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Real Conditionals
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Book Synopsis Real Conditionals by : William G. Lycan
Download or read book Real Conditionals written by William G. Lycan and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2005-12-15 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Philosophers and logicians have long debated how best to understand conditional or hypothetical sentences. William G. Lycan has a distinctive approach to this debate, attending not just to the semantics of such sentences, but equally to their syntax. He shows how insights from linguistic theory help to illuminate problems about the meaning and function of conditionals. For instance, philosophers and logicians have had problems analysing the locutions 'only if', 'unless', and 'even if'. Lycan sets out a general semantic theory of conditionals which works for all such sentences; he assigns meanings to them in a way that explains how and why those meanings depend upon features of utterance context. According to Lycan's theory the 'if'-clauses refer to items called 'events', 'circumstances', or 'conditions'. Real Conditionals gives at last the definitive presentation of this original approach to a topic at the intersection of philosophy, logic, and linguistics. Lycan's characteristically lively and witty expository style ensures that it can be enjoyed by readers from all three disciplines.
Book Synopsis English Conditional Sentences: Past, Present, Future; Real, Unreal Conditionals by : Manik Joshi
Download or read book English Conditional Sentences: Past, Present, Future; Real, Unreal Conditionals written by Manik Joshi and published by Manik Joshi. This book was released on 2014-10-25 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Conditional sentences” express factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. There are two clauses in conditional sentences: Dependent clause: Expresses the condition Main clause: Expresses the consequence This Book Covers The Following Topics: What are “Conditional Sentences”? Present Real Conditional Sentences Present Unreal Conditional Sentences Past Real Conditional Sentences Past Unreal Conditional Sentences Future Real Conditional Sentences Future Unreal Conditional Sentences Continuous Forms of Conditional Sentences Mixed Conditional Sentences 'Were To' - Conditional Sentences 'Special Force' - Conditional Sentences 'Wish'- Conditional Sentences 'Miscellaneous' - Conditional Sentences Conditional Sentences: Exercise – 1 Conditional Sentences: Exercise – 2 Summary Sample This: Present Real Conditional Sentences The Present Real Conditional Is Used To Talk About What You Normally Do In Real-Life Situations. STRUCTURE [First Part – If / When + Subject + Present Verb…, Second Part – Simple Present] OR [First Part – Simple Present, Second Part – If / When + Subject + Present Verb…] Whether Use “If” OR “When”? "If" implies - things don’t happen regularly. “When” implies - things happen regularly. If you eat too much fast food, it makes you overweight. Or [It makes you overweight if you eat too much fast food.] If you put salt on salad, they taste nicer. Or [They taste nicer if you put salt on salad.] When I have free time, I often sit in the library. [Regularly] Or [I often sit in the library when I have free time.] MORE EXAMPLES: [First Part – If / When + Subject + Present Verb…, Second Part – Simple Present] If I move to school, I never take my mobile. If you want to be a super-achiever, first recognize your own capabilities. If it melts, it raises the sea level. If something bad happens anywhere, it is natural to be sad. If you heat water, it boils. If the office closes early, we definitely go to the library. If you need help, call me. If I don’t come on time, you are supposed to leave the office. If you feel sleepy, just go to bed. If that isn’t absolute verification, I don’t know what is. If the contractors fail to achieve the target within the specified period, they are liable to pay damages. If you don't get the first good, be content with the second good. [Note: Use of Imperative Sentence] If you are working for something with convictions, you are satisfied. If proper punishment is not awarded to the accused, the faith of the society is shaken in the legal system of the country. [Note: Use of passive voice – is + awarded, and is + shaken] If uranium is bombarded with a neutron, it absorbs some. If a Swedish govt. is interested in such a deal at all, Sweden can negotiate for itself a better deal. If a person is abused repeatedly then that person has the right to object and the right to argue also. If my statement has pained someone then I regret it. If they have done something wrong that doesn’t mean I have also done something wrong. If the refugee cannot afford to pay, she may be refused access to the hospital or have her refugee card confiscated. [First Part – Simple Present, Second Part – If / When + Subject + Present Verb…] I have come to bother you if you don’t mind. We don’t even know if any person by that name exists. Their wages are cut if they do not report for duty on time. You learn a language better if you visit the country where it is spoken. Agency works under pressure if one goes by what the ex-Director says. I apologize if at all the article hurt anyone. Power companies can hike the tariffs if the cost of imported coal rises. Hang me if I am guilty. I meet him if I go there. Butter dissolves if you leave it in sun. Plants die if you don’t water them. Milk goes off if you don’t keep it in a cool place. Ask the officer if you have any problems. I don’t mind if you sit in my cabin. Customers get upset if they are being overcharged. I have no problem if her name is disclosed. They promised to slash power rates if they are elected. Existing laws can be a deterrent if a time-based trial is conducted. Do you mind if I turn on the radio for a while? A death row convict cannot be executed if he is not physically and mentally fit. A student may not be motivated to work hard if a promotion is guaranteed. Many of the deaths can be avoided if bikers wear helmets. I go by taxi when the bus is late.
