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Revisiting Kants Universal Law And Humanity Formulas
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Book Synopsis Revisiting Kant's Universal Law and Humanity Formulas by : Sven Nyholm
Download or read book Revisiting Kant's Universal Law and Humanity Formulas written by Sven Nyholm and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2015-07-24 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers new readings of Kant’s “universal law” and “humanity” formulations of the categorical imperative. It shows how, on these readings, the formulas do indeed turn out being alternative statements of the same basic moral law, and in the process responds to many of the standard objections raised against Kant’s theory. Its first chapter briefly explores the ways in which Kant draws on his philosophical predecessors such as Plato (and especially Plato’s Republic) and Jean-Jacque Rousseau. The second chapter offers a new reading of the relation between the universal law and humanity formulas by relating both of these to a third formula of Kant’s, viz. the “law of nature” formula, and also to Kant’s ideas about laws in general and human nature in particular. The third chapter considers and rejects some influential recent attempts to understand Kant’s argument for the humanity formula, and offers an alternative reconstruction instead. Chapter four considers what it is to flourish as a human being in line with Kant’s basic formulas of morality, and argues that the standard readings of the humanity formula cannot properly account for its relation to Kant’s views about the highest human good.
Book Synopsis Revisiting Kant's Universal Law and Humanity Formulas by : Sven Nyholm
Download or read book Revisiting Kant's Universal Law and Humanity Formulas written by Sven Nyholm and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2015-07-24 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers new readings of Kant’s “universal law” and “humanity” formulations of the categorical imperative. It shows how, on these readings, the formulas do indeed turn out being alternative statements of the same basic moral law, and in the process responds to many of the standard objections raised against Kant’s theory. Its first chapter briefly explores the ways in which Kant draws on his philosophical predecessors such as Plato (and especially Plato’s Republic) and Jean-Jacque Rousseau. The second chapter offers a new reading of the relation between the universal law and humanity formulas by relating both of these to a third formula of Kant’s, viz. the “law of nature” formula, and also to Kant’s ideas about laws in general and human nature in particular. The third chapter considers and rejects some influential recent attempts to understand Kant’s argument for the humanity formula, and offers an alternative reconstruction instead. Chapter four considers what it is to flourish as a human being in line with Kant’s basic formulas of morality, and argues that the standard readings of the humanity formula cannot properly account for its relation to Kant’s views about the highest human good.
Book Synopsis Universal Law and Humanity Formulas and Contemporary Kantian Ethics by : Sven Nyholm
Download or read book Universal Law and Humanity Formulas and Contemporary Kantian Ethics written by Sven Nyholm and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2015-05-30 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in Kant's ethical theory has intensified in recent analytic philosophy. Yet, much of this work has mixed its enthusiasm with strong criticisms. This book investigates these recent engagements with Kant's basic moral principles. It argues that most of these new criticisms rest on mistaken assumptions about how to read Kant. As an alternative, it presents an updated reading of Kant's "universal law" and "humanity" formulas.
Book Synopsis Means, Ends, and Persons by : Robert Audi
Download or read book Means, Ends, and Persons written by Robert Audi and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2016 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a full-scale account of the morally important ideas of treating persons merely as means and treating them as ends. Audi clarifies these independently of Kant, but with implications for understanding him, and presents a theory of conduct that enhances their usefulness both in ethical theory and in practical ethics.
Book Synopsis Formulas of the Moral Law by : Allen Wood
Download or read book Formulas of the Moral Law written by Allen Wood and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-12 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Element defends a reading of Kant's formulas of the moral law in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. It disputes a long tradition concerning what the first formula (Universal Law/Law of Nature) attempts to do. The Element also expounds the Formulas of Humanity, Autonomy and the Realm of Ends, arguing that it is only the Formula of Humanity from which Kant derives general duties, and that it is only the third formula (Autonomy/Realm of Ends) that represents a complete and definitive statement of the moral principle as Kant derives it in the Groundwork. The Element also disputes the claim that the various formulas are 'equivalent', arguing that this claim is either false or else nonsensical because it is grounded on a false premise about what Kant thinks a moral principle is for.
Book Synopsis Understanding Kant's Ethics by : Michael Cholbi
Download or read book Understanding Kant's Ethics written by Michael Cholbi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-11-17 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A systematic guide to Kant's ethical work and the debates surrounding it, accessible to students and specialists alike.
