Quality Improvement

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Measuring Quality Improvement in Healthcare

Author : Raymond G. Carey
Publisher : Quality Press
ISBN 13 : 1636940811
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring Quality Improvement in Healthcare by : Raymond G. Carey

Download or read book Measuring Quality Improvement in Healthcare written by Raymond G. Carey and published by Quality Press. This book was released on 2001-09-25 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ground-breaking book addresses the critical, growing need among health care administrators and practitioners to measure the effectiveness of quality improvement efforts. Written by respected healthcare quality professionals, Measuring Quality Improvement in Healthcare covers practical applications of the tools and techniques of statistical process control (SPC), including control charts, in healthcare settings. The authors' straightforward discussions of data collection, variation, and process improvement set the context for the use and interpretation of control charts. Their approach incorporates "the voice of the customer" as a key element driving the improvement processes and outcomes. The core of the book is a set of 12 case studies that show how to apply statistical thinking to health care process, and when and how to use different types of control charts. The practical, down-to-earth orientation of the book makes it accessible to a wide readership. "Only authors who have used statistics and control charts to solve real-world healthcare problems could have written a book so practical and timely." - Barry S. Bader, Publisher The Quality Letter for Healthcare Leaders "Many clinicians and other healthcare leaders underestimate the great contributions that better statistical thinking could make toward reducing costs and improving outcomes. This fascinating and timely book is a fine guide for getting started." - Donald M. Berwick, M.D. President and CEO, Institute for Healthcare Improvement Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School Contents: Planning Your CQI Journey, Preparing to Collect Data, Data Collection, Understanding Variation, Using Run and Control Charts to Analyze Process Variation, Control Chart Case Studies, Developing Improvement Strategies, Using Patient Surveys for CQI, Formulas for Calculating Control Limits

Data-Driven Quality Improvement and Sustainability in Health Care

Author : Patricia L. Thomas, PhD, RN, FAAN, FNAP, FACHE, NEA-BC, ACNS-BC, CNL
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826139442
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Data-Driven Quality Improvement and Sustainability in Health Care by : Patricia L. Thomas, PhD, RN, FAAN, FNAP, FACHE, NEA-BC, ACNS-BC, CNL

Download or read book Data-Driven Quality Improvement and Sustainability in Health Care written by Patricia L. Thomas, PhD, RN, FAAN, FNAP, FACHE, NEA-BC, ACNS-BC, CNL and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2020-11-19 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data-Driven Quality Improvement and Sustainability in Health Care: An Interprofessional Approach provides nurse leaders and healthcare administrators of all disciplines with a solid understanding of data and how to leverage data to improve outcomes, fuel innovation, and achieve sustained results. It sets the stage by examining the current state of the healthcare landscape; new imperatives to meet policy, regulatory, and consumer demands; and the role of data in administrative and clinical decision-making. It helps the professional identify the methods and tools that support thoughtful and thorough data analysis and offers practical application of data-driven processes that determine performance in healthcare operations, value- and performance-based contracts, and risk contracts. Misuse or inconsistent use of data leads to ineffective and errant decision-making. This text highlights common barriers and pitfalls related to data use and provide strategies for how to avoid these pitfalls. In addition, chapters feature key points, reflection questions, and real-life interprofessional case exemplars to help the professional draw distinctions and apply principles to their own practice. Key Features: Provides nurse leaders and other healthcare administrators with an understanding of the role of data in the current healthcare landscape and how to leverage data to drive innovative and sustainable change Offers frameworks, methodology, and tools to support quality improvement measures Demonstrates the application of data and how it shapes quality and safety initiatives through real-life case exemplars Highlights common barriers and pitfalls related to data use and provide strategies for how to avoid these pitfalls

Quality Improvement Through Planned Experimentation 3/E

Author : Ronald Moen
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071759670
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis Quality Improvement Through Planned Experimentation 3/E by : Ronald Moen

