Quality And Safety In Neurosurgery

Download Quality And Safety In Neurosurgery full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Quality And Safety In Neurosurgery ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Quality and Safety in Neurosurgery

Author : Daniel J. Guillaume
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128128992
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Quality and Safety in Neurosurgery by : Daniel J. Guillaume

Download or read book Quality and Safety in Neurosurgery written by Daniel J. Guillaume and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-02-26 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quality and Safety in Neurosurgery covers recent improvements and presents solutions for problems that impact patient care. This book is written for anyone who works at the intersection of quality, safety and neurosurgery, including neurosurgeons, neurologists, clinical researchers looking to improve outcomes in neurosurgery, hospital quality and safety officers, department leaders, fellows and residents. Edited by neurosurgeons who helped build the culture of quality and safety in the Department of Neurosurgery at UMN, this work emphasizes quality and safety, whether through 'value based purchasing', finding specialty specific quality and safety metrics, or just the professional desire to provide quality care. - Presents an overview of quality and safety in neurosurgical settings and discusses solutions for problems that impact patient care - Gives readers the tools they need to improve quality and safety in neurosurgery - Provides examples on how to implement new tactics - Includes coverage on teams, competence, safety, hospital incentives, quality, the physician handoff, medication compliance and operating room efficiency, and more

Neurosurgery and Global Health

Author : Isabelle M. Germano
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030866564
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Neurosurgery and Global Health by : Isabelle M. Germano

Download or read book Neurosurgery and Global Health written by Isabelle M. Germano and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-03 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a combination of ideas and experiences from over 100 dedicated and brilliant neurosurgeons around the world. Their common goal is to provide data for a deeper understanding of the multi-faceted aspects of neurosurgery and, by doing so, to better serve patients across the globe. Scientific curiosity, deep dedication, incredible work ethics, entrepreneurship, and creativity are the common traits among all neurosurgeons, and not the exception. By allowing readers to see the field of neurosurgery from the perspectives of surgeons spanning five continents, this book serves to provide multiple, diverse viewpoints and to build a foundation for future collaborations. The book’s 24 chapters are organized into 3 parts. Part I provides the reader with an overview of the role of neurosurgery in worldwide health care, its evolution over the past decades, the current state and future directions of each neurosurgical subspecialty across the five continents. Over the years, the overarching goal for neurosurgeons has been to develop new, more effective and high-end solutions for complex diseases and to provide access to neurosurgical services for all patients. Part II discusses the differences and similarities of neurosurgery education and training across the globe, providing a snapshot of how new tools, technology, and paradigms reduce inequality and increase access to neurosurgical education. Educational accomplishments and challenges still present for the in different regions of the world are reviewed. Part III focuses on economic aspects influencing neurosurgery globally, including how to make efficient decisions in the face of scarcity, yet demand. The authors provide theories, models, and tools helpful to apply when planning to allocate resources, not just financial, but also human and intellectual. A deeper understanding of economics does not necessarily provide the answer to the problem; rather it provides the tools to find an answer, or, ideally, multiple possible solutions. Neurosurgery and Global Health is the first comprehensive guide to the role of neurosurgery in the global health care sphere, providing an in-depth compendium about the understanding of the neurosurgical role within global health, its efforts in the education of tomorrow’s workforce, and the economic aspects driving the field.

Ethics in Neurosurgical Practice

Author : Stephen Honeybul
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110864046X
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (86 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Ethics in Neurosurgical Practice by : Stephen Honeybul

Download or read book Ethics in Neurosurgical Practice written by Stephen Honeybul and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-06-18 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurosurgical interventions have the potential to change a person's concept of self, as well as affect their neurological and cognitive function to an unacceptable level for both patient and family. In an increasingly complex and evolving field, the ethical implications of treatments and their eventual outcomes must be carefully balanced. Ethics in Neurosurgical Practice is a comprehensive and practical guide for managing the treatment of patients with debilitating neurosurgical conditions. Chapters address specific conditions, such as traumatic brain injuries, ischemic stroke and spinal surgery, and the ethical challenges that each of these pose. Detailed case studies present potential scenarios that readers might encounter, and their outcomes. Future developments of this fast-paced field are expanded upon, including televised live surgery and the ethical aspects of innovation in neurosurgery. A broad variety of contributors in different fields, including neurosurgeons, intensivists and bioethicists, ensures comprehensive coverage from a range of views and experiences.

