Research On Schools Neighborhoods And Communities

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Research on Schools, Neighborhoods, and Communities

Author : William F. Tate
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442204680
Total Pages : 565 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Research on Schools, Neighborhoods, and Communities by : William F. Tate

Download or read book Research on Schools, Neighborhoods, and Communities written by William F. Tate and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2012 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on Schools, Neighborhoods, and Communities: Toward Civic Responsibility focuses on research and theoretical developments related to the role of geography in education, human development, and health. William F. Tate IV, the Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis and former President of the American Educational Research Association, presents a collection of chapters from across disciplines to further understand the strengths of and problems in our communities. Today, many research literatures--e.g., health, housing, transportation, and education--focus on civic progress, yet rarely are there efforts to interrelate these literatures to better understand urgent problems and promising possibilities in education, wherein social context is central. In this volume, social context--in particular, the unequal opportunities that result from geography--is integral to the arguments, analyses, and case studies presented. Written by more than 40 educational scholars from top universities across the nation, the research presented in this volume provides historical, moral, and scientifically based arguments with the potential to inform understandings of civic problems associated with education, youth, and families, and to guide the actions of responsible citizens and institutions dedicated to advancing the public good.

Research on Schools, Neighborhoods and Communities

Author : William F. Tate
Publisher : American Educational Research Association
ISBN 13 : 1442204699
Total Pages : 565 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Research on Schools, Neighborhoods and Communities by : William F. Tate

Download or read book Research on Schools, Neighborhoods and Communities written by William F. Tate and published by American Educational Research Association. This book was released on 2012-02-23 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on Schools, Neighborhoods, and Communities: Toward Civic Responsibility focuses on research and theoretical developments related to the role of geography in education, human development, and health. William F. Tate IV, the Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis and former President of the American Educational Research Association, presents a collection of chapters from across disciplines to further understand the strengths of and problems in our communities. Today, many research literatures—e.g., health, housing, transportation, and education—focus on civic progress, yet rarely are there efforts to interrelate these literatures to better understand urgent problems and promising possibilities in education, wherein social context is central. In this volume, social context—in particular, the unequal opportunities that result from geography—is integral to the arguments, analyses, and case studies presented. Written by more than 40 educational scholars from top universities across the nation, the research presented in this volume provides historical, moral, and scientifically based arguments with the potential to inform understandings of civic problems associated with education, youth, and families, and to guide the actions of responsible citizens and institutions dedicated to advancing the public good.

School, Family, and Community Partnerships

Author : Joyce L. Epstein
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1483320014
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis School, Family, and Community Partnerships by : Joyce L. Epstein

Download or read book School, Family, and Community Partnerships written by Joyce L. Epstein and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2018-07-19 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strengthen programs of family and community engagement to promote equity and increase student success! When schools, families, and communities collaborate and share responsibility for students′ education, more students succeed in school. Based on 30 years of research and fieldwork, the fourth edition of the bestseller School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action, presents tools and guidelines to help develop more effective and more equitable programs of family and community engagement. Written by a team of well-known experts, it provides a theory and framework of six types of involvement for action; up-to-date research on school, family, and community collaboration; and new materials for professional development and on-going technical assistance. Readers also will find: Examples of best practices on the six types of involvement from preschools, and elementary, middle, and high schools Checklists, templates, and evaluations to plan goal-linked partnership programs and assess progress CD-ROM with slides and notes for two presentations: A new awareness session to orient colleagues on the major components of a research-based partnership program, and a full One-Day Team Training Workshop to prepare school teams to develop their partnership programs. As a foundational text, this handbook demonstrates a proven approach to implement and sustain inclusive, goal-linked programs of partnership. It shows how a good partnership program is an essential component of good school organization and school improvement for student success. This book will help every district and all schools strengthen and continually improve their programs of family and community engagement.

Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools

Author : Annette Lareau
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610448200
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools by : Annette Lareau

Download or read book Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools written by Annette Lareau and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2014-03-31 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A series of policy shifts over the past decade promises to change how Americans decide where to send their children to school. In theory, the boom in standardized test scores and charter schools will allow parents to evaluate their assigned neighborhood school, or move in search of a better option. But what kind of data do parents actually use while choosing schools? Are there differences among suburban and urban families? How do parents’ choices influence school and residential segregation in America? Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools presents a breakthrough analysis of the new era of school choice, and what it portends for American neighborhoods. The distinguished contributors to Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools investigate the complex relationship between education, neighborhood social networks, and larger patterns of inequality. Paul Jargowsky reviews recent trends in segregation by race and class. His analysis shows that segregation between blacks and whites has declined since 1970, but remains extremely high. Moreover, white families with children are less likely than childless whites to live in neighborhoods with more minority residents. In her chapter, Annette Lareau draws on interviews with parents in three suburban neighborhoods to analyze school-choice decisions. Surprisingly, she finds that middle- and upper-class parents do not rely on active research, such as school tours or test scores. Instead, most simply trust advice from friends and other people in their network. Their decision-making process was largely informal and passive. Eliot Weinginer complements this research when he draws from his data on urban parents. He finds that these families worry endlessly about the selection of a school, and that parents of all backgrounds actively consider alternatives, including charter schools. Middle- and upper-class parents relied more on federally mandated report cards, district websites, and online forums, while working-class parents use network contacts to gain information on school quality. Little previous research has explored what role school concerns play in the preferences of white and minority parents for particular neighborhoods. Featuring innovative work from more than a dozen scholars, Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools adroitly addresses this gap and provides a firmer understanding of how Americans choose where to live and send their children to school.

Lost Classroom, Lost Community

Author : Margaret F. Brinig
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022612214X
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Lost Classroom, Lost Community by : Margaret F. Brinig

Download or read book Lost Classroom, Lost Community written by Margaret F. Brinig and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2014-04-11 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past two decades in the United States, more than 1,600 Catholic elementary and secondary schools have closed, and more than 4,500 charter schools—public schools that are often privately operated and freed from certain regulations—have opened, many in urban areas. With a particular emphasis on Catholic school closures, Lost Classroom, Lost Community examines the implications of these dramatic shifts in the urban educational landscape. More than just educational institutions, Catholic schools promote the development of social capital—the social networks and mutual trust that form the foundation of safe and cohesive communities. Drawing on data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods and crime reports collected at the police beat or census tract level in Chicago, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles, Margaret F. Brinig and Nicole Stelle Garnett demonstrate that the loss of Catholic schools triggers disorder, crime, and an overall decline in community cohesiveness, and suggest that new charter schools fail to fill the gaps left behind. This book shows that the closing of Catholic schools harms the very communities they were created to bring together and serve, and it will have vital implications for both education and policing policy debates.

Good Schools in Poor Neighborhoods

Author : Beatriz C. Clewell
Publisher : The Urban Insitute
ISBN 13 : 9780877667421
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (674 download)

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Book Synopsis Good Schools in Poor Neighborhoods by : Beatriz C. Clewell

Download or read book Good Schools in Poor Neighborhoods written by Beatriz C. Clewell and published by The Urban Insitute. This book was released on 2007 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a nation that holds equal opportunity as its most fundamental ideal, poor children--especially poor minority children--usually receive a lower-quality education than their better-off peers. But some schools have beaten the odds. Good Schools in Poor Neighborhoods contrasts highly effective schools serving urban, low-income, minority youth with their more typical counterparts. Highlighted are two disparate schools: one serving predominately African American students in a large northeastern city and one serving Latino students in the Southwest. Through solid data from original research, as well as vignettes from principals, teachers, parents, and students, a picture of exceptional schools emerges to guide policymakers and practitioners.

In the Shadow of the Ivory Tower

Author : Davarian L Baldwin
Publisher : Bold Type Books
ISBN 13 : 1568588917
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (685 download)

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Book Synopsis In the Shadow of the Ivory Tower by : Davarian L Baldwin

Download or read book In the Shadow of the Ivory Tower written by Davarian L Baldwin and published by Bold Type Books. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across America, universities have become big businesses—and our cities their company towns. But there is a cost to those who live in their shadow. Urban universities play an outsized role in America’s cities. They bring diverse ideas and people together and they generate new innovations. But they also gentrify neighborhoods and exacerbate housing inequality in an effort to enrich their campuses and attract students. They maintain private police forces that target the Black and Latinx neighborhoods nearby. They become the primary employers, dictating labor practices and suppressing wages. In the Shadow of the Ivory Tower takes readers from Hartford to Chicago and from Phoenix to Manhattan, revealing the increasingly parasitic relationship between universities and our cities. Through eye-opening conversations with city leaders, low-wage workers tending to students’ needs, and local activists fighting encroachment, scholar Davarian L. Baldwin makes clear who benefits from unchecked university power—and who is made vulnerable. In the Shadow of the Ivory Tower is a wake-up call to the reality that higher education is no longer the ubiquitous public good it was once thought to be. But as Baldwin shows, there is an alternative vision for urban life, one that necessitates a more equitable relationship between our cities and our universities.

