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Response Of The Epiphytic Algal Communities To Experimentally Elevated Nutrient Levels In Intertidal Salt Marsh Habitats
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Book Synopsis Response of the Epiphytic Algal Communities to Experimentally Elevated Nutrient Levels in Intertidal Salt Marsh Habitats by : Stephanie Amy Verhulst
Download or read book Response of the Epiphytic Algal Communities to Experimentally Elevated Nutrient Levels in Intertidal Salt Marsh Habitats written by Stephanie Amy Verhulst and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epiphytes are organisms attached to plants and are responsible for the majority of primary productivity in many aquatic systems. While epiphytes serve as a valuable food resource to herbivores, they may prove deleterious to the host plant by competing for light and nutrients, as well as increasing sheer stress. This study evaluated the impacts of nutrient additions, nitrogen and phosphorus, on the epiphytic algal community on Spartina alterniflora over the course of two growing seasons. Three nutrient treatments (N, P, and N+P) and one control treatment were placed in a salt marsh in the Tolomato River during the growing seasons of 2011 and 2012. To assess community development, we examined biomass, ash-free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll-a levels, cell counts, and community diversity by algal division. The nutrient additions did not significantly alter any of the measured parameters in either sampling year. However, the sampling month did have a significant (pa, and community composition. A total of 155 infrageneric taxa were identified. Biomass tended to be dominated by diatoms and red algae, while cyanobacteria were most abundant. In both years, biomass was highest in the spring with a second smaller pulse in the fall. Conversely, chlorophyll-a levels varied between the years and did not show the same monthly patterns as AFDM. A laboratory study subjecting S. alterniflora to the same nutrient additions also found no significant effects of increased nutrients, but did observe temporal changes in biomass and chlorophyll-a levels. Overall, epiphytic growth was not influenced by nutrient additions in this study suggesting that this and other similar salt marsh systems may be resilient to anthropogenic eutrophication. Instead, other factors, such as light and herbivory, likely played a key role in determining epiphytic algal growth and community composition.
Book Synopsis Decomposer Community Response to Sea Level Rise in a California Salt Marsh by : Ellie Jo Wenger
Download or read book Decomposer Community Response to Sea Level Rise in a California Salt Marsh written by Ellie Jo Wenger and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Salt marshes are highly productive ecosystems which perform many valuable services including carbon sequestration, nutrient transformation, and mitigation of rough waters generated by storms. Coastal salt marshes currently face threats resulting from global climate change, including sea level rise (SLR). Coastal marshes have kept pace with historical SLR through elevation gain via sediment precipitation from tidal waters. In the coming century, sea level is expected to increase 5x-8x faster than the previous century. Since the rate of sedimentation is unlikely to increase with SLR, marshes are in danger of habitat loss via drowning and subsidence. The decomposing organisms in salt marsh sediments are essential to maintaining marsh plant health. The response of decomposing organisms to longer periods of inundation is unclear. To determine how the prokaryote and invertebrate communities may change in response to SLR, mesocosms were designed, which simulated different inundation intensities within the marsh. A gradient developed over the 10-month sampling period in which the most inundated sediments had significantly different communities than the driest sediments. The high inundation treatments were dominated by anaerobic prokaryotes and insect larvae, and sulfate reduction was the predominant decomposition processes. The ambient mesocosms (driest sediments) were dominated by aerobic prokaryotes and oligochaete worms. Aerobic processes such as leaf litter decay became the key decomposition processes in these sediments.