Evidence-Based Neurosurgery

Author : Stephen J. Haines
Publisher : Thieme
ISBN 13 : 1604065052
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Evidence-Based Neurosurgery by : Stephen J. Haines

Download or read book Evidence-Based Neurosurgery written by Stephen J. Haines and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence-Based Neurosurgery: An Introduction will teach the practitioner to employ evidence-based approaches to common problems in neurosurgery. The book begins with a review of the concepts and techniques involved in the practice of evidence-based medicine, including the basics of critical analysis using methodologically rigorous evidence-synthesis techniques. The second part of the text provides useful examples of the use of this critical analysis for common clinical situations, such as stent placement, managing infection, metastases, craniocerebral trauma, cervical spine trauma, and more. This book covers all phases of clinical practice, from patient assessment, to diagnosis, to prognosis, and treatment, helping you address such questions as: How do you reliably determine the characteristics of the individual patient's condition? What is the likely course of the disease? How do you determine what interventions are likely to have a positive impact? Does the intervention work under certain specified circumstances? Evidence-Based Neurosurgery is an invitation to apply the rigorous methods of evidence-based medicine to improve your practice of neurosurgery.

Patient Safety and Quality

Author : Ronda Hughes
Publisher : Department of Health and Human Services
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Patient Safety and Quality by : Ronda Hughes

Download or read book Patient Safety and Quality written by Ronda Hughes and published by Department of Health and Human Services. This book was released on 2008 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Nurses play a vital role in improving the safety and quality of patient car -- not only in the hospital or ambulatory treatment facility, but also of community-based care and the care performed by family members. Nurses need know what proven techniques and interventions they can use to enhance patient outcomes. To address this need, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), with additional funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, has prepared this comprehensive, 1,400-page, handbook for nurses on patient safety and quality -- Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. (AHRQ Publication No. 08-0043)." - online AHRQ blurb, http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nurseshdbk/

Quality Improvement in Neurosurgery, An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America

Author : Andrew Parsa
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323370020
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Quality Improvement in Neurosurgery, An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America by : Andrew Parsa

Download or read book Quality Improvement in Neurosurgery, An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America written by Andrew Parsa and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-06-03 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evidence-based medicine movement is gaining influence in many medical specialties. This issue will cover topics from patient safety in neurosurgery and medical errors, to measuring outcomes for neurosurgical procedures.

The ASCRS Manual of Colon and Rectal Surgery

Author : David E. Beck
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387734406
Total Pages : 1042 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (877 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The ASCRS Manual of Colon and Rectal Surgery by : David E. Beck

Download or read book The ASCRS Manual of Colon and Rectal Surgery written by David E. Beck and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-12 with total page 1042 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ASCRS Textbook of Surgery of the Colon and Rectum offers a comprehensive textbook designed to provide state of the art information to residents in training and fully trained surgeons seeking recertification. The textbook also supports the mission of the ASCRS to be the world’s authority on colon and rectal disease. The combination of junior and senior authors selected from the membership of the ASCRS for each chapter will provide a comprehensive summary of each topic and allow the touch of experience to focus and temper the material. This approach should provide the reader with a very open minded, evidence based approach to all aspects of colorectal disease. Derived from the textbook, The ASCRS Manual of Surgery of the Colon and Rectum offers a “hands on” version of the textbook, written with the same comprehensive, evidence-based approach but distilled to the clinical essentials. In a handy pocket format, readers will find the bread and butter information for the broad spectrum of practice. In a consistent style, each chapter outlines the condition or procedure being discussed in a concise outline format – easy to read, appropriately illustrated and referenced.

Patient Safety

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309090776
Total Pages : 551 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Patient Safety by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Patient Safety written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-12-20 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Americans should be able to count on receiving health care that is safe. To achieve this, a new health care delivery system is needed â€" a system that both prevents errors from occurring, and learns from them when they do occur. The development of such a system requires a commitment by all stakeholders to a culture of safety and to the development of improved information systems for the delivery of health care. This national health information infrastructure is needed to provide immediate access to complete patient information and decision-support tools for clinicians and their patients. In addition, this infrastructure must capture patient safety information as a by-product of care and use this information to design even safer delivery systems. Health data standards are both a critical and time-sensitive building block of the national health information infrastructure. Building on the Institute of Medicine reports To Err Is Human and Crossing the Quality Chasm, Patient Safety puts forward a road map for the development and adoption of key health care data standards to support both information exchange and the reporting and analysis of patient safety data.

Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques

Author : Laligam N. Sekhar
Publisher : Thieme
ISBN 13 : 1604067705
Total Pages : 2352 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques by : Laligam N. Sekhar

Download or read book Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques written by Laligam N. Sekhar and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 2352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques: Brain presents the current information on how to manage diseases and disorders of the brain. Ideal as a reference for review in preparation for surgery, this atlas features succinct discussion of pathology and etiology that helps the reader gain a firm understanding of the underlying disease and conditions. The authors provide step-by-step descriptions of surgical techniques, clearly delineating the indications and contraindications, the goals, the operative preparation and anesthesia, and postoperative management. Common complications of techniques are also emphasized. Over 900 illustrations aid the rapid comprehension of the surgical procedures described in the text. Highlights: Clear descriptions of the surgical management of aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, occlusive and hemorrhagic vascular diseases, tumors, lesions, pain disorders, trauma, infections, and more Detailed discussion of disease pathology, etiology, and differential diagnosis Concise outlines of indications, contraindications, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each technique illuminate the rationale behind surgical management More than 900 illustrations, including 684 in full-color, demonstrate key concepts Sections on the latest techniques in stereotactic and minimally invasive surgery This companion volume to Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques: Spine and Peripheral Nerves is an essential reference for all neurosurgeons and residents seeking the current information on state-of-the-art techniques in brain surgery.

Neurosurgery Oral Board Review

Author : Jonathan Stuart Citow
Publisher : Thieme
ISBN 13 : 1604065427
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Neurosurgery Oral Board Review by : Jonathan Stuart Citow

Download or read book Neurosurgery Oral Board Review written by Jonathan Stuart Citow and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2011-06-24 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for the first edition:Valuable structure for academic preparation...well-organized, comprehensive outline from which to study...good last-minute warm-up --Journal of NeurosurgeryThe second edition of Neurosurgery Oral Board Review builds on the success of the bestselling first edition in helping you prepare for your oral boards in neurosurgery. Not only does the book pinpoint the key clinical information you need, but it offers practical, confidence-building tips that will help you relax and succeed on the exam.New to this expanded and fully-updated Second Edition: Expanded introduction on what to expect at the actual exam, how to utilize your time, when and how to answer the toughest questions, and the single most important area where you must demonstrate competency 45 new illustrated clinical case vignettes offer practice in differential diagnosis, work-up, treatment, and handling complications; analysis of each case is included at the end of the book A restructured table of contentsfollows the format of the exam (first hour: spine, second hour: cranial, third hour: miscellaneous) The addition of 'Helpful Hints' at the end of each chapter give you the benefit of the authors' extensive clinical experience Comprehensive yet concise, this easy-to-use review is essential for your exam preparation and for questions that arise in clinical practice. It is also an indispensable study tool and reference for all senior residents, junior neurosurgeons getting ready to take their oral boards in neurosurgery, and neurosurgeons preparing to take their re-certification exams.

Intensive Neurosurgery Board Review

Author : Thomas G. Psarros
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 9781405104791
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Intensive Neurosurgery Board Review by : Thomas G. Psarros

Download or read book Intensive Neurosurgery Board Review written by Thomas G. Psarros and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2006 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An essential review for residents across neurological disciplines, the chapters are organized into groups of questions covering neurobiology, neuroanatomy, clinical neurology, neuropathology, neuroradiology, neurosurgery, and critical care. Written and edited by neurosurgery residents who have passed the boards, the book works as an effective stand-alone review book or used in conjunction with The Definitive Neurological Surgery Board Review. Featuring hundreds of high-quality figures as well as high-yield tables, this essential review book concludes with a 300-question multidisciplinary self-assessment examination."--BOOK JACKET.

Oxford Textbook of Fundamentals of Surgery

Author : William E. G. Thomas
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199665540
Total Pages : 849 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Oxford Textbook of Fundamentals of Surgery by : William E. G. Thomas

Download or read book Oxford Textbook of Fundamentals of Surgery written by William E. G. Thomas and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 849 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A definitive, accessible, and reliable resource which provides a solid foundation of the knowledge and basic science needed to hone all of the core surgical skills used in surgical settings. Presented in a clear and accessible way it addresses the cross-specialty aspects of surgery applicable to all trainees.

Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes

Author : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 1587634333
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (876 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes by : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ

Download or read book Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes written by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2014-04-01 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews.