Book Synopsis Kant's Search for the Supreme Principle of Morality by : Samuel J. Kerstein
Download or read book Kant's Search for the Supreme Principle of Morality written by Samuel J. Kerstein and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-05-02 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the core of Kant's ethics lies the claim that if there is a supreme principle of morality then it cannot be a principle based on utilitarianism or Aristotelian perfectionism or the Ten Commandments. The only viable candidate for such a principle is the categorical imperative. This book is the most detailed investigation of this claim. It constructs a new, criterial reading of Kant's derivation of one version of the categorical imperative: the Formula of Universal Law. This reading shows this derivation to be far more compelling than contemporary philosophers tend to believe. It also reveals a novel approach to deriving another version of the categorical imperative, the Formula of Humanity, a principle widely considered to be the most attractive Kantian candidate for the supreme principle of morality. This book will be important not just for Kant scholars but for a broad swathe of students of philosophy.
Book Synopsis Kant's System of Moral Law by : Zachary Biondi
Download or read book Kant's System of Moral Law written by Zachary Biondi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immanuel Kant's Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals has a surprisingly simple aim: to identify the Categorical Imperative, the single principle of morality. Yet Kant never directly says what the principle is. It is a scandal of Kant scholarship. One statement is the Formula of Universal Law: "act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." Shortly after, in a different formulation of the principle (called the Formula of Humanity), Kant says that you should "act in such a way that you treat humanity [...] always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means." The book includes as many as five or six other formulations, all of which are somehow the Categorical Imperative. There is a natural puzzle: given that Kant presents his single moral principle in a variety of formulations, how do they all relate to each other? Any reading of the text demands an answer to this question. Literature tends to revolve around issues of equivalence and priority among formulations. The majority of scholars, including John Rawls, Paul Guyer, and Onora O'Neill, believe that the formulations are equivalent: the formulations either yield the same results when applied to cases or can be derived from each other. Scholars also wonder whether some formulations are more important than others. For example, is the Formula of Universal Law the Categorical Imperative, while the others are subsidiary? Fortunately, in some neglected and abstract passages, Kant discusses the relation among the formulas directly. In the Groundwork (p. 4:436), he says that the Formula of Universal Law highlights 1) the form of the law, 2) the Formula of Humanity the matter, and 3) most enigmatically, that there is a "complete determination" of laws in a possible kingdom of ends. Kant is invoking terms from the Critique of Pure Reason, an earlier work not directly about ethics. My dissertation uses a new reading of the terms in the Critique of Pure Reason to inform a new reading of the Categorical Imperative and Groundwork as a whole. On this approach, issues like equivalence and priority fall away and new, more productive readings of Kant's argument emerge. In my view, the best way to solve an enduring problem in the scholarship on Kant's ethics is to look outside his ethics. Chapter One uses Kant's theory of matter and form to frame a new reading of the first two formulas in the Groundwork, the Formula of Universal Law and the Formula of Humanity. The chapter begins by discussing the influence of Aristotelian hylomorphism on Kant's language, epistemology, and metaphysics. I look at the first Critique and Lectures to develop Kant's picture of form and matter. With this picture, it becomes clear that the first two formulations are about two distinct but inseparable concepts. When Kant talks about universality, he is highlighting the formal or structural features of the Categorical Imperative. It is a law-universal, general, and necessary. 'Do not lie' is a principle that holds for everyone. The formulation about humanity as an "end" supplies its matter or content. The law is about humanity-a rational nature with value or worth. Lying involves communication among rational beings. My reading has implications for freedom or autonomy, the concept at the core of Kant's philosophy. Hylomorphic language indicates that the matter and form combine. An autonomous will is one that wills universal laws that have itself as content. A good will, then, has a hylomorphic structure: it is a combination of matter and form. Kant uses the relation between the first two formulas to make this point. Understanding the relation among the formulations turns out to be the same as understanding how we are free. Chapters Two and Three analyze Kant's claims about complete determination and possibility, the third point in the 4:436 passage. Chapter Two focuses entirely on theoretical philosophy. Kant discusses complete determination in the Ideal of Pure Reason, the last chapter of the Transcendental Dialectic in the Critique of Pure Reason. He makes an intricate and compressed argument that possibility is grounded in reality, specifically God as a rational ideal. By considering Kant's theories of modality, reason, and concepts, I show that the primary function of complete determination is to lead to this