Reaping Digital Dividends

Download Reaping Digital Dividends PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464810273
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reaping Digital Dividends by : Tim Kelly

Download or read book Reaping Digital Dividends written by Tim Kelly and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-04-14 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From East to West, the economies of Europe and Central Asia (ECA) are not taking full advantage of the internet to foster economic growth and job creation. The residents of Central Asia and the South Caucasus pay some of the highest prices in the world for internet connections that are slow and unreliable. In contrast, Europe enjoys some of the world’s fastest and affordable internet services. However, its firms and individuals are not fully exploiting the internet to achieve higher productivity growth as well as more and better jobs. Reaping Digital Dividends investigates the barriers that are holding back the broader adoption of the internet in ECA. The report identifies the main bottlenecks and provides policy recommendations tailored to economies at varying levels of digital development. It concludes that policies to increase internet access are necessary but not sufficient. Policies to foster competition, international trade and skills supply, as well as adapting regulations to the changing business environment and labor markets, will also be necessary. In other words, Reaping Digital Dividends not only requires better connectivity, but also complementary factors that allow governments, firms and individuals to make the most out of it.

World Development Report 2016

Download World Development Report 2016 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464806721
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis World Development Report 2016 by : World Bank Group

Download or read book World Development Report 2016 written by World Bank Group and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-01-14 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital technologies are spreading rapidly, but digital dividends--the broader benefits of faster growth, more jobs, and better services--are not. If more than 40 percent of adults in East Africa pay their utility bills using a mobile phone, why can’t others around the world do the same? If 8 million entrepreneurs in China--one third of them women--can use an e-commerce platform to export goods to 120 countries, why can’t entrepreneurs elsewhere achieve the same global reach? And if India can provide unique digital identification to 1 billion people in five years, and thereby reduce corruption by billions of dollars, why can’t other countries replicate its success? Indeed, what’s holding back countries from realizing the profound and transformational effects that digital technologies are supposed to deliver? Two main reasons. First, nearly 60 percent of the world’s population are still offline and can’t participate in the digital economy in any meaningful way. Second, and more important, the benefits of digital technologies can be offset by growing risks. Startups can disrupt incumbents, but not when vested interests and regulatory uncertainty obstruct competition and the entry of new firms. Employment opportunities may be greater, but not when the labor market is polarized. The internet can be a platform for universal empowerment, but not when it becomes a tool for state control and elite capture. The World Development Report 2016 shows that while the digital revolution has forged ahead, its 'analog complements'--the regulations that promote entry and competition, the skills that enable workers to access and then leverage the new economy, and the institutions that are accountable to citizens--have not kept pace. And when these analog complements to digital investments are absent, the development impact can be disappointing. What, then, should countries do? They should formulate digital development strategies that are much broader than current information and communication technology (ICT) strategies. They should create a policy and institutional environment for technology that fosters the greatest benefits. In short, they need to build a strong analog foundation to deliver digital dividends to everyone, everywhere.

The Future of Work in Africa

Download The Future of Work in Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464814457
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Future of Work in Africa by : Jieun Choi

Download or read book The Future of Work in Africa written by Jieun Choi and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-06-26 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Future of Work in Africa focuses on the key themes of creating productive jobs and addressing the needs of those left behind. It highlights how global trends, especially the adoption of digital technologies, may change the nature of work in Sub-Saharan Africa by creating new opportunities and challenges. It argues that, contrary to global fears of worker displacement by new technologies, African countries can develop an inclusive future of work, with opportunities for lower-skilled workers. Harnessing these opportunities is, however, contingent on implementing policies and making productive investments in four main areas. These are enabling inclusive digital technologies; building human capital for a young, rapidly growing, and largely low-skilled labor force; increasing the productivity of informal workers and enterprises; and extending social protection coverage to mitigate the risks associated with disruptions to labor markets. This companion report to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2019 concludes with important policy questions that should guide future research, whose findings could lead to more inclusive growth for African nations.