Book Synopsis Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar by : Martin J. Endley
Download or read book Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar written by Martin J. Endley and published by IAP. This book was released on 2010-12-01 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proposed book is best described as a linguistically oriented textbook taking the grammar of English as its subject matter. It is directed to professional teachers of English (ESL and EFL) and their students, as well as those currently training to become teachers of English. The book is also likely to be of interest to interpreters, translators and other English language professionals. It will explore selected aspects and problem areas of English from a broadly “functional” linguistic perspective. My experience as a teacher and teacher trainer has shown me that this perspective has the potential to inspire teachers and students with a genuine enthusiasm for the grammatical features of English and that it often enables them to “make sense” of the grammar in a way that all too often other approaches signally fail to do. An important focus of the book is on understanding grammar as a series of conventionalized patterns rather than a set of rules (which is how grammar has traditionally been presented). Moreover, unlike many other grammar books, this book emphasizes how the grammatical constructions under consideration are employed in various types of communicative situation, attention being given to the importance of discourse context in interpreting the target forms. In line with contemporary linguists generally, the approach adopted is descriptive rather than prescriptive. While the main focus is on English, I offer occasional comments on how the issue under discussion is expressed in languages other than English. Apart from the inherent interest which I hope such comparisons may have for the reader, I take the view that these can be helpful in casting further light on the grammar of English.
Book Synopsis Grammar and Beyond Level 3 Student's Book B by : Laurie Blass
Download or read book Grammar and Beyond Level 3 Student's Book B written by Laurie Blass and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-10 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on extensive research, Grammar and Beyond ensures that students study accurate information about grammar and apply it in their own speech and writing. This is the second half of Student's Book, Level 3. The Student's Book is the main component of Grammar and Beyond. In each unit, students study the grammar in a realistic text and through charts and notes informed by a billion-word corpus of authentic language. The exercises provide practice in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, making this a complete course. Students learn to avoid common mistakes, based on an extensive corpus of learner language. Each unit concludes with a Grammar for Writing section, in which students apply the grammar in an extended writing task.
Book Synopsis Grammar and Beyond Level 3 Student's Book A by : Laurie Blass
Download or read book Grammar and Beyond Level 3 Student's Book A written by Laurie Blass and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-06-11 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on extensive research, Grammar and Beyond ensures that students study accurate information about grammar and apply it in their own speech and writing. This is the first half of Student's Book, Level 3. The Student's Book is the main component of Grammar and Beyond. In each unit, students study the grammar in a realistic text and through charts and notes informed by a billion-word corpus of authentic language. The exercises provide practice in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, making this a complete course. Students learn to avoid common mistakes, based on an extensive corpus of learner language. Each unit concludes with a Grammar for Writing section, in which students apply the grammar in an extended writing task.
Book Synopsis Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Volume 2, Complex Constructions by : Timothy Shopen
Download or read book Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Volume 2, Complex Constructions written by Timothy Shopen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-10-04 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique three-volume 2007 survey brings together a team of leading scholars to explore the syntactic and morphological structures of the world's languages. Clearly organized and broad-ranging, it covers topics such as parts-of-speech, passives, complementation, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, inflectional morphology, tense, aspect, mood, and diexis. The contributors look at the major ways that these notions are realized, and provide informative sketches of them at work in a range of languages. Each volume is accessibly written and clearly explains each new concept introduced. Although the volumes can be read independently, together they provide an indispensable reference work for all linguists and fieldworkers interested in cross-linguistic generalizations. Most of the chapters in the second edition are substantially revised or completely new - some on topics not covered by the first edition. Volume II covers co-ordination, complementation, noun phrase structure, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, discourse structure, and sentences as combinations of clauses.
