Policy Analysis in Turkey

Download Policy Analysis in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Policy Press
ISBN 13 : 1447347218
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (473 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Policy Analysis in Turkey by : Güneş Ertan

Download or read book Policy Analysis in Turkey written by Güneş Ertan and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2018-06-06 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the state of policy analysis in Turkey for an international audience. Noting Turkey’s traditionally strong, highly centralised state, the book documents the evolution of policy analysis in the country, providing an in-depth review of the context, constraints, and dominant modes of policy analysis performed by both state and non-state actors. The book examines the role of committees, experts, international actors, bureaucrats as well as public opinion in shaping policy analysis in the country through their varying ideas, interests and resources. In doing so, it presents the complex decision-making mechanisms that vary significantly among policy-making actors and institutions, documenting the key, yet unexamined, aspects of policy analysis in Turkey. It will be a valuable resource for those studying policy analysis within Turkey and as a comparison with other volumes in the International Library of Policy Analysis Series.

The Failure of Popular Constitution Making in Turkey

Download The Failure of Popular Constitution Making in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108497624
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Failure of Popular Constitution Making in Turkey by : Zeynep Yanasmayan

Download or read book The Failure of Popular Constitution Making in Turkey written by Zeynep Yanasmayan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-16 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers an in-depth case study of the failure of popular constitution making in Turkey from 2011 to 2013.

The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics

Download The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190064897
Total Pages : 865 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics by : Günes Murat Tezcür

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics written by Günes Murat Tezcür and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 865 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of politics in Turkey : new horizons and perennial pitfalls / Güneş Murat Tezcür -- Democratization theories and Turkey / Ekrem Karakoç -- Ruling ideologies in modern Turkey / Kerem Öktem -- Constitutionalism in Turkey / Aslı Ü. Bâli -- Civil-military relations and the demise of Turkish democracy / Nil S. Satana and Burak Bilgehan Özpek -- Capturing secularism in Turkey : the ease of comparison / Murat Akan -- The political economy of Turkey since the end of World War II / Şevket Pamuk -- Neoliberal politics in Turkey / Sinan Erensü and Yahya M. Madra -- The politics of welfare in Turkey / Erdem Yörük -- The political economy of environmental policymaking in Turkey : a vicious cycle / Fikret Adaman, Bengi Akbulut, and Murat Arsel -- The politics of energy in Turkey : running engines on geopolitical, discursive, and coercive power / Begüm Özkaynak, Ethemcan Turhan, and Cem İskender Aydın -- The contemporary politics of health in Turkey : diverse actors, competing frames, and uneven policies / Volkan Yılmaz -- Populism in Turkey : historical and contemporary patterns / Yüksel Taşkın -- Old and new polarizations and failed democratizations in Turkey / Murat Somer -- Economic voting during the AKP era in Turkey / S. Erdem Aytaç -- Party organizations in Turkey and their consequences for democracy / Melis G. Laebens -- The evolution of conventional political participation in Turkey / Ersin Kalaycıoğlu -- Symbolic politics and contention in the Turkish Republic / Senem Aslan -- Islamist activism in Turkey / Menderes Çınar -- The Kurdish movement in Turkey : understanding everyday perceptions and experiences / Dilan Okcuoglu -- The Transnational Mobilization of the Alevis of Turkey : from invisibility to the struggle for equality / Ceren Lord -- Politics of asylum seekers and refugees in Turkey : limits and prospects of populism / Fatih Resul Kılınç and Şule Toktaş -- A theoretical account of Turkish foreign policy under the AKP / Tarık Oğuzlu -- US-Turkey relations since WWII : from alliance to transactionalism / Serhat Güvenç and Soli Özel -- Turkey and Europe : historical asynchronicities and perceptual asymmetries / Hakan Yılmaz -- Turkey's foreign policy in the Middle East : an identity perspective / Lisel Hintz -- Turkey and Russia : historical patterns and contemporary trends in bilateral relations / Evren Balta and Mitat Çelikpala -- Citizenship and protest behavior in Turkey / Ayhan Kaya -- Gender politics and the struggle for equality in Turkey / Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat -- Human rights organizations in Turkey / Başak Çalı -- Truth, justice, and commemoration initiatives in Turkey / Onur Bakiner -- The politics of media in Turkey : chronicle of a stillborn media system / Sarphan Uzunoğlu -- The AKP's rhetoric of rule in Turkey : political melodramas of conspiracy from "ergenekon" to "mastermind" / Erdağ Göknar -- The transformation of political cinema in Turkey since the 1960s : a change of discourse / Zeynep Çetin-Erus and M. Elif Demoğlu -- Political music in Turkey : the birth and diversification of dissident and conformist music (1920-2000) / Mustafa Avcı.

