Recovering the Evangelical Sacrament

Download Recovering the Evangelical Sacrament PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1620328097
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Recovering the Evangelical Sacrament by : Anthony R. Cross

Download or read book Recovering the Evangelical Sacrament written by Anthony R. Cross and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The subject of baptism continues to be of considerable interest--though it frequently appears within broader studies of sacraments, liturgy, worship, and ecumenical studies, and within confessional bounds: credobaptist or paedobaptist--yet it is rarely discussed by Evangelicals. This book, however, is neither an apologetic for credobaptism nor paedobaptism; rather Cross believes that, as practiced today, both forms are a departure from New Testament baptism, which, he maintains, was an integral part of becoming a Christian and part of the proclaimed gospel. He argues that the "one baptism" of Ephesians 4:5 is conversion-baptism and that the baptism referred to in the various New Testament strata refers to this "one baptism" (of Spirit and water). The study sets out the case for this interpretation and contends that in key passages "baptism" is an example of synecdoche. The case is then made for a sacramental interpretation of baptism from a thoroughgoing Evangelical perspective. Cross concludes with reflections on the necessity of baptismal reform and the relevance of a return to conversion-baptism for the contemporary church in a post-Christian, post-Christendom, mission setting.

Baptist Sacramentalism 2

Download Baptist Sacramentalism 2 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1606086014
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Baptist Sacramentalism 2 by : Anthony R. Cross

Download or read book Baptist Sacramentalism 2 written by Anthony R. Cross and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2009-04-01 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second collection of essays exploring various dimensions of sacramental theology from a Baptist perspective includes biblical, historical and theological studies from scholars from around the world. Subjects covered are sacraments and sacramentality, sacrament and sacrifice in Hebrews, the sacrament of fearful intimacy, the church as sacrament, baptism and the Lord's supper for post-Christendom Baptists, Pauline baptism and Roman Insulae, open communion for the contemporary church, penance, sacred space, recovering a biblical understanding of baptismal regeneration, the Lord's supper and the spirituality of C.H. Spurgeon, Southern Baptist eucharistic sacramentalism and soul competency, re-thinking ex opere operato sacramentalism, the sacramentality of the word in Gregory of Nyssa, and searching for a common theology of baptism between Baptists and the Churches of Christ. This volume does not speak the final word on the subject, but is a step along the way toward the recovery and reconstruction of a rubust sacramentalism in a Baptist modality.

Recovering the Evangelical Sacrament

Download Recovering the Evangelical Sacrament PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1725248255
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (252 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Recovering the Evangelical Sacrament by : Anthony R. Cross

Download or read book Recovering the Evangelical Sacrament written by Anthony R. Cross and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The subject of baptism continues to be of considerable interest--though it frequently appears within broader studies of sacraments, liturgy, worship, and ecumenical studies, and within confessional bounds: credobaptist or paedobaptist--yet it is rarely discussed by Evangelicals. This book, however, is neither an apologetic for credobaptism nor paedobaptism; rather Cross believes that, as practiced today, both forms are a departure from New Testament baptism, which, he maintains, was an integral part of becoming a Christian and part of the proclaimed gospel. He argues that the "one baptism" of Ephesians 4:5 is conversion-baptism and that the baptism referred to in the various New Testament strata refers to this "one baptism" (of Spirit and water). The study sets out the case for this interpretation and contends that in key passages "baptism" is an example of synecdoche. The case is then made for a sacramental interpretation of baptism from a thoroughgoing Evangelical perspective. Cross concludes with reflections on the necessity of baptismal reform and the relevance of a return to conversion-baptism for the contemporary church in a post-Christian, post-Christendom, mission setting.

Christ, Baptism and the Lord's Supper

Download Christ, Baptism and the Lord's Supper PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : InterVarsity Press
ISBN 13 : 9780830827862
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (278 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Christ, Baptism and the Lord's Supper by : Leonard J. Vander Zee

Download or read book Christ, Baptism and the Lord's Supper written by Leonard J. Vander Zee and published by InterVarsity Press. This book was released on 2004-08-10 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leonard J. Vander Zee makes a compelling connection between Baptism and the Lord's Supper and the continuing ministry of Jesus Christ, the incarnate Word of God.