ICTs and Sustainable Solutions for the Digital Divide: Theory and Perspectives

Download ICTs and Sustainable Solutions for the Digital Divide: Theory and Perspectives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1615208003
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (152 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis ICTs and Sustainable Solutions for the Digital Divide: Theory and Perspectives by : Steyn, Jacques

Download or read book ICTs and Sustainable Solutions for the Digital Divide: Theory and Perspectives written by Steyn, Jacques and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2010-09-30 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ICTs and Sustainable Solutions for the Digital Divide: Theory and Perspectives focuses on Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D), which includes any technology used for communication and information. This publication researches the social side of computing, the users, and the design of systems that meet the needs of "ordinary" users.

Youth Employment in Bangladesh

Download Youth Employment in Bangladesh PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811517509
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Youth Employment in Bangladesh by : Fahmida Khatun

Download or read book Youth Employment in Bangladesh written by Fahmida Khatun and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-26 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together pioneering and evidence-based research that focuses on youth employment—one of the foremost development challenges of our time—and fills a critical research and knowledge gap alongside consolidating existing relevant literature. Comprehensive in scope, the book provides an overview of trends in youth employment in Bangladesh, empirically analyses the determinants of youth unemployment, covers relevant economic theory, and recommends policy measures for employment creation in Bangladesh. The new evidence from Bangladesh on the aforesaid issues will inform relevant and concurrent policy discourse, add value to related research in the field, and inspire future research. The insights gathered through this study will serve as an important lesson for other developing countries on what works and what does not in policy-making.

OECD e-Government Studies Reaping the Benefits of ICTs in Spain Strategic Study on Communication Infrastructure and Paperless Administration

Download OECD e-Government Studies Reaping the Benefits of ICTs in Spain Strategic Study on Communication Infrastructure and Paperless Administration PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264173226
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (641 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis OECD e-Government Studies Reaping the Benefits of ICTs in Spain Strategic Study on Communication Infrastructure and Paperless Administration by : OECD

Download or read book OECD e-Government Studies Reaping the Benefits of ICTs in Spain Strategic Study on Communication Infrastructure and Paperless Administration written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2013-06-13 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the Spanish Information Society strategy plan Avanza 2.

World Development Report 2016

Download World Development Report 2016 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464806713
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis World Development Report 2016 by : World Bank Group

Download or read book World Development Report 2016 written by World Bank Group and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-01-14 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This Report aims to inspire and guide the researchers and practitioners who can help advance a new set of development approaches based on a fuller consideration of psychological and social influences." - p. 2

OECD Digital Government Studies Digital Government Review of Morocco Laying the Foundations for the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector in Morocco

Download OECD Digital Government Studies Digital Government Review of Morocco Laying the Foundations for the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector in Morocco PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 926429872X
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (642 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis OECD Digital Government Studies Digital Government Review of Morocco Laying the Foundations for the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector in Morocco by : OECD

Download or read book OECD Digital Government Studies Digital Government Review of Morocco Laying the Foundations for the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector in Morocco written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-09 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This review analyses the efforts under way to integrate digital technologies in the public sector, and provides policy advice to support the Kingdom of Morocco in implementing a strategic digital government policy.

Advances in raw material industries for sustainable development goals

Download Advances in raw material industries for sustainable development goals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000376494
Total Pages : 646 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in raw material industries for sustainable development goals by : Vladimir Litvinenko