ideal. For Kant, the faculty of reason assumes that all concepts are derived from some maximally real and completely determined being, the titular ideal of pure reason. The chapter provides a new reading of the argument, including a discussion of Kant's mention of refinement (läuterung), which has gone overlooked by scholars. It also traces the development of the argument from pre-critical works like The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God and Negative Magnitudes. Chapter Three, the culmination of the dissertation, applies the reading of the Ideal of Pure Reason to the Groundwork. It begins with a treatment of Kant's theory of reason and concept of system. With a third formula of the moral law, the Formula of the Kingdom of Ends, Kant is showing that practical reason utilizes systematic thinking. Morality is not a list of isolated principles but includes interrelation and interdependence among them. The Formula of the Kingdom of Ends and reference to complete determination emphasize this. Chapter Three provides a reading of the Kingdom of Ends, why systematicity is essential to it, and what a complete determination of moral laws would be. For Kant, practical reason assumes that all possible moral principles are derived from a single ideal that supplies their content. The reference to complete determination leads the reader to see that a version of the argument from the first Critique Ideal of Pure Reason is assumed in the Groundwork. The chapter details the argument and explores how it solves a longstanding problem in Kant's scholarship, namely, the source of the positive content of the law. The answer is an ideal that makes systematic practical cognition possible. The central claim of the dissertation is that the relation among the formulas is best understood through the theories of hylomorphism, modality, and reason implicit throughout the Groundwork. A possible law, like 'Do not lie', is a type of hylomorphic composite: the matter of rational nature under the form of universality. But reason treats morality as necessarily systematic. The individual laws are a plurality that is unified under the form of system. The Groundwork uses a sequence of formulas to identify the moral law as a single system. And if the law is a complete system, it cannot be stated in a single formula. The reading that the Categorical Imperative and Groundwork must be understood as parts of Kant's philosophical system provides responses to many objections to his moral theory. It also portrays the theory as a commentary on figures in the history of philosophy-from Aristotle and Plato to Leibniz and Rousseau. In the end, this is how Kant wanted his system to be read: as one part of a larger whole.
Book Synopsis Kantian Ethics, Dignity and Perfection by : Paul Formosa
Download or read book Kantian Ethics, Dignity and Perfection written by Paul Formosa and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-10 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A clear and original perspective on Kantian ethics that focuses on the dignity, vulnerability and perfectibility of human rational agency.
Book Synopsis Fellow Creatures by : Christine Marion Korsgaard
Download or read book Fellow Creatures written by Christine Marion Korsgaard and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a compelling new view of our moral relationships to the other animals
Download or read book On What Matters written by Derek Parfit and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-09 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derek Parfit presents the third volume of On What Matters, his landmark work of moral philosophy. Parfit develops further his influential treatment of reasons, normativity, the meaning of moral discourse, and the status of morality. He engages with his critics, and shows the way to resolution of their differences. This volume is partly about what it is for things to matter, in the sense that we all have reasons to care about these things. Much of the book discusses three of the main kinds of meta-ethical theory: Normative Naturalism, Quasi-Realist Expressivism, and Non-Metaphysical Non-Naturalism, which Derek Parfit now calls Non-Realist Cognitivism. This third theory claims that, if we use the word 'reality' in an ontologically weighty sense, irreducibly normative truths have no mysterious or incredible ontological implications. If instead we use 'reality' in a wide sense, according to which all truths are truths about reality, this theory claims that some non-empirically discoverable truths-such as logical, mathematical, modal, and some normative truths-raise no difficult ontological questions. Parfit discusses these theories partly by commenting on the views of some of the contributors to Peter Singer's collection Does Anything Really Matter? Parfit on Objectivity. Though Peter Railton is a Naturalist, he has widened his view by accepting some further claims, and he has suggested that this wider version of Naturalism could be combined with Non-Realist Cognitivism. Parfit argues that Railton is right, since these theories no longer deeply disagree. Though Allan Gibbard is a Quasi-Realist Expressivist, he has suggested that the best version of his view could be combined with Non-Realist Cognitivism. Parfit argues that Gibbard is right, since Gibbard and he now accept the other's main meta-ethical claim. It is rare for three such different philosophical theories to be able to be widened in ways that resolve their deepest disagreements. This happy convergence supports the view that these meta-ethical theories are true. Parfit also discusses the views of several other philosophers, and some other meta-ethical and normative questions.