Download or read book Quality Improvement Through Planned Experimentation 3/E written by Ronald Moen and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest experimental design techniques for quality improvement "The methods taught in this book are a major contribution to statistical methods as an aid to engineers, as well as to those in industry, education, or government who are trying to understand the meaning of fi gures derived from comparisons or experiments." -- W. EDWARDS DEMING Co-written by three recipients of the Deming Medal awarded by the American Society for Quality (ASQ), Quality Improvement through Planned Experimentation, Third Edition discusses the principles and methodologies for planning and conducting experiments to improve products, processes, or systems. Fully revised with up-to-date case studies and incorporating new software, this authoritative guide fosters the sequential building of knowledge essential for implementing effective improvements. End-of-chapter exercises reinforce what you've learned, and forms for designing planned experiments help you to integrate the methods in the book into your daily work. The methods of planned experimentation provide an opportunity to better meet the needs of customers, reduce costs, and increase productivity by effecting verifiably beneficial changes. COVERAGE INCLUDES: * Improvement of quality * Principles for design and analysis of planned experiments * Experiments with one factor * Experiments with more than one factor * Reducing the size of experiments * Evaluating sources of variation * Sequential experimentation * Using a time series response variable * Designs with factors at more than two levels * Applications in health care * New product design NEW: Study-it software available for download!

Quality Improvement Tools & Techniques

Author : Peter Mears
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Trade
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Quality Improvement Tools & Techniques by : Peter Mears

Download or read book Quality Improvement Tools & Techniques written by Peter Mears and published by McGraw-Hill Trade. This book was released on 1995 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents full descriptions of all of the important QI techniques - and the specific tools necessary to make each of them work - in a logical, easy-to-use manner. There's also an ongoing case example appearing throughout the book, which illustrates and illuminates various QI principles and practices.

Quality Improvement in Behavioral Health

Author : William O'Donohue
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319262092
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Quality Improvement in Behavioral Health by : William O'Donohue

Download or read book Quality Improvement in Behavioral Health written by William O'Donohue and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-17 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This innovative volume presents a cogent case for quality improvement (QI) in behavioral healthcare as ethical practice, solid science, and good business. Divided between foundational concepts, key QI tools and methods, and emerging applications, it offers guidelines for raising care standards while addressing ongoing issues of treatment validity, staffing and training, costs and funding, and integration with medical systems. Expert contributors review the implications and potential of QI in diverse areas such as treatment of entrenched mental disorders, in correctional facilities, and within the professional context of the American Psychological Association. The insights, examples, and strategies featured will increase in value as behavioral health becomes more prominent in integrated care and vital to large-scale health goals. Included in the coverage: Behavioral health conditions: direct treatment costs and indirect social costs. /liliQuality improvement and clinical psychological science. · Process mapping to improve quality in behavioral health service delivery. · Checklists for quality improvement and evaluation in behavioral health. · Creating a quality improvement system for an integrated care program: the why, what, and how to measure. · Feedback Informed Treatment (FIT): improving the outcome of psychotherapy one person at a time. Quality Improvement i n Behavioral Healthcare gives health psychologists, public health professionals, and health administrators a real-world framework for maintaining quality services in a rapidly evolving health landscape.

The Public Health Quality Improvement Handbook

Author : Ron Bialek
Publisher : Quality Press
ISBN 13 : 0873892895
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (738 download)

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Book Synopsis The Public Health Quality Improvement Handbook by : Ron Bialek

Download or read book The Public Health Quality Improvement Handbook written by Ron Bialek and published by Quality Press. This book was released on 2009-01-08 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Little in the current world is simple. Nothing comes in a box for us to add water and stir. There are those, however, who have been successful and who are willing to share their success. The messages in The Public Health Quality Improvement Handbook are from leaders, physicians, practitioners, academics, consultants, and researchers who are successfully applying the tools and techniques they share. The chapters are written to support the leaders and workforce of our public health community. This book, a collaboration between ASQ and the Public Health Foundation, is an anthology of chapters written by subject matter experts in public health who are successfully meeting client needs, working together to maximize outcomes, and expanding their collaboration with community partners to encourage better health within neighborhoods, counties, and states. There has never been a better time or a more needed one for us to harness the energy, enthusiasm, hard work, and dedication of our public health workforce to make a lasting difference. By effectively using quality improvement tools and techniques, we can and will improve our nation’s health.

