodynamic stability and comparative sequence analysis. This sequence and predicted structure are conserved within influenza A viruses that infect human, swine, and avian species. A multi-branch model was predicted for the consensus sequence of all wild type sequences available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information influenza virus resource. A possible alternative hairpin structure was also hypothesized for this region, with equally conserved base pairing and similar predicted free energy. In this work, a combination of mutagenesis, nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, enzymatic/chemical mapping, isoenergetic microarray mapping, and NMR indicated that only the multi-branch structure forms in solution. Potential tertiary interactions in the structure were also identified. Part II: The biological function of the conserved structures in influenza A virus segments 7 and 8 were evaluated. A recombinant influenza H1N1 pandemic-causing strain containing mutations in structured regions were generated. Conserved RNA base pairs or loops in segments 7 and 8 were mutated to affect specific regions of secondary structure. In four cases, 2-nt mutations were made as designed with an ensemble defect program to completely change the predicted secondary structure. Virus growth kinetics of the wild type and mutant viruses were measured in vitro in tissue culture and in vivo in mice. qRT-PCR was used to measure the change in mRNA isoforms compared to the wild-type virus. The results show that disrupting conserved RNA structure may inhibit splicing of mRNA and/or attenuate viral replication. These motifs can serve as new targets for designing novel vaccines and therapeutics against influenza. In addition, it is proof of concept that therapeutic targets can be defined through genomic sequence analysis."--Pages vii-viii.
Book Synopsis Study of the Structure and Function of the Influenza Virus RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase by : Itziar Serna Martin
Download or read book Study of the Structure and Function of the Influenza Virus RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase written by Itziar Serna Martin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Virus Protein and Nucleoprotein Complexes by : J. Robin Harris
Download or read book Virus Protein and Nucleoprotein Complexes written by J. Robin Harris and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Subcellular Biochemistry series has recently embarked upon an almost encyclopaedic coverage of topics relating to the structure and function of macromolecular complexes (Volumes 82, 83 and 87). The present multi-author text covers numerous aspects of current research into molecular virology, with emphasis upon viral protein and nucleoprotein structure and function. Structural data from cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography is displayed throughout the book. The 17 chapters in the book cover diverse interesting topics, all currently under investigation, contributed by authors who are active actively involved in present-day research. Whilst structural aspects predominate, there is much consideration of the structure-function relationship. In addition, the book correlates with and extends from Volume 68 of the series “Structure and Physics of Viruses: An Integrated Textbook”. This book is directed primarily at professionals that work in the broad field of Structural Biology and will be of particular interest to Structural Virologists. The editors, David Bhella and Robin Harris, have much experience in virology and protein structure, respectively. Dr Bhella is Director of the Scottish Macromolecular Imaging Centre. Professor Robin Harris is the long-standing Series Editor of the Subcellular Biochemistry series. He has edited and contributed to several books in the series.
Book Synopsis Influenza Virus Sialidase - A Drug Discovery Target by : Mark Itzstein
Download or read book Influenza Virus Sialidase - A Drug Discovery Target written by Mark Itzstein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Influenza continues to be an ongoing problem despite the existence of vaccines and drugs. Disease outbreaks can occur relatively quickly as witnessed with the recent emergence of the influenza virus A/H1N1 pandemic. The development of new anti-influenza drugs is thus a major challenge. This volume describes all aspects of the virus structure and function relevant to infection. The focus is on drug discovery of inhibitors to the enzyme sialidase, which plays a key role in the infectious lifecycle of the virus. Following an overview of the influenza virus, the haemagglutinin, the interactions with the cell receptors and the enzymology of virus sialidase, recent results in drug design are presented. These include a full coverage of the design, synthesis and evaluation of carbohydrate as well as non-carbohydrate influenza virus sialidase inhibitors. Further reviews of the clinical experience with influenza virus sialidase inhibitors and of the development of resistance to these inhibitor drugs complement the topic.