Book Synopsis The Court of Reason by : Beatrix Himmelmann
Download or read book The Court of Reason written by Beatrix Himmelmann and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2021-11-08 with total page 1990 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Proceedings present the contributions to the 13th International Kant Congress which was held at the University of Oslo, August 6-9, 2019. The congress, which hosted speakers from more than thirty countries and five continents, was dedicated to the topic of the court of reason. The idea that reason stands before itself as a tribunal characterizes the whole of Kant's critical project. Without such a court, reason falls into conflict with itself. With such a court in place, however, it may succeed in establishing the possibility and limits of metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, law and science. The idea of reason being its own judge is not only pivotal to a proper understanding of Kant's philosophy, but can also shed light on the burgeoning fields of meta-philosophy and philosophical methodology. The 2019 Kant Congress put special emphasis on Kant's methodology, his account of conceptual critique, and the relevance of his ideas to current issues in especially political philosophy and the philosophy of law. Additional sections discussed a wide range of topics in Kant's philosophy. The Proceedings will provide anyone who is interested in exploring the variety of present-day work on Kant and Kantian themes with a wealth of fruitful inspiration.
Book Synopsis Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals by : Immanuel Kant
Download or read book Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals written by Immanuel Kant and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immanuel Kant's Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is one of the most important texts in the history of ethics. In it Kant searches for the supreme principle of morality and argues for a conception of the moral life that has made this work a continuing source of controversy and an object of reinterpretation for over two centuries. This new edition of Kant's work provides a fresh translation that is uniquely faithful to the German original and more fully annotated than any previous translation. There are also four essays by well-known scholars that discuss Kant's views and the philosophical issues raised by the Groundwork. J.B. Schneewind defends the continuing interest in Kantian ethics by examining its historical relation both to the ethical thought that preceded it and to its influence on the ethical theories that came after it; Marcia Baron sheds light on Kant's famous views about moral motivation; and Shelly Kagan and Allen W. Wood advocate contrasting interpretations of Kantian ethics and its practical implications.
Book Synopsis Understanding Kant's Groundwork by : Steven M. Cahn
Download or read book Understanding Kant's Groundwork written by Steven M. Cahn and published by Hackett Publishing. This book was released on 2023-05-26 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immanuel Kant's Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is widely regarded as one of the most influential works in the history of moral philosophy. Indeed, any student of ethics will soon encounter a translation of the book, although trying to read it is likely to cause bewilderment. What, one may ask, is Kant trying to say? This book provides the answers. Here, seven highly regarded teachers and scholars of Kant's ethics offer remarkably clear explanations of the most important concepts in the Groundwork: the good will, happiness, duty, hypothetical and categorical imperatives, the Formula of Universal Law, the Formula of Humanity, and freedom. Contents: Preface The Good Will, Nataliya Palatnik Happiness, Anne Margaret Baxley Duty, Laura Papish Imperatives, Tamar Schapiro The Formula of Universal Law, Kyla Ebels-Duggan The Formula of Humanity, Japa Pallikkathayil Freedom, Lucy Allais About the Contributors Index
Download or read book The Moral Law written by Immanuel Kant and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kant'sMoral Law: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Moralsranks with Plato'sRepublicand Aristotle'sEthicsas one of the most important works of moral philosophy ever written. InMoral Law,Kant argues that a human action is only morally good if it is done from a sense of duty, and that a duty is a formal principle based not on self-interest or from a consideration of what results might follow. From this he derived his famous and controversial maxim, the categorical imperative: "Act as if the maxim of your action were to become by your will a universal law of nature." H. J. Paton's translation remains the standard in English for this work. It retains all of Kant's liveliness of mind, suppressed intellectual excitement, moral earnestness, and pleasure in words. The commentary and detailed analysis that Paton provides is an invaluable and necessary guide for the student and general reader.
Book Synopsis Constructions of Reason by : Onora O'Neill
Download or read book Constructions of Reason written by Onora O'Neill and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book traces the alleged incoherences to attempts to assimilate Kant's ethical writings to modern conceptions of rationality, actions and rights.
Book Synopsis The Invention of Duty: Stoicism as Deontology by : Jack Visnjic
Download or read book The Invention of Duty: Stoicism as Deontology written by Jack Visnjic and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-01-11 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Where did the notion of 'moral duty' come from? In The Invention of Duty: Stoicism as Deontology, Jack Visnjic argues that it was the Stoics who first developed a robust notion of duty as well as a deontological ethics.