Learning in Public

Author : Courtney E. Martin
Publisher : Little, Brown
ISBN 13 : 0316428256
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (164 download)

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Book Synopsis Learning in Public by : Courtney E. Martin

Download or read book Learning in Public written by Courtney E. Martin and published by Little, Brown. This book was released on 2021-08-03 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This "provocative and personally searching"memoir follows one mother's story of enrolling her daughter in a local public school (San Francisco Chronicle), and the surprising, necessary lessons she learned with her neighbors. From the time Courtney E. Martin strapped her daughter, Maya, to her chest for long walks, she was curious about Emerson Elementary, a public school down the street from her Oakland home. She learned that White families in their gentrifying neighborhood largely avoided the majority-Black, poorly-rated school. As she began asking why, a journey of a thousand moral miles began. Learning in Public is the story, not just Courtney’s journey, but a whole country’s. Many of us are newly awakened to the continuing racial injustice all around us, but unsure of how to go beyond hashtags and yard signs to be a part of transforming the country. Courtney discovers that her public school, the foundation of our fragile democracy, is a powerful place to dig deeper. Courtney E. Martin examines her own fears, assumptions, and conversations with other moms and dads as they navigate school choice. A vivid portrait of integration’s virtues and complexities, and yes, the palpable joy of trying to live differently in a country re-making itself. Learning in Public might also set your family’s life on a different course forever.

Strengthening Families, Communities, and Schools to Support Children's Development

Author : Edmund W. Gordon
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351666258
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis Strengthening Families, Communities, and Schools to Support Children's Development by : Edmund W. Gordon

Download or read book Strengthening Families, Communities, and Schools to Support Children's Development written by Edmund W. Gordon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-05 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on a range of contexts influenced by the Promise Neighborhoods Program—a federal place-based initiative to improve educational outcomes for students in distressed urban and rural neighborhoods—this book outlines effective characteristics and elements for implementing supplementary education. Chapter authors demonstrate that the disparities in educational achievement between white and non-white students can only be addressed by a holistic approach that takes the communities in which schools are situated as its focal point. This edited collection distills the insights gained from the communities implementing such comprehensive education programs and provides the framework and models for reproducing such successes.

Geographies of Schooling

Author : Holger Jahnke
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030187993
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Geographies of Schooling by : Holger Jahnke

Download or read book Geographies of Schooling written by Holger Jahnke and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-08-21 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book explores the complex relationship between schooling as a set of practices embedded in educational institutions and their specific spatial dimensions from different disciplinary perspectives. It presents innovative empirical and conceptual research by international scholars from the fields of social geography, pedagogy, educational and social sciences in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Czechia, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Norway and Canada. The book covers a broad range of topics, all examined from a spatial perspective: the governance of schooling, the transition processes of and within national school systems, the question of small schools in peripheral areas as well as the embeddedness of schooling in broader processes of social change. Transcending disciplinary boundaries, the book offers deep insights into current theoretical debates and empirical case studies within the broad research field encompassing the complex relationship between education and space.

Community Schools

Author : JoAnne Ferrara
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1475831420
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (758 download)

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Book Synopsis Community Schools by : JoAnne Ferrara

Download or read book Community Schools written by JoAnne Ferrara and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-05-24 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ferrara and Jacobson go inside community schools across the country to explore the different roles that make this collaborative education reform work. This book provides practitioners, policymakers, family members, youth, and local leaders a greater understanding of the different roles that make up a community school and tools for action. Built on years of practice, research, and continuous improvement, community schools are an innovative, effective, and grassroots strategy for bringing schools and communities together in order to improve outcomes for students, families, and communities. This education reform is growing as school site, local, and state leaders seek collaborative solutions to our schools’ most persistent challenges. The contributors, experts in the field, represent a diverse group of people with longstanding commitments to the community school strategy. From principals to family members, from community partners to teachers, this book illustrates how together, we all have a part to play in the development of successful community schools.