Book Synopsis Structures of RNA Sequences from Influenza A Virus by : Andrew D. Kauffmann
Download or read book Structures of RNA Sequences from Influenza A Virus written by Andrew D. Kauffmann and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "RNA is an extremely diverse biomolecule. Once thought of as simply a carrier of information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis, its functions have expanded to include regulation of mRNA expression through RNA interference (RNAi), regulation of mRNA translation, catalysis of protein synthesis, RNA splicing, and even comprising the entire genome in the case of many viruses. At the foundation of all RNA function is its structure. Therefore a better understanding RNA structure will likely give insight into function and how to modify it through means of small molecule or oligonucleotide therapeutics. Herein is presented two means of experimental determination of RNA structure from sequences derived from influenza A virus. These structures can be used as benchmarks for the development of RNA structure prediction programs, and may provide new targets for therapeutic design in influenza A virus."--Page iv.
Book Synopsis Structure and Physics of Viruses by : Mauricio G. Mateu
Download or read book Structure and Physics of Viruses written by Mauricio G. Mateu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-04 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contemplates the structure, dynamics and physics of virus particles: From the moment they come into existence by self-assembly from viral components produced in the infected cell, through their extracellular stage, until they recognise and infect a new host cell and cease to exist by losing their physical integrity to start a new infectious cycle. (Bio)physical techniques used to study the structure of virus particles and components, and some applications of structure-based studies of viruses are also contemplated. This book is aimed first at M.Sc. students, Ph.D. students and postdoctoral researchers with a university degree in biology, chemistry, physics or related scientific disciplines who share an interest or are actually working on viruses. We have aimed also at providing an updated account of many important concepts, techniques, studies and applications in structural and physical virology for established scientists working on viruses, irrespective of their physical, chemical or biological background and their field of expertise. We have not attempted to provide a collection of for-experts-only reviews focused mainly on the latest research in specific topics; we have not generally assumed that the reader knows all of the jargon and all but the most recent and advanced results in each topic dealt with in this book. In short, we have attempted to write a book basic enough to be useful to M.Sc and Ph.D. students, as well as advanced and current enough to be useful to senior scientists with an interest in Structural and/or Physical Virology.
Book Synopsis Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume II by : Michael B. A. Oldstone
Download or read book Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume II written by Michael B. A. Oldstone and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-06 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume work covers the molecular and cell biology, genetics and evolution of influenza viruses, the pathogenesis of infection, resultant host innate and adaptive immune response, prevention of infection through vaccination and approaches to the therapeutic control of infection.. Experts at the forefront of these areas provide critical assessments with regard to influenza virology, immunology, cell and molecular biology, and pathogenesis. Volume I provides overviews of the latest findings on molecular determinants of viral pathogenicity, virus entry and cell tropism, pandemic risk assessment, transmission and pathogenesis in animal species, viral evolution, ecology and antigenic variation, while Volume II focuses on the role of innate and adaptive immunity in pathogenesis, development of vaccines and antivirals.
Book Synopsis RNA Viruses: Replication and Structure by : Federation of European Biochemical Societies
Download or read book RNA Viruses: Replication and Structure written by Federation of European Biochemical Societies and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Virus Structure written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-10-02 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus Structure covers the full spectrum of modern structural virology. Its goal is to describe the means for defining moderate to high resolution structures and the basic principles that have emerged from these studies. Among the topics covered are Hybrid Vigor, Structural Folds of Viral Proteins, Virus Particle Dynamics, Viral Gemone Organization, Enveloped Viruses and Large Viruses. Covers viral assembly using heterologous expression systems and cell extracts Discusses molecular mechanisms in bacteriophage T7 procapsid assembly, maturation and DNA containment Includes information on structural studies on antibody/virus complexes
Book Synopsis Influenza A Virus: A Role for the RNA Polymerase in Viral Particle Assembly by : John F. Regan
Download or read book Influenza A Virus: A Role for the RNA Polymerase in Viral Particle Assembly written by John F. Regan and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Influenza is an RNA virus whose segmented genome is encapsidated into viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs). Upon infection, the vRNPs migrate into the nucleus where transcription and replication take place. The vRNPs contain a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is responsible for viral transcription and replication. The polymerase is composed of three subunits, PB1, PB2, and PA. PBI has polymerase activity and PB2 is involved in viral transcription. The function of PA is unclear. To help elucidate the role of PA in the viral life cycle, 16 conserved regions of PA were targeted for alanine substitution. A plasmid-based transfection system was used to generate recombinant influenza particles bearing each mutation, which were tested for viral viability and the ability of each mutant polymerase to transcribe and replicate a reporter. Mutations in the N-terminus were not well tolerated and resulted in either non-viable or attenuated viruses. One of the mutants, J10, was capable of RNA synthesis, yet did not create viral particles capable of plaque formation in MDCK cells. Specifically, when compared to wild-type, this mutant synthesized 50+/-7% vRNA, 86+/-12% mRNA, and 128+/-18% cRNA. These levels are compatible with viability, as mutants J8 (27%) and J12 (23%), produced significantly less vRNA than J10, yet were viable by plaque assay. The mRNAs generated from J10 polymerase were found to be translationally-active, and both the mutant protein and its RNA products were appropriately localized in the cytoplasm, where influenza assembly occurs. Nevertheless, J10 failed to generate infectious particles from cells in a plasmid-based influenza assembly assay, and hemagglutinating material from the supernatants of such cells contained little or no nuclease-resistant genomic RNA. These findings suggest that PA has a previously unrecognized role in assembly or release of influenza virions, perhaps influencing core structure or the packaging of vRNAs or other essential components into nascent influenza particles.