Syndromic Neurosurgery, An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America , An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, E-Book

Author : James A. Stadler
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323835333
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Syndromic Neurosurgery, An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America , An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, E-Book by : James A. Stadler

Download or read book Syndromic Neurosurgery, An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America , An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, E-Book written by James A. Stadler and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2021-11-24 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this issue of Neurosurgery Clinics, Guest Editor James A. Stadler brings his considerable expertise to the topic of syndromic neurosurgery. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as Syndromic epilepsy, tumor syndromes, syndromic craniosynostosis, and more. - Provides in-depth, clinical reviews on syndromic neurosurgery, providing actionable insights for clinical practice. - Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field; Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews. - Contains 14 relevant, practice-oriented topics including The history of syndromic neurosurgery; Multidisciplinary evaluation of neurosurgical patients with genetic syndromes; Neurosurgical evaluation and management of children with achondroplasia; Neurosurgical evaluation and management of patients with connective tissue disorders; and more.

100 Case Reviews in Neurosurgery E-Book

Author : Rahul Jandial
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323392237
Total Pages : 627 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis 100 Case Reviews in Neurosurgery E-Book by : Rahul Jandial

Download or read book 100 Case Reviews in Neurosurgery E-Book written by Rahul Jandial and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-08-26 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jandial's 100 Case Reviews in Neurosurgery is the only reference offering a comprehensive approach to effective preparation for oral examinations, MOC, or grand rounds. Ideal for residents and graduates alike, it covers 100 of the most commonly encountered neurosurgical cases and presents them in a layout mirroring that of the oral exams. This singular resource eliminates the need to consult several texts, providing readers with all of the complete, concise knowledge needed to go in with confidence. - Covers 100 of the most commonly encountered neurosurgical cases on oral exams. - Highly templated format mirrors that of the oral exams and ensures quick and easy navigation. - Over 500 illustrations ensure an enhanced visual understanding. - Provides a chapter on endovascular neurosurgery, a topic newly included on oral exams. - Features robust sections and art on the challenging areas of peripheral nerve surgery and vascular surgery. - Includes common questions on complication management. - Appendices with key neurosurgery tables and figures (e.g. positioning, spinal fracture grading, and neuropathology) facilitate quick review. - Information is backed by evidence when available.

Neurosurgery Fundamentals

Author : Nitin Agarwal
Publisher : Thieme
ISBN 13 : 1626238251
Total Pages : 593 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (262 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Neurosurgery Fundamentals by : Nitin Agarwal

Download or read book Neurosurgery Fundamentals written by Nitin Agarwal and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2018-10-22 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The quintessential guide providing a one-stop roadmap to a neurosurgical career! Neurological surgery is a complex, highly selective specialty. For medical students and residents, navigating a huge array of neurosurgical information can be overwhelming. Neurosurgery Fundamentals by Nitin Agarwal is a portable reference enabling swift assimilation of neurosurgical care essentials. The book starts with a roadmap to a career in neurosurgery. It concludes with Advice from the Masters, featuring invaluable resources and insights from prominent neurosurgeons. Comprehensive technical overviews are provided on the neurological exam, neuroanatomy, neuroradiology, neurocritical care, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, degenerative and deformity spine, neurovascular surgery, neurosurgical oncology, pediatric neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, neurological infectious diseases, and interdisciplinary care. Socioeconomic topics include training, licensure, credentialing, and advocacy. Key Features Fundamental diseases, tests, and operative approaches are summarized. Top Hits feature the most salient questions, aiding in retention of knowledge. High-yield resources are highlighted to augment reader identification. Neurosurgical Pearls offer advice from the masters relevant to each chapter. High-quality illustrations, photographs, and radiographs enrich understanding. Aspiring neurosurgical providers will benefit from the easy-to-digest wealth of information in this concise, yet comprehensive guide.

Risk Control and Quality Management in Neurosurgery

Author : H.-J. Steiger
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783211836781
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (367 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Risk Control and Quality Management in Neurosurgery by : H.-J. Steiger

Download or read book Risk Control and Quality Management in Neurosurgery written by H.-J. Steiger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-10-15 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quality in an invasive discipline such as neurosurgery comprises evidence based medicine, cost effectiveness and also risk control. Risk control and quality management have become a science on their own, combining the expertise of many specialists such as psychologists, mathematicians and also economists. Intensive communication with basic safety scientists as well as safety experts from the industry and traffic promises ideas and concepts than can be adopted for neurosurgery. An international conference was held in Munich in October 2000 bringing together neurosurgeons and safety experts from outside medicine in order to discuss basic aspects of risk control and quality management and to develop structures applicable to neurosurgery. Basic aspects such as principles of risk and safety management, the human factor as well as standards of neurosurgical patient care, proficiency of staff and residents, and industrial quality standards were discussed. The presentations and discussions resulted in a wealth of new ideas and concepts. This book contains this material and thus provides a unique and comprehensive source of information on the current possibilities of quality management in neurosurgery.