Place-and Community-Based Education in Schools

Author : Gregory A. Smith
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134999925
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (349 download)

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Book Synopsis Place-and Community-Based Education in Schools by : Gregory A. Smith

Download or read book Place-and Community-Based Education in Schools written by Gregory A. Smith and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Place- and community-based education – an approach to teaching and learning that starts with the local – addresses two critical gaps in the experience of many children now growing up in the United States: contact with the natural world and contact with community. It offers a way to extend young people’s attention beyond the classroom to the world as it actually is, and to engage them in the process of devising solutions to the social and environmental problems they will confront as adults. This approach can increase students’ engagement with learning and enhance their academic achievement. Envisioned as a primer and guide for educators and members of the public interested in incorporating the local into schools in their own communities, this book explains the purpose and nature of place- and community-based education and provides multiple examples of its practice. The detailed descriptions of learning experiences set both within and beyond the classroom will help readers begin the process of advocating for or incorporating local content and experiences into their schools.

The Challenge to Education in Multi-problem Neighborhoods

Author : Detroit (Mich.). Coordinating Council on Human Relations. Research Committee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Challenge to Education in Multi-problem Neighborhoods by : Detroit (Mich.). Coordinating Council on Human Relations. Research Committee

Download or read book The Challenge to Education in Multi-problem Neighborhoods written by Detroit (Mich.). Coordinating Council on Human Relations. Research Committee and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Neighborhood Democracy

Author : Richard Guarasci
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000980464
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Neighborhood Democracy by : Richard Guarasci

Download or read book Neighborhood Democracy written by Richard Guarasci and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in association with Higher education and America stand at a perilous moment brought about by economic and social inequality, racism, and the fracture of civic cohesion and structures.From its origins, the mission of American higher education was to promote democratic governance and a free, fair, and orderly society through the education of responsible citizens. Just as its mission has become more urgent, it is being undermined as colleges and universities find themselves trapped in a fiscal crisis that threatens their very institutional viability—a crisis in large part brought about by the very perpetuation of economic and racial inequity, and the consequent erosion of consensus about civic purpose and vision.This book argues that higher education can and must again take leadership in promoting the participatory processes and instilling the democratic values needed to build a vibrant and fair society. How to do that when, as Guarasci argues, a majority of colleges and universities are floundering under a business model that generates insufficient net revenue while making college unaffordable?Guarasci offers a model of civic mission and engagement whereby, through relatively modest investment, colleges can develop reciprocal partnerships with local institutions, civic, and business groups to raise the quality and outcomes of K-12 education, promote local entrepreneurship and community involvement, raise incomes, and increase the attainment of postsecondary education to benefit the wider national economy and colleges around the region and country. He demonstrates how civic engagement can revitalize communities and generate developmental and foundation funding.Vividly illustrated by the examples of success of students from the shadow community to which Wagner College committed its energies and resources, by the stories of the local schools and their principals, and the voices of local partners, this book offers a compelling and detailed account of what it takes to transform an institution and a neighborhood—and a model of renewal.

Neighborhood as Refuge

Author : Isabelle Anguelovski
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262322196
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Neighborhood as Refuge by : Isabelle Anguelovski

Download or read book Neighborhood as Refuge written by Isabelle Anguelovski and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2014-03-21 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of environmental revitalization efforts in low-income communities in Boston, Barcelona, and Havana that help heal traumatized urban neighborhoods. Environmental justice as studied in a variety of disciplines is most often associated with redressing disproportionate exposure to pollution, contamination, and toxic sites. In Neighborhood as Refuge, Isabelle Anguelovski takes a broader view of environmental justice, examining wide-ranging comprehensive efforts at neighborhood environmental revitalization that include parks, urban agriculture, fresh food markets, playgrounds, housing, and waste management. She investigates and compares three minority, low-income neighborhoods that organized to improve environmental quality and livability: Casc Antic, in Barcelona; Dudley, in the Roxbury section of Boston; and Cayo Hueso, in Havana. Despite the differing histories and political contexts of these three communities, Anguelovski finds similar patterns of activism. She shows that behind successful revitalization efforts is what she calls “bottom to bottom” networking, powered by broad coalitions of residents, community organizations, architects, artists, funders, political leaders, and at times environmental advocacy groups. Anguelovski also describes how, over time, environmental projects provide psychological benefits, serving as a way to heal a marginalized and environmentally traumatized urban neighborhood. They encourage a sense of rootedness and of attachment to place, creating safe havens that offer residents a space for recovery. They also help to bolster residents' ability to deal with the negative dynamics of discrimination and provide spaces for broader political struggles including gentrification. Drawing on the cases of Barcelona, Boston, and Havana, Anguelovski presents a new holistic framework for understanding environmental justice action in cities, with the right to a healthy community environment at its core.