Crossing the Quality Chasm

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309072808
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Crossing the Quality Chasm by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Crossing the Quality Chasm written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-08-19 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Second in a series of publications from the Institute of Medicine's Quality of Health Care in America project Today's health care providers have more research findings and more technology available to them than ever before. Yet recent reports have raised serious doubts about the quality of health care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm makes an urgent call for fundamental change to close the quality gap. This book recommends a sweeping redesign of the American health care system and provides overarching principles for specific direction for policymakers, health care leaders, clinicians, regulators, purchasers, and others. In this comprehensive volume the committee offers: A set of performance expectations for the 21st century health care system. A set of 10 new rules to guide patient-clinician relationships. A suggested organizing framework to better align the incentives inherent in payment and accountability with improvements in quality. Key steps to promote evidence-based practice and strengthen clinical information systems. Analyzing health care organizations as complex systems, Crossing the Quality Chasm also documents the causes of the quality gap, identifies current practices that impede quality care, and explores how systems approaches can be used to implement change.

The Practitioner's Guide to Data Quality Improvement

Author : David Loshin
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080920344
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis The Practitioner's Guide to Data Quality Improvement by : David Loshin

Download or read book The Practitioner's Guide to Data Quality Improvement written by David Loshin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-11-22 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Practitioner's Guide to Data Quality Improvement offers a comprehensive look at data quality for business and IT, encompassing people, process, and technology. It shares the fundamentals for understanding the impacts of poor data quality, and guides practitioners and managers alike in socializing, gaining sponsorship for, planning, and establishing a data quality program. It demonstrates how to institute and run a data quality program, from first thoughts and justifications to maintenance and ongoing metrics. It includes an in-depth look at the use of data quality tools, including business case templates, and tools for analysis, reporting, and strategic planning. This book is recommended for data management practitioners, including database analysts, information analysts, data administrators, data architects, enterprise architects, data warehouse engineers, and systems analysts, and their managers. Offers a comprehensive look at data quality for business and IT, encompassing people, process, and technology. Shows how to institute and run a data quality program, from first thoughts and justifications to maintenance and ongoing metrics. Includes an in-depth look at the use of data quality tools, including business case templates, and tools for analysis, reporting, and strategic planning.

Improving Healthcare Quality in Europe Characteristics, Effectiveness and Implementation of Different Strategies

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264805907
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving Healthcare Quality in Europe Characteristics, Effectiveness and Implementation of Different Strategies by : OECD

Download or read book Improving Healthcare Quality in Europe Characteristics, Effectiveness and Implementation of Different Strategies written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-10-17 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume, developed by the Observatory together with OECD, provides an overall conceptual framework for understanding and applying strategies aimed at improving quality of care. Crucially, it summarizes available evidence on different quality strategies and provides recommendations for their implementation. This book is intended to help policy-makers to understand concepts of quality and to support them to evaluate single strategies and combinations of strategies.

Intervention Research

Author : Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, RN, CPNP/ PMHNP, FNAP, FAAN
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826109586
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Intervention Research by : Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, RN, CPNP/ PMHNP, FNAP, FAAN

Download or read book Intervention Research written by Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, RN, CPNP/ PMHNP, FNAP, FAAN and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2012 First Place AJN Book of the Year Award Winner in Nursing Research! "This is a resource for success and should be a part of any researcher's library."--Doody's Medical Reviews This book is a practical, user-friendly guide for health care researchers across multiple disciplines who are involved in intervention research. It provides all of the essential elements needed for understanding how to design, conduct, analyze, and fund intervention studies that are replicable and can withstand the scrutiny of the Institutional Review Board and peer review. Developed from an annual continuing education workshop on intervention studies conducted by Dr. Melnyk, this text is the most comprehensive body of information available on this topic. Contributors address the design of interventions that are ethically considerate and sensitive to culture, race/ethnicity, and gender, minimizing threats to external and internal validity, measurement, and budgeting. The guide explores such implementation issues as subject recruitment and retention, data management, and specialized settings, cost analysis, and explaining intervention effects. The text also guides readers in writing grant applications that fund , and addresses how to move intervention study findings into the real world. A unique addition to the book is the availability of digital examples of progress reports, final reports, and research grant applications that have received funding from the National Institutes of Health and other relevant organizations. This text is a valuable resource for all health care professionals conducting research and for doctoral students in health care studies. Key Features: Presents the essential tools for designing, conducting, analyzing, and funding intervention studies Designed for use by health care professionals conducting intervention research Provides comprehensive, accessible guidelines for doctoral students across all health care disciplines Instructs readers on writing grant applications that fund Includes digital examples of funded research grants, progress reports, and final reports