Communication Strategies in Turkey

Download Communication Strategies in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1838602259
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (386 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Communication Strategies in Turkey by : Taner Dogan

Download or read book Communication Strategies in Turkey written by Taner Dogan and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is known for his populist Islamist ideology, charismatic personality, and for ushering in new forms of communication strategies in Turkey. The key tools in Erdogan's political communication repertoire include religious, cultural and historic symbols and imagery. From engaging Israel to the Gezi Park protests, from the Arab uprisings to the July 2016 coup attempt, every key moment in Turkey's recent history has heralded a change in Erdogan's rhetoric. Communication Strategies in Turkey examines the transformation of political messaging that has taken place within the Justice and Development Party (AKP) under Erdogan. Using quantitative and qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with high profile AKP officials, observations at AKP rallies and headquarters, and analysis of Erdogan's speeches from 2002 to 2019, the book shows how his method of communication changed over time to prioritise a “New Turkey” to replace Atatürk and his legacy.

Public Policy Making in Turkey

Download Public Policy Making in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030687155
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Policy Making in Turkey by : Fatih Demir

Download or read book Public Policy Making in Turkey written by Fatih Demir and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-26 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume discusses public policy making in Turkey. Using Turkey as an overarching case study, the author presents foundational concepts of public policy analysis. The method followed in the book is from general to specific: in each chapter, the relevant public policy stage or concept is explained and discussions from international literature are provided first. Then, Turkish cases are presented and clarified using theoretical concepts and debates. Additional examples from other municipalities are included for a comparative perspective. This volume will be of use to researchers and students studying public policy, policy analysis, and global public administration as well as professionals, policymakers, and diplomats working in the Turkish public sector.

Network Policy Making within the Turkish Health Sector

Download Network Policy Making within the Turkish Health Sector PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Emerald Publishing Limited
ISBN 13 : 9781838670955
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Network Policy Making within the Turkish Health Sector by : Julinda Hoxha

Download or read book Network Policy Making within the Turkish Health Sector written by Julinda Hoxha and published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This book was released on 2020-03-13 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents findings produced by micro- and meso-level analysis of policy networks using the Turkish context as a new case study and demonstrates that networks have become an integral part of the practice of policy making within the Turkish health sector.

The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey

Download The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472902822
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (729 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey by : Erdem Yoruk

Download or read book The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey written by Erdem Yoruk and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2022-05-23 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey, author Erdem Yörük provides a politics-based explanation for the post-1980 transformation of the Turkish welfare system, in which poor relief policies have replaced employment-based social security. This book is one of the results of Yörük’s European Research Council-funded project, which compares the political dynamics in several emerging markets in order to develop a new political theory of welfare in the global south. As such, this book is an ambitious analytical and empirical contribution to understanding the causes of a sweeping shift in the nature of state welfare provision in Turkey during the recent decades—part of a global trend that extends far beyond Turkey. Most scholarship about Turkey and similar countries has explained this shift toward poor relief as a response to demographic and structural changes including aging populations, the decline in the economic weight of industry, and the informalization of labor, while ignoring the effect of grassroots politics. In order to overcome these theoretical shortages in the literature, the book revisits concepts of political containment and political mobilization from the earlier literature on the mid-twentieth-century welfare state development and incorporates the effects of grassroots politics in order to understand the recent welfare system shift as it materialized in Turkey, where a new matrix of political dynamics has produced new large-scale social assistance programs.