Baptist Sacramentalism 3

Download Baptist Sacramentalism 3 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 1725286092
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (252 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Baptist Sacramentalism 3 by : Anthony R. Cross

Download or read book Baptist Sacramentalism 3 written by Anthony R. Cross and published by . This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays includes historical and theological studies in the sacraments from a Baptist perspective. Subjects explored include the liturgy and sacrement, presence of the Kingdom, some fallacies of Baptist anti-sacramentalism, ...a profound mystry, first communion, sacraments in a virtual world, richly are thy children fed, the scacraments, sacramental pratices of the believing community, priesthood of all the people, "laying on of hands," holistic approach to water-baptism, powerful practices, and enough to set a Kimgdom laughing.

Amidst Us Our Beloved Stands

Download Amidst Us Our Beloved Stands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lexham Press
ISBN 13 : 9781683595854
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (958 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Amidst Us Our Beloved Stands by : Michael A. G. Haykin

Download or read book Amidst Us Our Beloved Stands written by Michael A. G. Haykin and published by Lexham Press. This book was released on 2022-04-06 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Baptists are sacramental When it comes to baptism and the Lord's Supper, many Baptists reject the language of sacrament. As a people of the book, the logic goes, Baptists must not let tradition supersede the Bible. So Baptists tend to view baptism and Communion as ordinances and symbols, not sacraments. But the history of Baptists and the sacraments is complicated. In Amidst Us Our Beloved Stands, Michael A. G. Haykin argues that earlier Baptists, such as Charles Spurgeon, stood closer to Reformed sacramental thought than most Baptists today do. More than mere memorials, baptism and Communion have spiritual implications that were celebrated by Baptists of the past. Haykin calls for a renewal of sacramental life in churches today--Baptists can and should be sacramental.

Broken by Religion, Healed by God

Download Broken by Religion, Healed by God PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780615460772
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (67 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Broken by Religion, Healed by God by : Gordon Dalbey

Download or read book Broken by Religion, Healed by God written by Gordon Dalbey and published by . This book was released on 2011-03 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE BODY OF CHRIST NEEDS HEALING This is my journey to a real and engaging relationship with Jesus. It's how I became born again among Evangelicals, was empowered by the sacrament among Catholics, received the baptism of the Spirit among Pentecostals, and was transformed by social justice ministries among Oldline Reformers. But it's also about how the Church has divided by these four very ways people meet Jesus, sabotaging both its credibility and mission. In fact, this division in the Body of Christ reflects the same shame-based spirit of religion that fueled both the Pharisees and the 9/11terrorists. Above all, this book is about how Jesus is battling to heal His broken Body unto today, and through it, this broken world. It's time we joined Him. His victory--and ours--demands it. GOD HAS A PLAN-ARE YOU READY? Chapters: 1. "Are You a Christian?" Toward a Spiritual Ecumenism 2. Platypus Christian: A Strange but Holy Mixture 3. From Blah to "Aha!" Rediscovering a Whole Faith The Evangelical Witness 4. A Time to Die, A Time to Be Born-Again The Sacramental Witness 5. Nothing but the Blood: Getting Ready for Communion 6. A Protestant Confession: Power in the Sacrament The Pentecostal Witness 7. Faith Encounters of the Third Kind: God's Larger Reality 8. Who Is Holy Spirit? Meeting the Active Presence of God Today 9. Healing Emotional Wounds: Seeing the Past as Jesus Sees It 10. Cleaning Lady to the Rescue: Power to Heal Bodies The Social Justice Witness 11. From Pier to Ocean: Adventuring into the World with Jesus 12. Of Jogging and Cat Food: Meeting Jesus Where It Hurts 13. The Mirror of Prejudice: Overcoming Personal & Corporate Racism 14. Jesus Is Our Peace: The Alternative to Warmaking Healed by God 15. Blackmailed by Shame, Freed by Grace and Truth Epilog - Rise and Jog SOUND BITES * I found myself sneaking from camp to camp, learning from Catholics, Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and Oldline social reformers, yet being careful not to reveal in any one church my sympathies for the others. * Most people don't want to be healed--at least, not as badly as they want to cover their shame. * God's love is not a zero-sum game. There's plenty to go around. You don't have to condemn someone different in order to affirm yourself. You just have to know how much your Father loves you. * To look forward to communion with excitement--as my friend looked forward to being with his wife again--you must believe that Jesus will actually be there at the table with you, alive and active, even in your behalf. * Biblical faith redefines safety--indeed, peace itself--not as the absence of threat, but the presence of Jesus. * Those who have little of the world's resources reflect the deeper reality that we all have nothing except what God has graciously given us. * Material comfort and security are good insofar as they are seen as the undeserved gifts of a graceful, loving God, and evil insofar as they separate us from the needs of others and make us unresponsive to their suffering. * Christians are not called to fit into this world, but to change it. * Moses came to tell us what to do; Jesus came to show us Who does it.