Book Synopsis Explore Your English Without Limits for Senior High School Students Year XII by : Budiyono; Waskito; Muhajir Muslih; Siti Ika Wahyu RN
Download or read book Explore Your English Without Limits for Senior High School Students Year XII written by Budiyono; Waskito; Muhajir Muslih; Siti Ika Wahyu RN and published by Penerbit Duta. This book was released on with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developed with scientific approach, EXPLORE YOUR ENGLISH WITHOUT LIMITS for Senior High School Students Year XII will be favored by students. This book provides the following features. Lessons and activities in this book are arranged with 5M concept (Mengamati/Observing-Menanya/Questioning-Mencoba/Experimenting-Menalar/Associating-Mengomunikasi/Networking) which allow the students to be actively involved in learning activities. The group works and activities in this book will encourage two-way communication between students, students-teachers, students-parents and students-people around them. Accordingly, they will be able to raise concerns of their surroundings and apply their knowledge and skills in daily life (character building). This book helps students to be creative by allowing the students to explore knowledge without limits. Students will also be able to see and discover alternative solutions to solve various problems, so that they can be good problem solvers.
Book Synopsis On Conditionals Again by : Angeliki Athanasiadou
Download or read book On Conditionals Again written by Angeliki Athanasiadou and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume brings together a selection of papers from a symposium on Conditionality held in the University of Duisburg on 25-26 March 1994. Ten years after the Stanford symposium, the Proceedings of which were edited by Traugott et al. (1986), the area of conditionality is revisited in a synthesis of issues and aspects with insights drawn from the wider framework of general processes of conceptualisation. One major question is therefore what conceptual categories fall under conditionality or how far the notion of conditionality can be extended. The volume represents the up-to-date research on most aspects of conditionality some of which include the relationship between conditionality, hypotheticality and counterfactuality, polarity, historical perspectives, concessives, the acquisition of conditionals.
Book Synopsis English Unlimited Upper Intermediate A Combo with DVD-ROMs (2) by : Alex Tilbury
Download or read book English Unlimited Upper Intermediate A Combo with DVD-ROMs (2) written by Alex Tilbury and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-07-18 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: English Unlimited is a six-level (A1 to C1) goals-based course for adults. Centred on purposeful, real-life objectives, it prepares learners to use English independently for global communication. Through universal topics and activities, and a focus on intercultural competence as a 'fifth skill', this international coursebook helps learners become more sensitive, more effective communicators. Teaching natural, dependable language, and with CEFR goals at its core, it brings real life into the classroom and gives learners the skills and strategies to communicate confidently outside it. The 'Explore' sections provide the extra ingredients for enhancing communicative ability, from further development of speaking skills to independent learning strategies. The English Unlimited Upper Intermediate A Combo with DVD-ROM includes Coursebook Units 1 to 7 as well as the e-Portfolio and Self-Study DVD-ROM.
Book Synopsis Alf lahga wa lahga by : Olivier Durand
Download or read book Alf lahga wa lahga written by Olivier Durand and published by LIT Verlag Münster. This book was released on 2014 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a collection of articles written by more than 40 scholars who work in the field of Arabic dialectology. All articles are revised versions of papers presented at the 9th Conference of the Association Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe (AIDA) held in Pescara in March 2011. The variety of dialects represented in the book engage various issues in Arabic dialectology - such as sedentary and Bedouin dialects, sociolinguistic phenomena, and the written dimension - investigated from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The broad range of meaningful subjects that are tackled in the book offer an important contribution to the current debates on general linguistics and sociolinguistics, Arabic linguistics, Arabic literature, as well as Semitic and Islamic studies. (Series: Neue Beihefte zur Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes - Vol. 8)
Book Synopsis TOEFL Paper-and-Pencil by : Janet Shanks
Download or read book TOEFL Paper-and-Pencil written by Janet Shanks and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2004 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are you ready for the TOEFL(R) Exam? You will be. Kaplan's "TOEFL(R) Paper-and-Pencil with 3 Audio CDs, Third Edition," is a complete review of all the material on the paper-based and computer-based TOEFL(R) exam. You get 3 realistic practice tests; Kaplan's powerful test-taking strategies; and easy-to-understand grammar, reading, listening, and writing reviews. "TOEFL(R) Paper-and-Pencil" will help you to score higher on the TOEFL(R) exam and get into the North American university or profession you want. SUCCEED on every section of the TOEFL(R) exam with a full review of Structure, Writing, Reading Comprehension, and Listening Comprehension. PREPARE with detailed information on the test, plus hundreds of practice questions to build your skills. PRACTICE with 3 full-length practice tests with complete score analysis as well as 3 audio CDs for listening comprehension and vocabulary review. SCORE HIGHER with effective strategies for managing time, understanding directions, handling stress, and more.
Book Synopsis Grammar and Beyond Level 4 Student's Book A by : John Bunting
Download or read book Grammar and Beyond Level 4 Student's Book A written by John Bunting and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-10-08 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grammar and Beyond is a four-level North American grammar course informed by a collection of over one billion words of authentic language, ensuring that students learn grammar the way it is used in real spoken and written English. The series places special emphasis on grammar for writing. CEF: B2-C1.