Book Synopsis Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology by : M.P. Weinstein
Download or read book Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology written by M.P. Weinstein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-10-31 with total page 862 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tidal salt marshes are viewed as critical habitats for the production of fish and shellfish. As a result, considerable legislation has been promulgated to conserve and protect these habitats, and much of it is in effect today. The relatively young science of ecological engineering has also emerged, and there are now attempts to reverse centuries-old losses by encouraging sound wetland restoration practices. Today, tens of thousands of hectares of degraded or isolated coastal wetlands are being restored worldwide. Whether restored wetlands reach functional equivalency to `natural' systems is a subject of heated debate. Equally debatable is the paradigm that depicts tidal salt marshes as the `great engine' that drives much of the secondary production in coastal waters. This view was questioned in the early 1980s by investigators who noted that total carbon export, on the order of 100 to 200 g m-2 y-1 was of much lower magnitude than originally thought. These authors also recognized that some marshes were either net importers of carbon, or showed no net exchange. Thus, the notion of `outwelling' has become but a single element in an evolving view of marsh function and the link between primary and secondary production. The `revisionist' movement was launched in 1979 when stable isotopic ratios of macrophytes and animal tissues were found to be `mismatched'. Some eighteen years later, the view of marsh function is still undergoing additional modification, and we are slowly unraveling the complexities of biogeochemical cycles, nutrient exchange, and the links between primary producers and the marsh/estuary fauna. Yet, since Teal's seminal paper nearly forty years ago, we are not much closer to understanding how marshes work. If anything, we have learned that the story is far more complicated than originally thought. Despite more than four decades of intense research, we do not yet know how salt marshes function as essential habitat, nor do we know the relative contributions to secondary production, both in situ or in the open waters of the estuary. The theme of this Symposium was to review the status of salt marsh research and revisit the existing paradigm(s) for salt marsh function. Challenge questions were designed to meet the controversy head on: Do marshes support the production of marine transient species? If so, how? Are any of these species marsh obligates? How much of the production takes place in situ versus in open waters of the estuary/coastal zone? Sessions were devoted to reviews of landmark studies, or current findings that advance our knowledge of salt marsh function. A day was also devoted to ecological engineering and wetland restoration papers addressing state-of-the-art methodology and specific case histories. Several challenge papers arguing for and against our ability to restore functional salt marshes led off each session. This volume is intended to serve as a synthesis of our current understanding of the ecological role of salt marshes, and will, it is hoped, pave the way for a new generation of research.
Book Synopsis Impacts of Extreme Drought, Eutrophication, and Plant Invasion on Salt Marshes and Blue Carbon by : Megan Amanda Kelso
Download or read book Impacts of Extreme Drought, Eutrophication, and Plant Invasion on Salt Marshes and Blue Carbon written by Megan Amanda Kelso and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coastal salt marshes are ecologically rich, productive systems that provide many benefits including flood protection, water filtration, and habitat for coastal fish, invertebrates, and shorebirds. In addition, they are one of the most effective natural systems at sequestering carbon, storing it three times as densely as most forest systems per unit area. These valuable ecosystems are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic stressors such as invasive species, eutrophication, and climate change. Each of these stressors can have large independent impacts on ecosystems and may also have important interactive effects. In this dissertation, I explore the interacting effects of extreme drought associated with climate change, eutrophication, and invasion by an aggressive non-native plant called Lepidium latifolium on tidal salt marshes and their ability to sequester carbon. In chapter 1, my collaborators and I explored how the combined stress of extreme drought and elevated nutrients altered invasion dynamics of L. latifolium in tidal salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, CA, USA. From 2012-2015, California experienced an unprecedented drought that stressed tidal salt marsh ecosystems. In a three-year field experiment from 2014 to 2016, we tracked the effects of this extreme drought on L. latifolium invasion using field experiments to test how nutrient addition altered invasion dynamics at four salt marsh sites along a salinity gradient in San Francisco Bay. We documented a dramatic die-back of invasive L. latifolium during the extreme drought, including large reductions in stem density (52%-100%) and height (17%-47%) that were more severe at low salinity sites than high salinity sites. We found nutrient addition lessened the effect of drought on L. latifolium stem density, but not height. In native salt marsh plots, extreme drought reduced native plant percent cover (4%-24%), but nutrient addition strongly mitigated this impact. Interestingly, we found native plants in areas invaded by L. latifolium did not suffer reductions in percent cover due to drought, perhaps because they were simultaneously benefitting from the die-back of the invader. Further, native plant percent cover actually increased during the drought in plots that were both invaded by L. latifolium and received nutrients. These results indicate extreme drought is an important driver of change in salt marsh plant communities and may impede the invasion and spread of L. latifolium. Further, nutrient loading appears to help both native and invasive plants cope with extreme drought