Trust in Schools

Author : Anthony Bryk
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 161044096X
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Trust in Schools by : Anthony Bryk

Download or read book Trust in Schools written by Anthony Bryk and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2002-09-05 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most Americans agree on the necessity of education reform, but there is little consensus about how this goal might be achieved. The rhetoric of standards and vouchers has occupied center stage, polarizing public opinion and affording little room for reflection on the intangible conditions that make for good schools. Trust in Schools engages this debate with a compelling examination of the importance of social relationships in the successful implementation of school reform. Over the course of three years, Bryk and Schneider, together with a diverse team of other researchers and school practitioners, studied reform in twelve Chicago elementary schools. Each school was undergoing extensive reorganization in response to the Chicago School Reform Act of 1988, which called for greater involvement of parents and local community leaders in their neighborhood schools. Drawing on years longitudinal survey and achievement data, as well as in-depth interviews with principals, teachers, parents, and local community leaders, the authors develop a thorough account of how effective social relationships—which they term relational trust—can serve as a prime resource for school improvement. Using case studies of the network of relationships that make up the school community, Bryk and Schneider examine how the myriad social exchanges that make up daily life in a school community generate, or fail to generate, a successful educational environment. The personal dynamics among teachers, students, and their parents, for example, influence whether students regularly attend school and sustain their efforts in the difficult task of learning. In schools characterized by high relational trust, educators were more likely to experiment with new practices and work together with parents to advance improvements. As a result, these schools were also more likely to demonstrate marked gains in student learning. In contrast, schools with weak trust relations saw virtually no improvement in their reading or mathematics scores. Trust in Schools demonstrates convincingly that the quality of social relationships operating in and around schools is central to their functioning, and strongly predicts positive student outcomes. This book offer insights into how trust can be built and sustained in school communities, and identifies some features of public school systems that can impede such development. Bryk and Schneider show how a broad base of trust across a school community can provide a critical resource as education professional and parents embark on major school reforms. A Volume in the American Sociological Association's Rose Series in Sociology

Developing Community Schools, Community Learning Centers, Extended-service Schools and Multi-service Schools

Author : Hal A. Lawson
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319256645
Total Pages : 437 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Developing Community Schools, Community Learning Centers, Extended-service Schools and Multi-service Schools by : Hal A. Lawson

Download or read book Developing Community Schools, Community Learning Centers, Extended-service Schools and Multi-service Schools written by Hal A. Lawson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-14 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on special organizational configurations for schools in diverse parts of the world. Some of these new organizational and institutional designs are called multi-service schools, others are called extended service schools and still others are called community learning centers. While these schools have different names and notable different characteristics, they belong in the same category because of a common feature in their design: they connect schools with once-separate community programs and services.Chief among the prototypes for these new organizational and institutional designs are the ones featured in the book’s title. Some are called multi-service schools to indicate that they selectively provide some new programs and services. Others are called extended service schools to indicate that they serve young people beyond the regular school day, seeking influence and control over out-of-school time while enabling alternative teaching-learning strategies, and providing services other than typical “pupil support services.” Still others are called community learning centers, a name that showcases the educational functions and priorities of schools and announcing priorities for adult learning and development. Community schools, still called in some places full-service community schools, serves as a prototype that increasingly positions schools as multi-purpose, multi-component, anchor institutions serving identifiable neighborhoods and entire rural communities. The book is structured to enhance understanding of these organizational prototypes and provides comparative social analysis. It also identifies knowledge needs and gaps as well as developmental territory for the future.