Book Synopsis Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes by : Ales Iglic
Download or read book Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes written by Ales Iglic and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-09-04 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes volumes cover a broad range of topics, including main arrangements of the reconstituted system, namely planar lipid bilayers as well as spherical liposomes. The invited authors present the latest results of their own research groups in this exciting multidisciplinary field. Incorporates contributions from newcomers and established and experienced researchers Explores the planar lipid bilayer systems and spherical liposomes from both theoretical and experimental perspectives Serves as an indispensable source of information for new scientists
Book Synopsis Textbook of Influenza by : Robert G. Webster
Download or read book Textbook of Influenza written by Robert G. Webster and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-01-06 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Textbook of Influenza is a comprehensive resource covering all aspects of influenza, from the genetic and molecular biology of the virus through to clinical aspects of the disease and the latest drug developments and treatments. This new edition has been completely revised and reflects the integration of disciplines concerning the emergence, evolution, pathogenesis and control of influenza viruses in the field of human and veterinary public health. Textbook of Influenza examines the lessons learnt from the latest pandemic and provides the current state of knowledge for many yet unresolved issues related to virus origin, spread, pathogenesis and disease severity to better prepare for future pandemics. It covers the background to recent advances in influenza genomics and reverse genetics which have allowed the identification of virus virulence factors and the analysis and reconstruction of influenza viruses such as the 1918 Spanish flu strain. This new edition is divided into eight key sections, containing chapters co-written by international experts from both the clinical and scientific communities, covering: • Influenza Perspectives • Structure and Replication • Evolution and Ecology • Epidemiology and Surveillance • Immunology • Vaccines and Vaccine Development • Clinical Aspects and Antivirals • Public Health Textbook of Influenza is for all those working in the area of influenza including clinical and basic scientists, immunologists, molecular and structural virologists, public health officials and global pandemic control planners.
Book Synopsis The Influenza Viruses by : Robert M. Krug
Download or read book The Influenza Viruses written by Robert M. Krug and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Influenza virus is an important human pathogen, frequently causing widespread disease and a significant loss of life. Much has been learned about the structure of the virus, its genetic variation, its mode of gene expression and replication, and its interaction with the host immu nologic system. This knowledge has the potential of leading to ap proaches for the control of influenza virus. In addition, research on influ enza virus has led to important advances in eukaryotic molecular and cellular biology and in immunology. A major focus of this book is the molecular biology of influenza virus. The first chapter, which serves as an introduction, describes the structure of each of the genomic RNA segments and their encoded pro teins. The second chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the expression and replication of the viral genome. In addition to other subjects, this chapter deals with one of the most distinctive features of influenza virus, namely the unique mechanism whereby viral messenger RNA synthesis is initiated by primers deaved from newly synthesized host-cell RNAs in the nudeus. Among the most significant accomplish ments in influenza virus research has been the delineation of the three dimensional structure of the two surface glycoproteins of the virus, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. This has provided a structural basis for mapping both the antigenic sites and the regions involved in the major biological functions of these two molecules.
