Rights at Stake and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Download Rights at Stake and the COVID-19 Pandemic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000841979
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rights at Stake and the COVID-19 Pandemic by : Shareen Hertel

Download or read book Rights at Stake and the COVID-19 Pandemic written by Shareen Hertel and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-02-28 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped life across the world, placing people at risk as our responses to it alter not only health and wellbeing but also governance, economies, social relations, and our interaction with the natural environment. This volume draws globally recognized human rights scholars and practitioners into dialogue over the costs and consequences of the pandemic. With insights and data from fields as diverse as medicine, anthropology, political science, social work, business, and law, these contributors help us make sense of the pandemic’s ongoing effects and its potential impact on future systems and processes. Drawn from two special issues of The Journal of Human Rights—one published within eight months of the first lockdowns, the other published almost two years into the pandemic—this book offers one of the most comprehensive collections of such research available. It will be of interest to researchers and advanced students of Politics, Sociology, Social Work, Economics, Anthropology, Social and Political Geography, and Public Policy.

Rights at Stake and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Download Rights at Stake and the COVID-19 Pandemic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000841952
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rights at Stake and the COVID-19 Pandemic by : Shareen Hertel

Download or read book Rights at Stake and the COVID-19 Pandemic written by Shareen Hertel and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-02-28 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped life across the world, placing people at risk as our responses to it alter not only health and wellbeing but also governance, economies, social relations, and our interaction with the natural environment. This volume draws globally recognized human rights scholars and practitioners into dialogue over the costs and consequences of the pandemic. With insights and data from fields as diverse as medicine, anthropology, political science, social work, business, and law, these contributors help us make sense of the pandemic’s ongoing effects and its potential impact on future systems and processes. Drawn from two special issues of The Journal of Human Rights—one published within eight months of the first lockdowns, the other published almost two years into the pandemic—this book offers one of the most comprehensive collections of such research available. It will be of interest to researchers and advanced students of Politics, Sociology, Social Work, Economics, Anthropology, Social and Political Geography, and Public Policy.

COVID-19, Law & Regulation

Download COVID-19, Law & Regulation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192650491
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis COVID-19, Law & Regulation by : Belinda Bennett

Download or read book COVID-19, Law & Regulation written by Belinda Bennett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-21 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COVID-19 is the most severe pandemic the world has experienced in a century. This book analyses major legal and regulatory responses internationally to COVID-19, and the impact the pandemic has had on human rights and freedoms, governance, the obligations of states and individuals, as well the role of the World Health Organization and other international bodies during this time. The authors examine notable legal challenges to public health measures enforced during the pandemic, such as lockdown orders, curfews, and vaccine mandates. Importantly, the book contextualizes the legal analysis by examining the broader social and economic dimensions of risks posed by the pandemic. The book considers how COVID-19 impacted the operation of the criminal justice system, civil litigation concerning negligently caused deaths and business losses arising from contractual breaches, consumer protection litigation, disciplinary regulation of health practitioners, coronial inquests and other investigations of unexpected deaths, and occupational health and safety issues. The book reflects on the role of the law in facilitating the remarkable scientific and epidemiological achievements during the pandemic, but also the challenges of ensuring the swift production and equitable distribution of treatments and vaccines. It concludes by considering the possibilities that the legal and regulatory responses to this pandemic have illuminated for effectively tackling future global health crises.

COVID-19, Law, and Regulation

Download COVID-19, Law, and Regulation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192896741
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis COVID-19, Law, and Regulation by : Belinda Bennett

Download or read book COVID-19, Law, and Regulation written by Belinda Bennett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-19 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COVID-19 is the most severe pandemic the world has experienced in a century. This book analyses major legal and regulatory responses internationally to COVID-19, and the impact the pandemic has had on human rights and freedoms, governance, the obligations of states and individuals, as well the role of the World Health Organization and other international bodies during this time. The authors examine notable legal challenges to public health measures enforced during the pandemic, such as lockdown orders, curfews, and vaccine mandates. Importantly, the book contextualizes the legal analysis by examining the broader social and economic dimensions of risks posed by the pandemic. The book considers how COVID-19 impacted the operation of the criminal justice system, civil litigation concerning negligently caused deaths and business losses arising from contractual breaches, consumer protection litigation, disciplinary regulation of health practitioners, coronial inquests and other investigations of unexpected deaths, and occupational health and safety issues. The book reflects on the role of the law in facilitating the remarkable scientific and epidemiological achievements during the pandemic, but also the challenges of ensuring the swift production and equitable distribution of treatments and vaccines. It concludes by considering the possibilities that the legal and regulatory responses to this pandemic have illuminated for effectively tackling future global health crises.