The Twelve Steps and the Sacraments

Download The Twelve Steps and the Sacraments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ave Maria Press
ISBN 13 : 1594717265
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (947 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Twelve Steps and the Sacraments by : Scott Weeman

Download or read book The Twelve Steps and the Sacraments written by Scott Weeman and published by Ave Maria Press. This book was released on 2017-11-10 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of a 2018 Catholic Press Association Award: Sacraments. (Second Place). In the first book to directly integrate the Twelve Steps with the practice of Catholicism, Scott Weeman, founder and director of Catholic in Recovery, pairs his personal story with compassionate straight talk to show Catholics how to bridge the commonly felt gap between the Higher Power of twelve-step programs and the merciful God that he rediscovered in the heart of the sacraments. Weeman entered sobriety from alcohol and drugs on October 10, 2011, and he's made it his full-time ministry to help others who struggle with various types of addiction to find spiritual wholeness through Catholic in Recovery, an organization he founded and directs. In The Twelve Steps and the Sacraments, Weeman candidly tackles the struggle he and other addicts have with getting to know intimately the unnamed Higher Power of recovery. He shares stories of his compulsion to find a personal relationship with God and how his tentative steps back to the Catholic Church opened new doors of healing and brought him surprising joy as he came to know Christ in the sacraments. Catholics in recovery and those moving toward it, as well as the people who love them will recognize Weeman's story and his spiritual struggle to personally encounter God. He tells us how: Baptism helps you admit powerlessness over an unmanageable problem, face your desperate need for God, and choose to believe in and submit to God’s mercy. Reconciliation affirms and strengthens the hard work of examining your life, admitting wrongs, and making amends. The Eucharist provides ongoing sustenance and draws you to the healing power of Christ. The graces of Confirmation strengthen each person to keep moving forward and to share the good news of recovery and new life in Christ. Weeman's words are boldly challenging and brimming with compassion and through them you will discover inspiration, hope, sage advice, and refreshingly practical help.

Sacramental Life

Download Sacramental Life PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : InterVarsity Press
ISBN 13 : 0830835180
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sacramental Life by : David A. deSilva

Download or read book Sacramental Life written by David A. deSilva and published by InterVarsity Press. This book was released on 2008-07-30 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As David deSilva has experienced the ancient wisdom of the Book of Common Prayer, he's been formed spiritually in deep and lasting ways. In these pages, he offers you a brand new way to use the Book of Common Prayer, exploring how Christians can be spiritually formed by the sacraments of baptism, Eucharist, marriage and last rites.

Heavenly Participation

Download Heavenly Participation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1467434426
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (674 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Heavenly Participation by : Hans Boersma

Download or read book Heavenly Participation written by Hans Boersma and published by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. This book was released on 2011-02-01 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surveying the barriers that contemporary thinking has erected between the natural and the supernatural, between earth and heaven, Hans Boersma issues a wake-up call for Western Christianity. Both Catholics and evangelicals, he says, have moved too far away from a sacramental mindset, focusing more on the "here-and-now" than on the "then-and-there." Yet, as Boersma points out, the teaching of Jesus, Paul, and St. Augustine -- indeed, of most of Scripture and the church fathers -- is profoundly otherworldly, much more concerned with heavenly participation than with earthly enjoyment. In Heavenly Participation Boersma draws on the wisdom of great Christian minds ancient and modern -- Irenaeus, Gregory of Nyssa, C. S. Lewis, Henri de Lubac, John Milbank, and many others. He urges Catholics and evangelicals alike to retrieve a sacramental worldview, to cultivate a greater awareness of eternal mysteries, to partake eagerly of the divine life that transcends and transforms all earthly realities.

Useful Learning

Download Useful Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1498202551
Total Pages : 554 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (982 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Useful Learning by : Anthony R. Cross

Download or read book Useful Learning written by Anthony R. Cross and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2017-05-05 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explorations of the English Baptist reception of the Evangelical Revival often--and rightfully--focus on the work of the Spirit, prayer, Bible study, preaching, and mission, while other key means are often overlooked. Useful Learning examines the period from c. 1689 to c. 1825, and combines history in the form of the stories of Baptist pastors, their churches, and various societies, and theology as found in sermons, pamphlets, personal confessions of faith, constitutions, covenants, and theological treatises. In the process, it identifies four equally important means of grace. The first was the theological renewal that saw moderate Calvinism answer "The Modern Question," develop into evangelical Calvinism, and revive the denomination. Second were close groups of ministers whose friendship, mutual support, and close theological collaboration culminated in the formation of the Baptist Missionary Society, and local itinerant mission work across much of Britain. Third was their commitment to reviving stagnating Associations, or founding new ones, convinced of the vital importance of the corporate Christian life and witness for the support and strengthening of the local churches, and furthering the spread of the gospel to all people. Finally was the conviction of the churches and their pastors that those with gifts for preaching and ministry should be theologically educated. At first local ministers taught students in their homes, and then at the Bristol Academy. In the early nineteenth century, a further three Baptist academies were founded at Horton, Abergavenny, and Stepney, and these were soon followed by colleges in America, India, and Jamaica.

More than a Symbol

Download More than a Symbol PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1597527335
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (975 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis More than a Symbol by : Stanley K. Fowler

Download or read book More than a Symbol written by Stanley K. Fowler and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2007-03-01 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'More than a Symbol' seeks to demonstrate that the interpretation of baptism as a mere symbol bearing witness to a previously completed conversion experience is inadequate both as a summary of biblical teaching and as a summary of Baptist thought. Starting with H. Wheeler Robinson and culminating in the work of G. R. Beasley-Murray, British Baptists in the twentieth century argued effectively that baptism must be interpreted as an effective sign, a meeting place of grace and faith, a sacrament rather than a mere symbol. This book argues that the New Testament exegesis that is at the heart of this reformulation is fundamentally accurate, and that the resulting system is theologically coherent. The book also argues that this view is not a Baptist novelty, but is rather a recovery of the foundational Baptist thought of the seventeenth century.

Nouvelle Théologie and Sacramental Ontology

Download Nouvelle Théologie and Sacramental Ontology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press on Demand
ISBN 13 : 0199229643
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nouvelle Théologie and Sacramental Ontology by : Hans Boersma

Download or read book Nouvelle Théologie and Sacramental Ontology written by Hans Boersma and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 2009-05-07 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the decades leading up to the Second Vatican Council, the movement of nouvelle théologie caused great controversy in the Catholic Church and remains a subject of vigorous scholarly debate today. In Nouvelle théologie and Sacramental Ontology Hans Boersma argues that a return to mystery was the movement's deepest motivation. Countering the modern intellectualism of the neo-Thomist establishment, the nouvelle theologians were convinced that a ressourcement of the Church Fathers and of medieval theology would point the way to a sacramental reintegration of nature and the supernatural. In the context of the loss suffered by both Catholics and Protestants in the de-sacramentalizing of modernity, Boersma shows how the sacramental ontology of nouvelle théologie offers a solid entry-point into ecumenical dialogue. The volume begins by setting the historical context for nouvelle théologie with discussions of the influence of significant theologians and philosophers like Möhler, Blondel, Maréchal, and Rousselot. The exposition then moves to the writings of key thinkers of the ressourcement movement including de Lubac, Bouillard, Balthasar, Chenu, Daniélou, Charlier, and Congar. Boersma analyses the most characteristic elements of the movement: its reintegration of nature and the supernatural, its reintroduction of the spiritual interpretation of Scripture, its approach to Tradition as organically developing in history, and its communion ecclesiology that regarded the Church as sacrament of Christ. In each of these areas, Boersma demonstrates how the nouvelle theologians advocated a return to mystery by means of a sacramental ontology.

A Guide to the Sacraments

Download A Guide to the Sacraments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SCM Press
ISBN 13 : 033404877X
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Guide to the Sacraments by : John Macquarrie

Download or read book A Guide to the Sacraments written by John Macquarrie and published by SCM Press. This book was released on 2013-01-26 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A highly-acclaimed account of the sacramental principle and the seven sacraments of the church.

Baptist Sacramentalism 3

Download Baptist Sacramentalism 3 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1725286084
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (252 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Baptist Sacramentalism 3 by : Anthony R. Cross

Download or read book Baptist Sacramentalism 3 written by Anthony R. Cross and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first two volumes of Baptist Sacramentalism helped give momentum to a renewal of sacramental theology among Baptists. In the years since, this conversation has come to include a more diverse range of voices and explore a broader range of topics. Baptist Sacramentalism 3 both reveals and shares in these trends, contributing to the continued expansion of Baptist sacramental theology. Essays from Scandinavian and Eastern European scholars reveal the ways in which sacramental thought is taking shape in non-English speaking contexts. Other essays demonstrate the ways in which sacramental thought informs questions ranging from disability to virtual reality. And in keeping with the first volumes, there is continued exploration of the sacramental witness of the Baptist past.

Signs of Freedom

Download Signs of Freedom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Paulist Press
ISBN 13 : 9780809141609
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Signs of Freedom by : German Martinez

Download or read book Signs of Freedom written by German Martinez and published by Paulist Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern secular culture has severely eroded the religious foundations on which traditional sacramental practice was based. Built upon the sacramental bedrock, the very Christian identity and mission were affected. German Martinez looks at this challenge from the perspective of freedom as an opportunity to develop a sacramental worldview relevant to the new millennium. To this effect, he applies a series of methodologies and fresh pastoral approaches to the highly complex sacramental reality and to each individual sacrament. Beginning with ten key interpretative elements, he offers a coherent synthesis of the remarkable development of sacramental theology in our time. Envisioned for both scholarly research and pastoral ministry, this book presents the key issues of a renewed sacramentality--rooted in ordinary life and celebrated in the liturgical mystery. This theology is grounded in a biblical, patristic, historical and theological background. It tries to articulate especially the Christological, ecclesial, individual and social aspects of the celebration of the sacraments as a dynamic and organic whole, emphasizing their spirituality. The material is organized into four parts: - the Sacramental Way of Life, - the Initiation and Foundational Church, - the Healing Church - the Church at the service of Communion. Highlights: - scholarly, yet pastorally sensitive - perfect text for courses on the sacraments - solid, one-volume, comprehensive text +

Evangelical, Sacramental, and Pentecostal

Download Evangelical, Sacramental, and Pentecostal PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : InterVarsity Press
ISBN 13 : 0830891625
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evangelical, Sacramental, and Pentecostal by : Gordon T. Smith

Download or read book Evangelical, Sacramental, and Pentecostal written by Gordon T. Smith and published by InterVarsity Press. This book was released on 2017-03-21 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evangelical. Sacramental. Pentecostal. Christian communities tend to identify with one of these labels over the other two. Evangelical churches emphasize the importance of Scripture and preaching. Sacramental churches emphasize the importance of the eucharistic table. And pentecostal churches emphasize the immediate presence and power of the Holy Spirit. But must we choose between them? Could the church be all three? Drawing on his reading of the New Testament, the witness of Christian history, and years of experience in Christian ministry and leadership, Gordon T. Smith argues that the church not only can be all three, but in fact must be all three in order to truly be the church. As the church navigates the unique global challenges of pluralism, secularism, and fundamentalism, the need for an integrated vision of the community as evangelical, sacramental, and pentecostal becomes ever more pressing. If Jesus and the apostles saw no tension between these characteristics, why should we?