stress. In chapter 2, we examined the physical mechanisms and temporal scale underlying the dramatic die-back of L. latifolium documented in chapter 1. Extreme drought affects estuarine tidal salt marshes both by reducing local rainfall and by raising estuarine salinity through reduced fresh-water inflows. We tested the impact of local rainfall on L. latifolium by experimentally manipulating rainfall for one year in plots at a salt marsh in south San Francisco Bay. Surprisingly, we did not detect a significant impact of local rainfall on density of the invader, despite diverting 100% of the rainfall that would have fallen into experimental plots during the rainy season (January to mid-May). Next, we explored the relationship between bay salinity and invasion using eight years of monthly water column salinity data and five years of L. latifolium density field data at three salt marsh sites. We found a significant time-lagged (three years) effect of bay salinity on L. latifolium density across our three sites, with high salinities preceding reductions in L. latifolium densities and low salinities preceding increases. The most dramatic change in stem density, a 54% reduction in 2015, was preceded by a salinity increase of 43% from 2011 to 2012. Our finding that water column salinity was a major driver of L. latifolium invasion dynamics suggests sea level rise, like extreme drought, may hinder L. latifolium invasion, since rising sea levels will also raise estuarine salinities. Further, our study highlights the importance of temporal lags in climate change impacts on biological invasions, which has received very little study to date. In chapter 3, we examine the effects of L. latifolium invasion and eutrophication on the valuable ecosystem service of carbon storage provided by coastal salt marshes, known as “blue carbon” storage. Specifically, we measured standing stock of carbon and rates of decomposition, an important underlying process driving future rates of carbon storage. We found invasion by L. latifolium overall decreased blue carbon, a surprising result that contradicts the general assumption that invasive plants store more carbon than native communities. We identified a synergistic interaction between invasion and nutrient addition on rates of below-ground decomposition, where nutrient addition amplified the accelerating effect of invasion on below-ground decomposition. We found nutrient addition increased carbon in above-ground and below-ground biomass. Our results demonstrate that anthropogenic stressors can alter blue carbon in independent and interactive ways. Taking a multi-stressor approach to studying blue carbon ecosystems will improve predictions of the permanence of blue carbon storage and might explain some of the observed variability in carbon storage among sites, two of the largest technical hurdles impeding the development of comprehensive blue carbon policy. Coastal wetland ecosystems are under threat from multiple concurrent stressors and understanding their combined impacts on these ecosystems and the valuable carbon storage service they provide is critical for effective management and policy development.
Book Synopsis Selected Water Resources Abstracts by :
Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Coastal Biogeomorphology by : Zhan Hu
Download or read book Coastal Biogeomorphology written by Zhan Hu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-09-13 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Developing Tools and Approaches for Understanding Ecological Strategies and Promoting Resilience Across Marine Algal Communities by : Lauren Lee Smith
Download or read book Developing Tools and Approaches for Understanding Ecological Strategies and Promoting Resilience Across Marine Algal Communities written by Lauren Lee Smith and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anthropogenic stressors reshape communities worldwide, motivating research on predictions of future impacts as well as developing tools and approaches for promoting resilience. My research focuses on marine algal communities in two habitats, temperate rocky intertidal zones and tropical fringing reefs, that have undergone widespread shifts due to global and local stressors.For over four decades, ecologists have improved understanding of how plant communities shift in response to environmental drivers using a trait-based framework. In Chapter 1, I develop a quantitative method for determining traits that are critical to measure for understanding the performance of rocky intertidal macroalgae. I measured a wide suite of traits then used ordination and correlation to reduce to six traits that limit collinearities, maximize potential tradeoffs, and create a functionally diverse trait space. I discovered an axis of variation for maximizing resource acquisition that varies between being tall and strong versus maximizing surface area and being short and weak. This work provides a roadmap for trait selection that I test in Chapter 2 for macroalgae on a tropical fringing reef. By following this same quantitative approach, I determine a core set of traits important for understanding ecological strategies of tropical algae. I select five traits critical to understand this temperate fringing reef and discover two axes of variation for resource acquisition and resistance to herbivory. By comparing Chapter 1 and 2, we find three traits useful in describing these diverse communities, suggesting there is a set of universally important traits that will facilitate comparisons between algal-dominated communities across multiple scales. In Chapter 3, I test the effects of tropical storms on turf algae, a critical transition community on reefs that can facilitate coral recovery. Understanding the impacts of storms is important as their intensity is projected to increase with climate change. In a field experiment we simulate a storm with physical abrasion, sediment deposition, increased nutrients, and altered herbivore activity as stressors. We found that herbivores can reverse storm-generated transitions on coral reefs. In summary, my dissertation advances the development of novel approaches for understanding the shifting functions of algal communities and improves our ability to predict the responses of tropical algal communities to climate change.