COVID-19 and Human Rights

Download COVID-19 and Human Rights PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000411540
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis COVID-19 and Human Rights by : Morten Kjaerum

Download or read book COVID-19 and Human Rights written by Morten Kjaerum and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-29 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely collection brings together original explorations of the COVID-19 pandemic and its wide-ranging, global effects on human rights. The contributors argue that a human rights perspective is necessary to understand the pervasive consequences of the crisis, while focusing attention on those being left behind and providing a necessary framework for the effort to 'build back better'. Expert contributors to this volume address interconnections between the COVID-19 crisis and human rights to equality and non-discrimination, including historical responses to pandemics, populism and authoritarianism, and the rights to health, information, water and the environment. Highlighting the dangerous potential for derogations from human rights, authors further scrutinize the human rights compliance of new legislation and policies in relation to issues such as privacy, protection of persons with disabilities, freedom of expression, and access to medicines. Acknowledging the pandemic as a defining moment for human rights, the volume proposes a post-crisis human rights agenda to engage civil society and government at all levels in concrete measures to roll back increasing inequality. With rich examples, new thinking, and provocative analyses of human rights, COVID-19, pandemics, crises, and inequality, this book will be of key interest to scholars, students, and practitioners in all areas of human rights, global governance, and public health, as well as others who are ready to embark on an exploration of these complex challenges.

COVID-19 and the Law

Download COVID-19 and the Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009265741
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis COVID-19 and the Law by : I. Glenn Cohen

Download or read book COVID-19 and the Law written by I. Glenn Cohen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-11-09 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enduring effect across the entire spectrum of law and policy, in areas ranging from health equity and racial justice, to constitutional law, the law of prisons, federal benefit programs, election law and much more. This collection provides a critical reflection on what changes the pandemic has already introduced, and what its legacy may be. Chapters evaluate how healthcare and government institutions have succeeded and failed during this global 'stress test,' and explore how the US and the world will move forward to ensure we are better prepared for future pandemics. This timely volume identifies the right questions to ask as we take stock of pandemic realities and provides guidance for the many stakeholders of COVID-19's legal legacy. This book is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

COVID-19: Individual Rights and Community Responsibilities

Download COVID-19: Individual Rights and Community Responsibilities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000800393
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis COVID-19: Individual Rights and Community Responsibilities by : J. Michael Ryan

Download or read book COVID-19: Individual Rights and Community Responsibilities written by J. Michael Ryan and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COVID-19: Individual Rights and Community Responsibilities provides critical insights into the tensions between individual rights and community responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions about mandates, lockdowns, priorities, and broader questions related to neighborly responsibilities and human rights have been central to debates about how to confront the pandemic. The scholarship presented in this volume adds to those debates by confronting such issues as the role of social media in spreading misinformation, mask mandates, pandemic politics, and the very ethos of what is meant by human and individual rights. Drawing on the expertise of scholars from around the world, the work presented here represents a remarkable diversity and quality of impassioned scholarship on the impact of COVID-19 and is a timely and critical advance in knowledge related to the pandemic.

Routledge Handbook of Law and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Download Routledge Handbook of Law and the COVID-19 Pandemic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000582132
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Law and the COVID-19 Pandemic by : Joelle Grogan

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Law and the COVID-19 Pandemic written by Joelle Grogan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-05-16 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic not only ravaged human bodies but also had profound and possibly enduring effects on the health of political and legal systems, economies and societies. Almost overnight, governments imposed the severest restrictions in modern times on rights and freedoms, elections, parliaments and courts. Legal and political institutions struggled to adapt, creating a catalyst for democratic decline and catastrophic increases in poverty and inequality. This handbook analyses the global pandemic response through five themes: governance and democracy; human rights; the rule of law; science, public trust and decision making; and states of emergency and exception. Containing 12 thematic commentaries and 25 chapters on countries of diverse size, wealth and experience of COVID-19, it represents the combined effort of more than 50 contributors, including leading scholars and rising voices in the fields of constitutional, international, public health, human rights and comparative law, as well as political science, and science and technology studies. Taking stock after the onset of global emergency, this book provides essential analysis for politicians, policy-makers, jurists, civil society organisations, academics, students and practitioners at both national and international level on the best, and most concerning, practices adopted in response to COVID-19 – and key insights into how states and multilateral institutions should reform, adapt and prepare for future emergencies.

Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19

Download Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LIT Verlag Münster
ISBN 13 : 3643913516
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (439 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19 by : Stefan Kirchner

Download or read book Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19 written by Stefan Kirchner and published by LIT Verlag Münster. This book was released on 2021-05-06 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19 is a collection of essays by an interdisciplinary group of experts from around the world who look at different human rights issues which have emerged as relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic. The topics cover a range of issues in different countries, for example, tracing apps, digitalization, privacy, priority setting in health care, refugees, cruise ships or risks faced by children. Other chapters investigate the specific government responses in a number of countries. In addition, topics of wider legal interest are investigated, such as the role of constitutional courts, federalism and the concept of the state of emergency.

Global Pandemic, Security and Human Rights

Download Global Pandemic, Security and Human Rights PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000515125
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Pandemic, Security and Human Rights by : Ben Stanford

Download or read book Global Pandemic, Security and Human Rights written by Ben Stanford and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-29 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an international and comparative exploration of how the COVID-19 global pandemic has affected and impacted on issues of human rights, security, and law. Throughout the world, the COVID-19 global pandemic has fundamentally impacted and altered our way of life. As this book sets out, all states have had to contend with similar challenges as well as competing interests and obligations affecting human rights and security. These challenges present very few simple choices but nonetheless carry enormous consequences. Organised into two thematic and distinct yet interrelated parts, first on theoretical and practical challenges for human rights and second on threats to personal, collective, and global security, the book examines how the ability of states to safeguard our fundamental rights and security, broadly defined, has been challenged. Questions about the legality and legal impact of recent responses to COVID-19 will persist for some time. It is often said that global problems require coordinated global solutions, but the various responses to the pandemic by states suggest a notable lack of a consensus amongst the international community. The book will be of interest to academics and researchers working in the areas of human rights law and security law. It will also appeal to constitutional lawyers, given the nature of law-making and the challenge of ensuring adequate scrutiny in emergency situations as well as the impact of COVID-19 upon the legal framework more generally. It will provide a valuable resource for policymakers, practitioners, and public servants.

Lessons for Implementing Human Rights from Covid-19

Download Lessons for Implementing Human Rights from Covid-19 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781032765600
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (656 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lessons for Implementing Human Rights from Covid-19 by : Jędrzej Skrzypczak

Download or read book Lessons for Implementing Human Rights from Covid-19 written by Jędrzej Skrzypczak and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2024-08-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lessons for Implementing Human Rights from COVID-19 explores the effect of the pandemic on human rights, civil and political rights (CPR), economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR), and freedoms around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic radically changed many aspects of the lives of individuals and entire societies. This crisis and the unprecedented experience required extraordinary solutions, regulations and rapid responses from decision-makers to limit the spread of the disease and protect societies. To this end, during this period, many countries chose to impose states of emergency, resulting in the granting of extraordinary powers to the executive. This has sometimes been a very convenient pretext for introducing various types of restrictions, oppressive surveillance and other legal arrangements that can be qualified as human rights violations. The authors make a scholarly summary of this period, identifying possible rights violations -- but above all -- recommendations for the future. This crisis has shown how important it is to have universal, equitable health and social protection systems that cover all community members equally and without discrimination, and the authors remodel the concept of 'human rights' and 'human needs'. The book covers varied examples from lockdowns to vaccination to information control, across Spain, Poland, South Africa and Uganda, the Czech Republic, Belarus and Ukraine, and Russia. This book will appeal to higher-level students and scholars of law, political science, and international relations, and will also be helpful for public policymakers at national and international levels.

Constitutional Resilience and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Download Constitutional Resilience and the COVID-19 Pandemic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031064011
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constitutional Resilience and the COVID-19 Pandemic by : Ebenezer Durojaye

Download or read book Constitutional Resilience and the COVID-19 Pandemic written by Ebenezer Durojaye and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-17 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the resilience of constitutional government in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, connecting and comparing perspectives from ten countries in sub-Saharan Africa to global trends. In emergency situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, a state has the right and duty under both international law and domestic constitutional law to take appropriate steps to protect the health and security of its population. Emergency regimes may allow for the suspension or limitation of normal constitutional government and even human rights. Those measures are not a license for authoritarian rule, but they must conform to legal standards of necessity, reasonableness, and proportionality that limit state action in ways appropriate to the maintenance of the rule of law in the context of a public health emergency. Bringing together established and emerging African scholars from ten countries, this book looks at the impact government emergency responses to the pandemic have on the functions of the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, as well as the protection of human rights. It also considers whether and to what extent government emergency responses were consistent with international human rights law, in particular with the standards of legality, necessity, proportionality, and non-discrimination in the Siracusa Principles.