Book Synopsis Practical English Grammar for Academic Writers by : Kenneth Cranker
Download or read book Practical English Grammar for Academic Writers written by Kenneth Cranker and published by Wayzgoose Press. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical English Grammar for Academic Writers is intended for international students who have to write academically in American English. Suitable for undergraduates or graduate students, it aims at enabling writers to produce grammatically correct, well-focused, well-developed writing with academic vocabulary, style, and tone. This book is compact, yet surprisingly broad in grammatical, lexical, and academic scope, making it ideal for advanced level English for academic purposes or academic transitions reading/writing classes that have to balance academic content with grammar. This book also includes an answer key, including sample paragraphs for all of the independent writing assignments, allowing for individual, autonomous study.
Book Synopsis The Structure of Modern Standard French by : Maj-Britt Mosegaard Hansen
Download or read book The Structure of Modern Standard French written by Maj-Britt Mosegaard Hansen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an advanced student's grammar of French that integrates traditional grammar with knowledge and insights from modern linguistics. Maj-Britt Mosegaard Hansen takes a structural approach to French grammar: she provides clear descriptions of grammatical rules based explicitly on syntactic structure, and places descriptive emphasis on instances where the grammatical structures of French differ from those used in corresponding contexts in English. The first part of the book provides an introduction to French sentence structure, before the following parts examine the grammar of verbs, nominals, particles, and clauses and sentences. The Structure of Modern Standard French will be a valuable resource for students of French at undergraduate level and beyond. It assumes some prior knowledge of French grammar but is designed to be accessible to those with no background in linguistics.
Book Synopsis Coding the Hypothetical by : Jane F. Hacking
Download or read book Coding the Hypothetical written by Jane F. Hacking and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1998 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conditionals encode speculation. They convey how events could have been different in the past or present, or might be different in the future if particular conditions had been or will be met. While all languages afford the means to speculate or hypothesize about possible events, the ways in which they do so vary. This work explores some of this variation through an analysis of the stucture and semantics of complex conditional sentences in Russian and Macedonian. It addresses typological questions about the general properties of natural language conditionals and examines the role of the grammatical categories tense, aspect, mood and status in the coding of conditional meaning. The book also discusses the relationship between the use of these categories and the shape of a language's conditional system. For example, the use of tense in counterfactual contexts in Macedonian correlates with the grammaticalization of more shades of conditional meaning than are grammaticalized in Russian, which does not employ tense forms in this way. The study draws on data from a rich variety of sources and thus includes kinds of conditionals overlooked in many other studies. The book addresses issues of concern to Slavists and raises questions for those interested in conditionals and the coding of hypothetical meaning.
Book Synopsis Varieties of Alternatives by : Mingming Liu
Download or read book Varieties of Alternatives written by Mingming Liu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book concerns two focus particles (jiu, dou) and wh-expressions (shenme = ‘what’, na geren = ‘which person’) in Mandarin Chinese. These items are systematically ‘ambiguous’ and have played important roles in various aspects of Mandarin grammar. An idea based on alternatives and varieties of alternatives in particular – following Chierchia’s 2013 analysis of the polarity system – is pursued to account for the systematic ambiguities. The unambiguous semantics of jiu, dou and wh-expressions are maintained and ‘ambiguity’ explained through varieties of alternatives interacting with other independently motivated aspects of the structure they occur in. By examining these aspects in detail, the book will help readers gain a better understanding of a broad range of phenomena that involve these items – including exhaustivity, distributivity, questions and conditionals.
Book Synopsis Language Typology and Language Universals 2.Teilband by : Martin Haspelmath
Download or read book Language Typology and Language Universals 2.Teilband written by Martin Haspelmath and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2008-07-14 with total page 1013 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a comprehensive and thorough survey of our current insights into the diversity and unity found across the 6000 languages of this planet. The 125 articles include inter alia chapters on the patterns and limits of variation manifested by analogous structures, constructions and linguistic devices across languages (e.g. word order, tense and aspect, inflection, color terms and syllable structure). Other chapters cover the history, methodology and the theory of typology, as well as the relationship between language typology and other disciplines. The authors of the individual sections and chapters are for the most part internationally known experts on the relevant topics. The vast majority of the articles are written in English, some in French or German. The handbook is not only intended for the expert in the fields of typology and language universals, but for all of those interested in linguistics. It is specifically addressed to all those who specialize in individual languages, providing basic orientation for their analysis and placing each language within the space of what is possible and common in the languages of the world.