Book Synopsis The High Salt Marsh Ecotone by : Bibit Halliday Traut
Download or read book The High Salt Marsh Ecotone written by Bibit Halliday Traut and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Physiological Responses of a Bloom-forming Macroalga to Eutrophic Conditions by : Risa A. Cohen
Download or read book Physiological Responses of a Bloom-forming Macroalga to Eutrophic Conditions written by Risa A. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis East Coast Salt Marsh Response to Sea Level Rise by : Matt R. Simon
Download or read book East Coast Salt Marsh Response to Sea Level Rise written by Matt R. Simon and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coastal salt marshes are under stress from anthropogenic climate change-induced sea level rise (SLR). Sediment microbial decomposition is a major driver of marsh subsidence and any impact of SLR on this biotic process would have a direct effect on marsh surface elevation relative to sea level. Furthermore, sensitivity to SLR of microbial community composition may play a role in the functional response. I collected sediment from six coastal marshes on the United States Atlantic East coast, exposed it to simulated sea level rise and measured total respired carbon over a three week period. My results indicated that SLR caused a decrease in microbial decomposition but that this functional response varied among sites and between elevations within sites. Although differences in decomposition rates among sites were related to organic matter content, differential functional responses to sea-level rise among sites and elevations could not be explained by organic matter, nor a suite of environmental variables that have the potential to effect microbial activity (i.e., porewater pH, salinity and redox potential). In order to determine if changes in community composition might explain the functional response that I observed, I conducted a terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rDNA extracted from sediment from the Massachusetts and New Hampshire sites. I found that microbial community composition varied between the two sites. Furthermore, increased inundation caused a decrease in microbial community compositional shift that corresponded to a decline in decomposition rate. My results suggest that microbial functional response to SLR may be linked to changes in community composition.
Book Synopsis Mineral Cycling in Salt Marsh-estuarine Ecosystems by : Douglas Gunnison
Download or read book Mineral Cycling in Salt Marsh-estuarine Ecosystems written by Douglas Gunnison and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A nutrient and heavy metal cycling study of marsh-esturarine ecosystems was undertaken for the Dredged Material Research Program. The study objective was to gather as much of the existing information as possible on mineral cycling in marsh-estuarine ecosystems. A compartmental model outlining pathways of mineral cycling within the marsh-estuarine ecosystem was developed. Approaches used in the study included literature surveys and discussions with authorities in marsh-estuarine ecology. Information from allied fields of research was used to supplement direct sources of information.
Book Synopsis Impacts of Habitat-modifying Invasive Macroalgae on Epiphytic Algal Communities by : Emily Jones
Download or read book Impacts of Habitat-modifying Invasive Macroalgae on Epiphytic Algal Communities written by Emily Jones and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Biological Contributions to Elevation Differ Within Natural and Constructed Tidal Marshes Exposed to Nutrient Enrichment by : Abigail Griffin Wood
Download or read book Biological Contributions to Elevation Differ Within Natural and Constructed Tidal Marshes Exposed to Nutrient Enrichment written by Abigail Griffin Wood and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Restoration and construction of tidal marshes has been encouraged to recover ecosystem structure and function in response to wetland loss. While natural and restored marshes often achieve similar structure, they may not function similarly. Further, the effects of nutrient loading on ecological functions may vary between natural and restored or constructed marshes, with consequences for marsh resilience to sea-level rise. As coastal restoration and creation projects become more common, it is important to understand the similarities and differences in tidal marsh responses to environmental changes, including nutrient enrichment, and their impacts on ecosystem functions and resilience. To test the effects of nutrients on marsh responses, I conducted a controlled, nutrient-enrichment mesocosm experiment (none: no nutrients added; low: 20 g N m-2 yr-1 and 1.25 g P m-2 yr-1 added; high: 40 g N m-2 yr-1 /2.5 g P m-2 yr-1 added) utilizing intact, vegetated sods of Juncus roemerianus collected from natural and constructed tidal marshes along the Fowl River in Alabama. During the 8-month experiment, I measured hydro-edaphic conditions, above- and belowground biomass, primary production, organic matter decomposition, nitrate reduction potentials, and surface