Management for Quality Improvement

Author : Sigeru Mizuno
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000162087
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Management for Quality Improvement by : Sigeru Mizuno

Download or read book Management for Quality Improvement written by Sigeru Mizuno and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-08-18 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With continuous improvement (kaizen) and Total Quality Control (TQC) becoming increasingly important to world class companies, there's an urgent need to build quality into every management decision. The tools presented in this book allow you to do just that. They represent the most important advance in quality deployment and project management in recent years. Unlike the seven traditional QC tools, which measure quality problems that already exist and are used by quality circles, these seven new QC tools make it possible for managers to plan wide-ranging and detailed TQC objectives throughout the entire organization. These tools, some borrowed from other disciplines and others developed specifically for quality management, include the relations diagram, the KJ method (affinity diagram), the systematic diagram, the matrix diagram, matrix data analysis, the process decision program chart (PDPC), and the arrow diagram. Together they will help you to: Expand the scope of quality efforts company-wide. Set up and manage the systems necessary to resolve major quality problems. Anticipate potential quality problems and actually eliminate defects before they happen. Never before available in English, Management for Quality Improvement is absolutely essential reading if you are in any area of project management, quality assurance, MIS, or TQC.

Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing and Healthcare Quality Improvement - E-Book

Author : Geri LoBiondo-Wood
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323480004
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing and Healthcare Quality Improvement - E-Book by : Geri LoBiondo-Wood

Download or read book Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing and Healthcare Quality Improvement - E-Book written by Geri LoBiondo-Wood and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-07-25 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Equip yourself to expertly conduct evidence-based practice (EBP) or quality improvement (QI)projects. Written by renowned EBP and QI experts LoBiondo-Wood, Haber, & Titler, Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing and Healthcare Quality Improvement provides a straightforward yet comprehensive guide to planning, implementation, and evaluation of EBP and QI projects to improve quality of care and health outcomes. This brand-new, full-color, richly illustrated textbook begins with foundational content and then works through the processes of developing and exploring clinical questions, implementing results, and disseminating information. The book’s content and approach have been developed specifically with the adult learner in mind, with multiple full-text appendix articles referenced throughout as examples, along with unique pedagogical aids including EBP Tips and EBP Key points to ground concepts in a "real-life" context. NEW! Written by renowned EBP experts LoBiondo-Wood, Haber, & Titler to provide a straightforward yet comprehensive guide to planning and conducting EBP and QI projects. NEW! A straightforward, practical approach begins with foundational content and then works through the processes of developing and exploring clinical questions, implementing results, and disseminating information. NEW! Developed specifically with the adult learner in mind, with multiple full-text appendix articles referenced throughout as examples, along with unique pedagogical aids including EBP Tips and EBP Key Points to ground concepts in a "real-life" context.

Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement

Author : Thomas P. Ryan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118058100
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement by : Thomas P. Ryan