Download or read book Advances in raw material industries for sustainable development goals written by Vladimir Litvinenko and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Advances in Raw Material Industries for Sustainable Development Goals" presents the results of joint scientific research conducted in the context of the Russian-German Raw Materials Forum. Today Russia and Germany are exploring various forms of cooperation in the field of mining, geology, mineralogy, mechanical engineering and energy. Russia and Germany are equally interested in expanding cooperation and modernizing the economy in terms of sustainable development. The main theme of this article collection is connected with existing business ventures and ideas from both Russia and Germany. In this book the authors regard complex processes in mining industry from various points of view, including: - modern technologies in prospecting, exploration and development of mineral resources - progressive methods of natural and industrial mineral raw materials processing - energy technologies and digital technologies for sustainable development - cutting-edge technologies and innovations in the oil and gas industry. Working with young researchers, supporting their individual professional development and creating conditions for their mobility and scientific cooperation are essential parts of Russian-German Raw Materials Forum founded in Dresden 13 years ago. This collection represents both willingness of young researchers to be involved in large-scale international projects like Russian-German Raw Material Forum and the results of their long and thorough work in the promising areas of cooperation between Russia and Germany.

The Resilience Dividend

Download The Resilience Dividend PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1610394712
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Resilience Dividend by : Judith Rodin

Download or read book The Resilience Dividend written by Judith Rodin and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2014-11-11 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building resilience—the ability to bounce back more quickly and effectively—is an urgent social and economic issue. Our interconnected world is susceptible to sudden and dramatic shocks and stresses: a cyber-attack, a new strain of virus, a structural failure, a violent storm, a civil disturbance, an economic blow. Through an astonishing range of stories, Judith Rodin shows how people, organizations, businesses, communities, and cities have developed resilience in the face of otherwise catastrophic challenges: • Medellin, Colombia, was once the drug and murder capital of South America. Now it's host to international conferences and an emerging vacation destination. • Tulsa, Oklahoma, cracked the code of rapid urban development in a floodplain. • Airbnb, Toyota, Ikea, Coca-Cola, and other companies have realized the value of reducing vulnerabilities and potential threats to customers, employees, and their bottom line. • In the Mau Forest of Kenya, bottom-up solutions are critical for dealing with climate change, environmental degradation, and displacement of locals. • Following Superstorm Sandy, the Rockaway Surf Club in New York played a vital role in distributing emergency supplies. As we grow more adept at managing disruption and more skilled at resilience-building, Rodin reveals how we are able to create and take advantage of new economic and social opportunities that offer us the capacity to recover after catastrophes and grow strong in times of relative calm.

CAREC Digital Strategy 2030

Download CAREC Digital Strategy 2030 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292693654
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CAREC Digital Strategy 2030 by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book CAREC Digital Strategy 2030 written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2022-03-01 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital transformation can positively impact economic growth, jobs creation, and social inclusion. As the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) region deals with the challenges posed by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, investing in national broadband infrastructure is more crucial than ever to enable connectivity and improve service delivery. Digitalization will allow CAREC member countries to develop robust solutions for areas including agriculture and water, e-commerce and trade, education and skills, energy, finance, health, transportation, and tourism. The CAREC Digital Strategy 2030 is intended as a catalyst for regional cooperation, promoting policy design, capacity building,and dialogue to address economic and social challenges in the region with the help of digital technologies.

World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update April 2016

Download World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update April 2016 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464809062
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update April 2016 by : World Bank

Download or read book World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update April 2016 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-04-11 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past 6 months, developing East Asia and Pacific has faced a challenging external environment, but growth has generally remained resilient. Over the next 3 years, growth is expected to ease modestly. China will continue its gradual shift to a more sustainable growth path. Some economies will be affected by low commodity prices and weaker external demand. This outlook is subject to elevated risks. Countries should prioritize monetary and fiscal policies that reduce their exposure to risks and strengthen market confidence. In China, there is a need to reduce leverage. In several countries, action is required to enhance transparency, strengthen accountability, and redefine the role of the state. Efforts to reduce barriers to trade should be redoubled, with a particular focus on non-tariff measures and regulatory barriers, including to trade in services. The region must increase its readiness to benefit from the digital revolution, and in particular develop the essential “analog complements†? to digital technologies.