elevation change. Above- and belowground biomass was significantly higher in the natural than the constructed marsh, and belowground biomass responded positively to high nutrient additions. As a result, biomass allocation tended to shift belowground with increasing nutrients. Both marsh type and nutrient treatment significantly affected decomposition of J. roemerianus shoot litter, but not of belowground litter. However, given the lower belowground biomass in the constructed marsh, decomposition could have a greater overall impact on elevation in the constructed marsh compared to the natural marsh. Nitrate reduction potentials also differed between marshes and in response to nutrient enrichment. Denitrification (DN) was greater in the natural marsh and increased in response to nutrient additions in both marshes, representing nitrogen removal from the system. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) did not differ between marshes or among nutrient treatments in the absence of carbon amendments, but it increased significantly in the natural marsh with carbon amendments, representing nitrogen retention in the system. These biological responses were insufficient to stimulate elevation gains, however, as all mesocosms lost elevation over time. While there were no significant differences in elevation change between marshes or among nutrient treatments, the none treatment retained the most elevation in the natural marsh while the high nutrient treatment retained the most elevation in the constructed marsh. Such differences between marsh types have important implications for coastal restoration success under increasingly eutrophic conditions, and collectively, indicate that nutrient additions may contribute differently to resilience to sea-level rise in natural and constructed tidal marshes.
Book Synopsis Design of a Laboratory Microcosm for Evaluating Effects of Dredged Material Disposal on Marsh-estuarine Ecosystems by : Waterways Experiment Station (U.S.)
Download or read book Design of a Laboratory Microcosm for Evaluating Effects of Dredged Material Disposal on Marsh-estuarine Ecosystems written by Waterways Experiment Station (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Benthic Microalgae Response to a Warming Climate and Shift in Foundational Vegetation Species in a Saltmarsh-mangrove Ecotone by : Gabriela Margot Canas
Download or read book Benthic Microalgae Response to a Warming Climate and Shift in Foundational Vegetation Species in a Saltmarsh-mangrove Ecotone written by Gabriela Margot Canas and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ecotone in Northeast Florida is experiencing rapid change as mangroves begin to encroach northward into saltmarsh dominated coastal wetlands. This is especially prevalent within the boundaries of the Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve where studies are attempting to understand the consequences of more mangroves. Although we are beginning to understand some of the implications of this shift in dominant vegetation, the true effects and the accompanying sustained climatic warming effects on the resilience of wetland habitats and their associated communities remains unknown. Primary producers such as benthic microalgae (BMA) are important food sources in both mangrove and saltmarsh communities and can provide insights into how changes can affect community dynamics. Algal community biomass and composition was measured within three different marsh vegetation types (Batis maritima, Spartina alterniflora, and Avicennia germinans) and compared to assess if vegetation is a potential driver of algal community dynamics. Warming chambers deployed on both marsh dominated and mangrove dominated plots were also used to investigate how warming could potentially drive algal community change. Abiotic conditions and vegetation structure were assessed as potential structuring forces on algal communities. Algal biomass and functional group diversity differed among vegetation types and varied by season. Abiotic factors (temperature, light) and vegetation structural properties (% cover, stem height, stem density) were correlated with patterns of algal biomass. Algae biomass and functional group diversity also responded to increased air temperature treatments in the spring with community shifts towards cyanobacterial dominance in warming treatments. These findings suggest that changes in BMA communities should be investigated further as potential bottom up drivers of community shifts resulting from the marsh to mangrove transition.
Author :Phycological Society of America Publisher :Cambridge University Press ISBN 13 :9780521249157 Total Pages :636 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (491 download)
Book Synopsis Handbook of Phycological Methods: Volume 4 by : Phycological Society of America
Download or read book Handbook of Phycological Methods: Volume 4 written by Phycological Society of America and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1973 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive treatment of methodologies in the rapidly advancing field of marine benthic algal ecology.