Download or read book Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement written by Thomas P. Ryan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for the Second Edition "As a comprehensive statistics reference book for quality improvement, it certainly is one of the best books available." —Technometrics This new edition continues to provide the most current, proven statistical methods for quality control and quality improvement The use of quantitative methods offers numerous benefits in the fields of industry and business, both through identifying existing trouble spots and alerting management and technical personnel to potential problems. Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement, Third Edition guides readers through a broad range of tools and techniques that make it possible to quickly identify and resolve both current and potential trouble spots within almost any manufacturing or nonmanufacturing process. The book provides detailed coverage of the application of control charts, while also exploring critical topics such as regression, design of experiments, and Taguchi methods. In this new edition, the author continues to explain how to combine the many statistical methods explored in the book in order to optimize quality control and improvement. The book has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect the latest research and practices in statistical methods and quality control, and new features include: Updated coverage of control charts, with newly added tools The latest research on the monitoring of linear profiles and other types of profiles Sections on generalized likelihood ratio charts and the effects of parameter estimation on the properties of CUSUM and EWMA procedures New discussions on design of experiments that include conditional effects and fraction of design space plots New material on Lean Six Sigma and Six Sigma programs and training Incorporating the latest software applications, the author has added coverage on how to use Minitab software to obtain probability limits for attribute charts. new exercises have been added throughout the book, allowing readers to put the latest statistical methods into practice. Updated references are also provided, shedding light on the current literature and providing resources for further study of the topic. Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement, Third Edition is an excellent book for courses on quality control and design of experiments at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. the book also serves as a valuable reference for practicing statisticians, engineers, and physical scientists interested in statistical quality improvement.

A guide to quality improvement methods

Author : Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP)
Publisher : Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP)
ISBN 13 : 1907561056
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis A guide to quality improvement methods by : Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP)

Download or read book A guide to quality improvement methods written by Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) and published by Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP). This book was released on 2015-07-29 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to quality improvement methods from Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) brings together twelve quality improvement (QI) methods, providing an overview of each and practical advice on how and when to implement them, with illustrative case examples. QI methods covered include clinical audit; Plan, Do, Study, Act; model for improvement; LEAN/Six Sigma; performance benchmarking, process mapping and statistical process control and it is aimed at all professionals with an interest in QI. The purpose of this guidance is to signpost those working within, leading, commissioning and using healthcare services to a broad range of quality improvement methods. It should be especially useful to those putting together quality improvement programmes.

Implementing Continuous Quality Improvement in Health Care

Author : Curtis McLaughlin
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN 13 : 0763795364
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (637 download)

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Book Synopsis Implementing Continuous Quality Improvement in Health Care by : Curtis McLaughlin

Download or read book Implementing Continuous Quality Improvement in Health Care written by Curtis McLaughlin and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of 18 case studies covers a broad range of subjects related to health care quality improvement efforts. Ideal as complement to the new Fourth Edition of Continuous Quality Improvement in Health Care, these case studies explore themes such as CQI in Ghana Malaria Control, CQI to reduce central line infections in pediatric hospital, a mother’s advocacy group against medical errors, WHO Safe Surgery Saves Lives Campaign, The Malcolm Baldrige Award Process in Health Care, Comparison of NICE and similar agencies for comparative effectiveness research, and much more.

Quality Improvement: A Guide for Integration in Nursing

Author : Anita Finkelman
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 1284231828
Total Pages : 716 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (842 download)

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Book Synopsis Quality Improvement: A Guide for Integration in Nursing by : Anita Finkelman

Download or read book Quality Improvement: A Guide for Integration in Nursing written by Anita Finkelman and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2020-12-09 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quality Improvement A Guide for Integration in Nursing, Second Edition is an integral resource for both nursing students and professionals. Quality improvement is a crucial part of healthcare and one that nurses are charged with implementing daily as they care for patients.

Quality Control

Author : Austin Ray Hart
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009357018
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Quality Control by : Austin Ray Hart

Download or read book Quality Control written by Austin Ray Hart and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-06-30 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional models of voting behavior depict individuals who judge governments for how the world unfolds during their time in office. This phenomenon of retrospective voting requires that individuals integrate and appraise streams of performance information over time. Yet past experimental studies short-circuit this 'integration-appraisal' process. In this Element, we develop a new framework for studying retrospective voting and present eleven experiments building on that framework. Notably, when we allow integration and appraisal to unfold freely, we find little support for models of 'blind retrospection.' Although we observe clear recency bias, we find respondents who are quick to appraise and who make reasonable use of information cues. Critically, they regularly employ benchmarking strategies to manage complex, variable, and even confounded streams of performance information. The results highlight the importance of centering the integration-appraisal challenge in both theoretical models and experimental designs and begin to uncover the cognitive foundations of retrospective voting.