COVID-19 and the Right to Health in Africa

Download COVID-19 and the Right to Health in Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040028934
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis COVID-19 and the Right to Health in Africa by : Ebenezer Durojaye

Download or read book COVID-19 and the Right to Health in Africa written by Ebenezer Durojaye and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-05-28 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection draws upon a range of thematic and regional case studies and uses the right to health as a normative framework to explore the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. Drawing lessons from across the continent, the book discusses the challenges faced by African states seeking to ensure the availability, accessibility, and quality of health care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the volume explores the impact of the pandemic on the right to health of vulnerable and marginalized groups, such as women, children, elderly persons with disabilities, refugees and asylum seekers, and people from disadvantaged communities. Due to the poor funding of the healthcare systems, access to health-related services was limited to these groups in many African countries, thereby leading to avoidable COVID-19-related deaths through shortages of vital supplies, including diagnostic tests, ventilators, and oxygen cylinders. Chapters in the volume also explore the contentious issues of vaccine mandates, equity, resource allocation, and the rights of healthcare providers during the pandemic. This collection will be of interest to students of public health, human rights, and the social sciences, as well as to academics and policymakers with an interest in the nexus between the COVID-19 pandemic and public health policy in Africa.

Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19

Download Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LIT Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3643963513
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (439 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19 by : LIT Verlag

Download or read book Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19 written by LIT Verlag and published by LIT Verlag. This book was released on 2021-01-04 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governing the Crisis: Law, Human Rights and COVID-19 is a collection of essays by an interdisciplinary group of experts from around the world who look at different human rights issues which have emerged as relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic. The topics cover a range of issues in different countries, for example, tracing apps, digitalization, privacy, priority setting in health care, refugees, cruise ships or risks faced by children. Other chapters investigate the specific government responses in a number of countries. In addition, topics of wider legal interest are investigated, such as the role of constitutional courts, federalism and the concept of the state of emergency. Prof. Dr. Stefan Kirchner, MJI, is Research Professor of Arctic Law and the head of the Arctic Governance Research Group at the Arctic Centre of the University of Lapland in Rovaniemi, Finland.

Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19

Download Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030815005
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19 by : Fernando M. Reimers

Download or read book Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19 written by Fernando M. Reimers and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access edited volume is a comparative effort to discern the short-term educational impact of the covid-19 pandemic on students, teachers and systems in Brazil, Chile, Finland, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. One of the first academic comparative studies of the educational impact of the pandemic, the book explains how the interruption of in person instruction and the variable efficacy of alternative forms of education caused learning loss and disengagement with learning, especially for disadvantaged students. Other direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic diminished the ability of families to support children and youth in their education. For students, as well as for teachers and school staff, these included the economic shocks experienced by families, in some cases leading to food insecurity and in many more causing stress and anxiety and impacting mental health. Opportunity to learn was also diminished by the shocks and trauma experienced by those with a close relative infected by the virus, and by the constrains on learning resulting from students having to learn at home, where the demands of schoolwork had to be negotiated with other family necessities, often sharing limited space. Furthermore, the prolonged stress caused by the uncertainty over the resolution of the pandemic and resulting from the knowledge that anyone could be infected and potentially lose their lives, created a traumatic context for many that undermined the necessary focus and dedication to schoolwork. These individual effects were reinforced by community effects, particularly for students and teachers living in communities where the multifaceted negative impacts resulting from the pandemic were pervasive. This is an open access book.

When Misfortune Becomes Injustice

Download When Misfortune Becomes Injustice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1503635953
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis When Misfortune Becomes Injustice by : Alicia Ely Yamin

Download or read book When Misfortune Becomes Injustice written by Alicia Ely Yamin and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2023-07-04 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Misfortune Becomes Injustice surveys the progress and challenges in deploying human rights to advance health and social equality over recent decades. Alicia Ely Yamin weaves together theory and firsthand experience in a compelling narrative of how evolving legal norms, empirical knowledge, and development paradigms have interacted in the realization of health rights, and challenges us to consider why these advances have failed to produce greater equality within and between nations. In this revised and expanded second edition, Yamin incorporates crucial lessons learned about the state of global health equity and public health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating just how incompatible the current institutionalized world order—based on neoliberal, financialized capitalism—is with one in which the rights of diverse people around the globe can be realized. COVID-19 struck a world that had been shaped by decades of disinvestment in public health, health systems, and social protection, as well as privatization of wealth and gaping social inequalities within and between countries, and the evident crisis of confidence in the capacity of democratic political institutions and global governance was deepened by the pandemic. Yamin argues that transformative human rights praxis in health calls for addressing issues of structural inequality and political economy, and working across disciplinary silos through networks and social movements.

Human Rights During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Download Human Rights During the COVID-19 Pandemic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981971480X
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Human Rights During the COVID-19 Pandemic by : M. Ehteshamul Bari

Download or read book Human Rights During the COVID-19 Pandemic written by M. Ehteshamul Bari and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: