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Reasoning About Knowledge
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Book Synopsis Reasoning About Knowledge by : Ronald Fagin
Download or read book Reasoning About Knowledge written by Ronald Fagin and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004-01-09 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reasoning about knowledge—particularly the knowledge of agents who reason about the world and each other's knowledge—was once the exclusive province of philosophers and puzzle solvers. More recently, this type of reasoning has been shown to play a key role in a surprising number of contexts, from understanding conversations to the analysis of distributed computer algorithms. Reasoning About Knowledge is the first book to provide a general discussion of approaches to reasoning about knowledge and its applications to distributed systems, artificial intelligence, and game theory. It brings eight years of work by the authors into a cohesive framework for understanding and analyzing reasoning about knowledge that is intuitive, mathematically well founded, useful in practice, and widely applicable. The book is almost completely self-contained and should be accessible to readers in a variety of disciplines, including computer science, artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science, and game theory. Each chapter includes exercises and bibliographic notes.
Book Synopsis Knowledge Representation and Reasoning by : Ronald Brachman
Download or read book Knowledge Representation and Reasoning written by Ronald Brachman and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2004-05-19 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Knowledge representation is at the very core of a radical idea for understanding intelligence. This book talks about the central concepts of knowledge representation developed over the years. It is suitable for researchers and practitioners in database management, information retrieval, object-oriented systems and artificial intelligence.
Book Synopsis Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and the Design of Intelligent Agents by : Michael Gelfond
Download or read book Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and the Design of Intelligent Agents written by Michael Gelfond and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-03-10 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Knowledge representation and reasoning is the foundation of artificial intelligence, declarative programming, and the design of knowledge-intensive software systems capable of performing intelligent tasks. Using logical and probabilistic formalisms based on answer set programming (ASP) and action languages, this book shows how knowledge-intensive systems can be given knowledge about the world and how it can be used to solve non-trivial computational problems. The authors maintain a balance between mathematical analysis and practical design of intelligent agents. All the concepts, such as answering queries, planning, diagnostics, and probabilistic reasoning, are illustrated by programs of ASP. The text can be used for AI-related undergraduate and graduate classes and by researchers who would like to learn more about ASP and knowledge representation.
Book Synopsis Knowledge Representation, Reasoning and Declarative Problem Solving by : Chitta Baral
Download or read book Knowledge Representation, Reasoning and Declarative Problem Solving written by Chitta Baral and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-01-09 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Baral shows how to write programs that behave intelligently, by giving them the ability to express knowledge and to reason. This book will appeal to practising and would-be knowledge engineers wishing to learn more about the subject in courses or through self-teaching.
Book Synopsis Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge by : Joseph Y. Halpern
Download or read book Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge written by Joseph Y. Halpern and published by Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. This book was released on 1986 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge.
Book Synopsis Qualitative Reasoning by : Benjamin Kuipers
Download or read book Qualitative Reasoning written by Benjamin Kuipers and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Qualitative models are better able than traditional models to express states of incomplete knowledge about continuous mechanisms. Qualitative simulation guarantees to find all possible behaviors consistent with the knowledge in the model. This expressive power and coverage is important in problem solving for diagnosis, design, monitoring, explanation, and other applications of artificial intelligence.
Book Synopsis Knowledge Engineering by : Gheorghe Tecuci
Download or read book Knowledge Engineering written by Gheorghe Tecuci and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-09-08 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a significant advancement in the theory and practice of knowledge engineering, the discipline concerned with the development of intelligent agents that use knowledge and reasoning to perform problem solving and decision-making tasks. It covers the main stages in the development of a knowledge-based agent: understanding the application domain, modeling problem solving in that domain, developing the ontology, learning the reasoning rules, and testing the agent. The book focuses on a special class of agents: cognitive assistants for evidence-based reasoning that learn complex problem-solving expertise directly from human experts, support experts, and nonexperts in problem solving and decision making, and teach their problem-solving expertise to students. A powerful learning agent shell, Disciple-EBR, is included with the book, enabling students, practitioners, and researchers to develop cognitive assistants rapidly in a wide variety of domains that require evidence-based reasoning, including intelligence analysis, cybersecurity, law, forensics, medicine, and education.
Book Synopsis Reasoning about Uncertainty, second edition by : Joseph Y. Halpern
Download or read book Reasoning about Uncertainty, second edition written by Joseph Y. Halpern and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formal ways of representing uncertainty and various logics for reasoning about it; updated with new material on weighted probability measures, complexity-theoretic considerations, and other topics. In order to deal with uncertainty intelligently, we need to be able to represent it and reason about it. In this book, Joseph Halpern examines formal ways of representing uncertainty and considers various logics for reasoning about it. While the ideas presented are formalized in terms of definitions and theorems, the emphasis is on the philosophy of representing and reasoning about uncertainty. Halpern surveys possible formal systems for representing uncertainty, including probability measures, possibility measures, and plausibility measures; considers the updating of beliefs based on changing information and the relation to Bayes' theorem; and discusses qualitative, quantitative, and plausibilistic Bayesian networks. This second edition has been updated to reflect Halpern's recent research. New material includes a consideration of weighted probability measures and how they can be used in decision making; analyses of the Doomsday argument and the Sleeping Beauty problem; modeling games with imperfect recall using the runs-and-systems approach; a discussion of complexity-theoretic considerations; the application of first-order conditional logic to security. Reasoning about Uncertainty is accessible and relevant to researchers and students in many fields, including computer science, artificial intelligence, economics (particularly game theory), mathematics, philosophy, and statistics.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309459672 Total Pages :347 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis How People Learn II by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book How People Learn II written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many reasons to be curious about the way people learn, and the past several decades have seen an explosion of research that has important implications for individual learning, schooling, workforce training, and policy. In 2000, How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition was published and its influence has been wide and deep. The report summarized insights on the nature of learning in school-aged children; described principles for the design of effective learning environments; and provided examples of how that could be implemented in the classroom. Since then, researchers have continued to investigate the nature of learning and have generated new findings related to the neurological processes involved in learning, individual and cultural variability related to learning, and educational technologies. In addition to expanding scientific understanding of the mechanisms of learning and how the brain adapts throughout the lifespan, there have been important discoveries about influences on learning, particularly sociocultural factors and the structure of learning environments. How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures provides a much-needed update incorporating insights gained from this research over the past decade. The book expands on the foundation laid out in the 2000 report and takes an in-depth look at the constellation of influences that affect individual learning. How People Learn II will become an indispensable resource to understand learning throughout the lifespan for educators of students and adults.
Book Synopsis Rules, Reason, and Self-Knowledge by : Julia Tanney
Download or read book Rules, Reason, and Self-Knowledge written by Julia Tanney and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-08 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Julia Tanney offers a sustained criticism of today’s canon in philosophy of mind, which conceives the workings of the rational mind as the outcome of causal interactions between mental states that have their bases in the brain. With its roots in physicalism and functionalism, this widely accepted view provides the philosophical foundation for the cardinal tenet of the cognitive sciences: that cognition is a form of information-processing. Rules, Reason, and Self-Knowledge presents a challenge not only to the cognitivist approach that has dominated philosophy and the special sciences for the last fifty years but, more broadly, to metaphysical-empirical approaches to the study of the mind. Responding to a tradition that owes much to the writings of Davidson, early Putnam, and Fodor, Tanney challenges this orthodoxy on its own terms. In untangling its internal inadequacies, starting with the paradoxes of irrationality, she arrives at a view these philosophers were keen to rebut—one with affinities to the work of Ryle and Wittgenstein and all but invisible to those working on the cutting edge of analytic philosophy and mind research today. This is the view that rational explanations are embedded in “thick” descriptions that are themselves sophistications upon ever ascending levels of discourse, or socio-linguistic practices. Tanney argues that conceptual cartography rather than metaphysical-scientific explanation is the basic tool for understanding the nature of the mind. Rules, Reason, and Self-Knowledge clears the path for a return to the world-involving, circumstance-dependent, normative practices where the rational mind has its home.
Book Synopsis Reason and the Search for Knowledge by : D. Shapere
Download or read book Reason and the Search for Knowledge written by D. Shapere and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An impressive characteristic of Dudley Shapere's studies in the philosophy of the sciences has been his dogged reasonableness. He sorts things out, with logical care and mastery of the materials, and with an epistemological curiosity for the historical happenings which is both critical and respectful. Science changes, and the philosopher had better not link philosophical standards too tightly to either the latest orthodox or the provocative up start in scientific fashions; and yet, as critic, the philosopher must not only master the sciences but also explicate their meanings, not those of a cognitive never-never land. Neither dreamer nor pedant, Professor Shapere has been able to practice the modern empiricist's exercises with the sober and stimulat ing results shown in this volume: he sees that he can be faithful to philosoph ical analysis, engage in the boldest 'rational reconstruction' of theories and experimental measurements, and faithful too, empirically faithful we may say, to both the direct super-highways and the winding pathways of conceptual evolutions and metaphysical revolutions. Not least, Shapere listens! To Einstein and Calileo of course, but to the workings of the engineers and the scientific apprentices too, and to the various philosophers, now and of old, who have also worked to make sense of what has been learned and how that has happened and where we might go wrong.
Book Synopsis Clinical Reasoning: Knowledge, Uncertainty, and Values in Health Care by : Daniele Chiffi
Download or read book Clinical Reasoning: Knowledge, Uncertainty, and Values in Health Care written by Daniele Chiffi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a philosophically-based, yet clinically-oriented perspective on current medical reasoning aiming at 1) identifying important forms of uncertainty permeating current clinical reasoning and practice 2) promoting the application of an abductive methodology in the health context in order to deal with those clinical uncertainties 3) bridging the gap between biomedical knowledge, clinical practice, and research and values in both clinical and philosophical literature. With a clear philosophical emphasis, the book investigates themes lying at the border between several disciplines, such as medicine, nursing, logic, epistemology, and philosophy of science; but also ethics, epidemiology, and statistics. At the same time, it critically discusses and compares several professional approaches to clinical practice such as the one of medical doctors, nurses and other clinical practitioners, showing the need for developing a unified framework of reasoning, which merges methods and resources from many different clinical but also non-clinical disciplines. In particular, this book shows how to leverage nursing knowledge and practice, which has been considerably neglected so far, to further shape the interdisciplinary nature of clinical reasoning. Furthermore, a thorough philosophical investigation on the values involved in health care is provided, based on both the clinical and philosophical literature. The book concludes by proposing an integrative approach to health and disease going beyond the so-called "classical biomedical model of care".
Book Synopsis Representing and Reasoning with Probabilistic Knowledge by : Fahiem Bacchus
Download or read book Representing and Reasoning with Probabilistic Knowledge written by Fahiem Bacchus and published by Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. This book was released on 1990 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Probabilistic information has many uses in an intelligent system. This book explores logical formalisms for representing and reasoning with probabilistic information that will be of particular value to researchers in nonmonotonic reasoning, applications of probabilities, and knowledge representation. It demonstrates that probabilities are not limited to particular applications, like expert systems; they have an important role to play in the formal design and specification of intelligent systems in general. Fahiem Bacchus focuses on two distinct notions of probabilities: one propositional, involving degrees of belief, the other proportional, involving statistics. He constructs distinct logics with different semantics for each type of probability that are a significant advance in the formal tools available for representing and reasoning with probabilities. These logics can represent an extensive variety of qualitative assertions, eliminating requirements for exact point-valued probabilities, and they can represent firstshy;order logical information. The logics also have proof theories which give a formal specification for a class of reasoning that subsumes and integrates most of the probabilistic reasoning schemes so far developed in AI. Using the new logical tools to connect statistical with propositional probability, Bacchus also proposes a system of direct inference in which degrees of belief can be inferred from statistical knowledge and demonstrates how this mechanism can be applied to yield a powerful and intuitively satisfying system of defeasible or default reasoning. Fahiem Bacchus is Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the University of Waterloo, Ontario. Contents: Introduction. Propositional Probabilities. Statistical Probabilities. Combining Statistical and Propositional Probabilities Default Inferences from Statistical Knowledge.
Book Synopsis Knowledge, Reason, and Taste by : Paul Guyer
Download or read book Knowledge, Reason, and Taste written by Paul Guyer and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-12-08 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immanuel Kant famously said that he was awoken from his "dogmatic slumbers," and led to question the possibility of metaphysics, by David Hume's doubts about causation. Because of this, many philosophers have viewed Hume's influence on Kant as limited to metaphysics. More recently, some philosophers have questioned whether even Kant's metaphysics was really motivated by Hume. In Knowledge, Reason, and Taste, renowned Kant scholar Paul Guyer challenges both of these views. He argues that Kant's entire philosophy--including his moral philosophy, aesthetics, and teleology, as well as his metaphysics--can fruitfully be read as an engagement with Hume. In this book, the first to describe and assess Hume's influence throughout Kant's philosophy, Guyer shows where Kant agrees or disagrees with Hume, and where Kant does or doesn't appear to resolve Hume's doubts. In doing so, Guyer examines the progress both Kant and Hume made on enduring questions about causes, objects, selves, taste, moral principles and motivations, and purpose and design in nature. Finally, Guyer looks at questions Kant and Hume left open to their successors.
Book Synopsis Medical Reasoning by : Erwin B. Montgomery
Download or read book Medical Reasoning written by Erwin B. Montgomery and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern medicine is one of humankind's greatest achievements.Yet today, frequent medical errors and irreproducibility in biomedical research suggest that tremendous challenges beset it. Understanding these challenges and trying to remedy them have driven considerable and thoughtful critical analyses, but the apparent intransigence of these problems suggests a different perspective is needed. Now more than ever, when we see options and opportunities for healthcare expanding while resources are diminishing, it is extremely important that healthcare professionals practice medicine wisely. In Medical Reasoning, neurologist Erwin B. Montgomery, Jr. offers a new and vital perspective. He begins with the idea that the need for certainty in medical decision-making has been the primary driving force in medical reasoning. Doctors must routinely confront countless manifestations of symptoms, diseases, or behaviors in their patients. Therefore, either there are as many different "diseases" as there are patients or some economical set of principles and facts can be combined to explain each patient's disease. The response to this epistemic conundrum has driven medicine throughout history: the challenge is to discover principles and facts and then to develop means to apply them to each unique patient in a manner that provides certainty. This book studies the nature of medical decision making systematically and rigorously in both an analytic and historical context, addressing medicine's unique need for certainty in the face of the enormous variety of diseases and in the manifestations of the same disease in different patients. The book also examines how the social, legal, and economic circumstances in which medical decision-making occurs greatly influence the nature of medical reasoning. Medical Reasoning is essential for those at the intersection of healthcare and philosophy.
Book Synopsis Scientific Reasoning and Argumentation by : Frank Fischer
Download or read book Scientific Reasoning and Argumentation written by Frank Fischer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Competence in scientific reasoning is one of the most valued outcomes of secondary and higher education. However, there is a need for a deeper understanding of and further research into the roles of domain-general and domain-specific knowledge in such reasoning. This book explores the functions and limitations of domain-general conceptions of reasoning and argumentation, the substantial differences that exist between the disciplines, and the role of domain-specific knowledge and epistemologies. Featuring chapters and commentaries by widely cited experts in the learning sciences, educational psychology, science education, history education, and cognitive science, Scientific Reasoning and Argumentation presents new perspectives on a decades-long debate about the role of domain-specific knowledge and its contribution to the development of more general reasoning abilities.
Download or read book Vivid Logic written by Gerd Wagner and published by Springer. This book was released on 1994 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Knowledge representation research is not only formal, it is also descriptiveand normative. Its aim is to implement a formal system which captures a practically relevant body of cognitive faculties employed by humans and capitalizes on its technical strength to extend human knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities. In this monograph, the author develops formalisms for his own notion of a vivid knowledge representation and reasoning system, characterized by the presence of two kinds of negation (weak and strong) and the requirements of restricted reflexivity, constructivity, and non-explosiveness. The book is based on work carried out within an interdisciplinary research project at the Free University of Berlin."--PUBLISHER'S WEBSITE.