Book Synopsis The Threat of Pandemic Influenza by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book The Threat of Pandemic Influenza written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-04-09 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public health officials and organizations around the world remain on high alert because of increasing concerns about the prospect of an influenza pandemic, which many experts believe to be inevitable. Moreover, recent problems with the availability and strain-specificity of vaccine for annual flu epidemics in some countries and the rise of pandemic strains of avian flu in disparate geographic regions have alarmed experts about the world's ability to prevent or contain a human pandemic. The workshop summary, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? addresses these urgent concerns. The report describes what steps the United States and other countries have taken thus far to prepare for the next outbreak of "killer flu." It also looks at gaps in readiness, including hospitals' inability to absorb a surge of patients and many nations' incapacity to monitor and detect flu outbreaks. The report points to the need for international agreements to share flu vaccine and antiviral stockpiles to ensure that the 88 percent of nations that cannot manufacture or stockpile these products have access to them. It chronicles the toll of the H5N1 strain of avian flu currently circulating among poultry in many parts of Asia, which now accounts for the culling of millions of birds and the death of at least 50 persons. And it compares the costs of preparations with the costs of illness and death that could arise during an outbreak.
Book Synopsis Discovery and Characterization of Influenza Virus RNA Secondary Structures by : Salvatore F. Priore
Download or read book Discovery and Characterization of Influenza Virus RNA Secondary Structures written by Salvatore F. Priore and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "PART I: Influenza virus is a significant public health threat, partially because of its capacity to readily exchange gene segments between different host species to form novel pandemic strains. Even though influenza virus uses RNA exclusively throughout its entire life cycle, little is known about the structure of the Influenza A genome and transcriptome. This works presents bioinformatics efforts to discover and characterize RNA secondary structures in both the (+) and ( - )RNA orientations of influenza A virus. All available unique influenza A sequences from the NCBI database were used to identify 20 likely structured regions, primarily in the (+)RNA. One of these predictions is verified and refined using small molecule mapping and isoenergetic microarrays for a conserved region of the Segment 8 (NS1/NEP) intron. Part II: In addition to locally conserved structure, this work examines the global RNA secondary structure in coding regions of both Influenza A and B. For Influenza A, segments 1, 5, 7 and 8 show evidence of wide-spread structure conservation. This phenomenon is referred to as Global Ordered RNA Structure, or GORS. On average the predicted thermodynamic stability of each coding region segregated based on the host species with avian having the most stable folding free energies followed by swine and then human. Similarly, a study of Influenza B virus, which infects primarily humans, showed GORS in Segments 1, 2, 5 and 8. In silico codon mutations that maintained the amino acid sequence for each segment demonstrate the relatively unstable folding free energies of influenza B coding regions. Together these results highlight some of the molecular similarities and differences between influenza A and B and demonstrate the evolutionary adaptation of Influenza"--Page ix.
Download or read book Microbiology written by Nina Parker and published by . This book was released on 2016-05-30 with total page 1301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology's art program enhances students' understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs. Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology."--BC Campus website.
Book Synopsis Assembly of Enveloped RNA Viruses by : Monique Dubois-Dalcq
Download or read book Assembly of Enveloped RNA Viruses written by Monique Dubois-Dalcq and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of critical reviews about a diverse group of virus families with two features in common: the stable repository of genetic information in each virus is RNA, and each virus modifies and appropriates a particular patch of the eukaryotic cell membrane system to complete its structure. The reviews take the reader from the level of virus genome structure and expression through the quaternary interactions between virus-specified elements and cellular components that cooperate to produce virus particles. There are spectacular illustrations in this volume, but it is much more than a picture gallery. Reading widely in this book can be an effective antidote to overspecialization: in these pages, you are likely to learn much about viruses and about cells that you didn't know before; you'll discover illuminating parallels between diverse virus families; you'll come away with a sharpened awareness of important things that are still to be learned. Memphis, Tenn. , Summer 1984 David W. Kingsbury Preface This book was written at the suggestion of Dr. David W. Kingsbury made at a work shop on viruses organized by the Multiple Sclerosis Society in Aspen, Colorado, U. S. A. , three years ago. Originally, we had thought to focus on the morphological aspects of viral assembly. Later, during our discussions on the process of budding of enveloped RNA viruses, it became evident that we should include biochemical data in our review and correlate them with the structural aspects of virus maturation.