Critical Connections

Download Critical Connections PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 146481158X
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Connections by : David Michael Gould

Download or read book Critical Connections written by David Michael Gould and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-09-25 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical Connections examines how trade, investment, migration, and other linkages among countries drive economic growth in the Europe and Central Asia region. The study breaks new ground by using a multidimensional approach that recognizes how each connectivity channel for growth is likely to be affected by the strength of other channels. This multidimensional view makes it easier to see that diversity in country connections and balance in all channels of connectivity are critical for achieving the greatest impact on growth. Europe and Central Asia provides a great laboratory for observing the role of multidimensional connectivity in action. The region’s 30 countries vary widely in the openness of their economies. Its collective experience shows how the various elements of cross-border connectivity work together to accelerate progrowth knowledge transfers, which in turn boost productivity through participation in today’s global value chains. A country’s economic partner might be just as important as the type of connection. Being well connected to highly connected countries can provide benefits beyond being well connected to comparatively isolated countries. Although greater connectivity can expose countries to external shocks, the report presents fact-based argument for policies that seek to build deeper and more diverse connections within the Europe and Central Asia region and globally. The message is timely. Europe’s once-confident march toward economic integration has slowed over the past decade, with voices in many countries questioning the wisdom of opening to the global economy. Critical Connections serves as a reminder to citizens and policy makers that greater regional and global connectivity has been a tremendous “convergence machine,†? raising living standards of lower-income countries toward those of wealthier middle- to high-income countries.

Toward Sustainability Through Digital Technologies and Practices in the Eurasian Region

Download Toward Sustainability Through Digital Technologies and Practices in the Eurasian Region PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799825531
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Toward Sustainability Through Digital Technologies and Practices in the Eurasian Region by : Tazhina, Gainiya

Download or read book Toward Sustainability Through Digital Technologies and Practices in the Eurasian Region written by Tazhina, Gainiya and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-03-13 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In today’s modernized world, implementing technology into the infrastructures of communities has become a common custom. The idea of digital economy has proven to be an efficient, dynamic, and highly adaptable mode of performance, and regions across the globe have begun applying these digital approaches to their populated foundation. One region of the world that has recently begun using modern technologies is Eurasia. As they continue their technological transition from “theory” to “practice,” significant research is needed on the emergence of sustainability in these countries. Toward Sustainability Through Digital Technologies and Practices in the Eurasian Region is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on the implementation of digital initiatives within Eurasian countries and their social and economic principles. While highlighting topics such as educational technologies, mobile applications, and sustainable business, this publication explores the cultural aspects and social interaction of digital applications within this region of the world. This book is ideally designed for economists, IT professionals, educators, researchers, social scientists, policymakers, academicians, and students.

Advances in raw material industries for sustainable development goals

Download Advances in raw material industries for sustainable development goals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000376435
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in raw material industries for sustainable development goals by : Vladimir Litvinenko

Download or read book Advances in raw material industries for sustainable development goals written by Vladimir Litvinenko and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Advances in Raw Material Industries for Sustainable Development Goals" presents the results of joint scientific research conducted in the context of the Russian-German Raw Materials Forum. Today Russia and Germany are exploring various forms of cooperation in the field of mining, geology, mineralogy, mechanical engineering and energy. Russia and Germany are equally interested in expanding cooperation and modernizing the economy in terms of sustainable development. The main theme of this article collection is connected with existing business ventures and ideas from both Russia and Germany. In this book the authors regard complex processes in mining industry from various points of view, including: - modern technologies in prospecting, exploration and development of mineral resources - progressive methods of natural and industrial mineral raw materials processing - energy technologies and digital technologies for sustainable development - cutting-edge technologies and innovations in the oil and gas industry. Working with young researchers, supporting their individual professional development and creating conditions for their mobility and scientific cooperation are essential parts of Russian-German Raw Materials Forum founded in Dresden 13 years ago. This collection represents both willingness of young researchers to be involved in large-scale international projects like Russian-German Raw Material Forum and the results of their long and thorough work in the promising areas of cooperation between Russia and Germany.

Rural Development in the Digital Age

Download Rural Development in the Digital Age PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000672786
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rural Development in the Digital Age by : Martin Pělucha

Download or read book Rural Development in the Digital Age written by Martin Pělucha and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rural Development in the Digital Age explores current theoretical and policy developments in EU rural policy during the 4.0 period. The book offers an analysis of the contradictory and complex drivers and multiple impacts of Period 4.0 policy within the specific territorial context of its implementation. It is commonly agreed within academic and policy circles that the contexts, trends, drivers and impacts which are currently morphing have the potential to determine the nature and boundaries of rural areas in the longer-term. The authors examine inconsistencies in the design and implementation of EU rural development policy driven largely by intensifying neo-productivist pressures. The importance and novelty of the book lie in defining and critically examining the territorial impacts of neo-productivism as an ideology, a practice and a set of policy imperatives during the EU’s 2014-2020 programming period. The authors argue that such a paradigm shift in EU rural policy may reduce its effectiveness and ability to meet its goals of balanced territorial development and cohesion. This book will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and policymakers in rural policy, regional studies, economic geography and EU policy.

Digital Education And Economic Transformation: Bridging The Gap

Download Digital Education And Economic Transformation: Bridging The Gap PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MEADOW PUBLICATION
ISBN 13 : 8196634633
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (966 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Digital Education And Economic Transformation: Bridging The Gap by : Dr. Heena Upadhyaya

Download or read book Digital Education And Economic Transformation: Bridging The Gap written by Dr. Heena Upadhyaya and published by MEADOW PUBLICATION. This book was released on 2024-03-01 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book titled "Digital Education and Economic Transformation: Bridging the Gap" provides a thorough examination of the point of convergence between digital education and economic transformation. The text offers significant perspectives, tactics, and suggestions for closing the disparity between digital educational endeavours and their influence on the advancement and progress of the economy. The initial portion of the book delves into the digital revolution's impact on education and the economy, emphasising the necessity of modifying educational systems to align with the requirements of the digital age. The statement underscores the significance of bridging the gap in digital accessibility and guaranteeing universal access to digital learning prospects for comprehensive economic advancement. The book explores the digital gender divide, which refers to the unequal distribution of access to and use of digital technologies between genders. The discussion delves into the socio-economic and cultural determinants that underlie the digital gender gap, and puts forth a set of measures aimed at fostering gender parity in digital education, while acknowledging the capacity of such initiatives to enhance women's economic agency. The book places significant emphasis on digital competencies that are essential for success in the contemporary labour market, thereby delving into the proficiencies that individuals need to flourish in the 21st century. The text pertains to the issue of skills gap and offers perspectives on strategies for cultivating digital competencies via educational and training initiatives. The significance of ongoing education and flexibility in the era of digitalization is underscored. With a focus on incorporating digital literacy, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities into educational institutions, curriculum design is examined in the context of the digital world. The book presents creative methods for creating curricula and emphasises the value of interdisciplinary and hands-on learning in preparing readers for the digital age. The analysis of policy and governance is deemed crucial in addressing the disparity between digital education and economic transformation. The publication goes into the various policy frameworks that facilitate the promotion of digital inclusion, accessibility, and affordability. It emphasises the need of working together amongst business, academia, and government to promote innovation and entrepreneurship, which fuels economic growth. The publication additionally examines the assessment of digital educational endeavours and their influence on economic metamorphosis. The work explores into the topic of evaluation methodologies, performance indicators for gauging achievement, and showcases instances of prosperous endeavours. The piece presents insights gained and suggestions put forth for proficient monitoring and evaluation, in addition to tactics for expanding prosperous endeavours. As a conclusion, "Digital Education and Economic Transformation: Bridging the Gap" provides a thorough road map for decision-makers, educators, and other stakeholders looking to use digital education for economic growth. In order to close the gap and realise the transformational potential of digital education for economic success, it highlights the significance of inclusive access, gender equality, skill development, creative curriculum design, supporting legislation, and efficient assessment.