The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey

Download The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Syracuse University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780815631316
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (313 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey by : Esra Özyürek

Download or read book The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey written by Esra Özyürek and published by Syracuse University Press. This book was released on 2007-01-18 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Turkish society is frequently accused of having amnesia. It has been said that there is no social memory in Turkey before Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded modern Turkey after World War I. Indeed, in 1923, the newly founded Turkish Republic committed to a modernist future by erasing the memory of its Ottoman past. Now, almost eighty years after the establishment of the republic, the grandchildren of the founders have a different relationship with history. New generations make every effort to remember, record, and reconcile earlier periods. The multiple, personalized representations of the past that they have recovered allow contemporary Turkish citizens to create alternative identities for themselves and their communities. Unlike its futuristic and homogenizing character at the turn of the twentieth century, Turkish nationalism today uses memory to generate varied narratives for the nation and its minority groups. Contributors to this volume come from such diverse disciplines as anthropology, comparative literature, and sociology, but they share a common understanding of contemporary Turkey and how its different representations of the past have become metaphors through which individuals and groups define their cultural identity and political position. They explore the ways people challenge, reaffirm, or transform the concepts of history, nation, homeland, and “Republic” through acts of memory, effectively demonstrating that memory can be both the basis of cultural reproduction and a form of resistance.

New Public Management in Turkey

Download New Public Management in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317279549
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Public Management in Turkey by : Yüksel Demirkaya

Download or read book New Public Management in Turkey written by Yüksel Demirkaya and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-28 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last three decades in Turkey have seen an extensive shift towards a neoliberal agenda. Turkey has made many attempts at reforming existing governance systems in an effort to be accepted into the European Union, attracting the attention and curiosity of public management scholars worldwide. New Public Management in Turkey is the first book to analyze large-scale public administration reforms in Turkey according to the underlying principles of democracy, transparency, accountability, and localization. Systematically examining the literature on Turkish local government over a 25-year period, this book presents a comprehensive look at reform and its consequences through the lens of comparative public administration. The scholarly contributions to this volume from academics teaching at universities throughout Turkey offer a multi-dimensional and multi-functional analysis embracing a variety of viewpoints. Utilizing Turkey’s rapid adaptations to the changing trends in public management as a case study, this book will serve as a unique and valuable policy guide for politicians and legislators seeking to develop a democratic and localized governance structure in a variety of contexts.

Public Administration and Policy in the Middle East

Download Public Administration and Policy in the Middle East PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1493915533
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Administration and Policy in the Middle East by : Alexander R. Dawoody

Download or read book Public Administration and Policy in the Middle East written by Alexander R. Dawoody and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-22 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The various and different Middle Eastern countries are addressing new key reform and governance reform processes but also administration and policy issues of enduring importance; decentralization and local government, non-profit organizations, political culture, and reform of the policy process. This book provides assessment of national strategies for reform in public administration and policy, how these strategies have fared in implementation; and what challenges must be overcome to achieve real and sustainable progress. Seven country case studies will explore the overall policy-making process from a critical perspective and consider how it could be strengthened. Four cases will deal with the controversial issues of decentralization of power and decision-making. Two cases will address the role of civil society in the policymaking and reform process. Introductory and concluding chapters will place these discussions in context and draw the primary lessons for policy-makers. The main objectives of the book are to present different examples of specific public policy and administration, as well as governance issues in the Middle East so that policymakers (both in the region and the world who are interested in the Middle East), as well as practitioners, scholars and graduate students can utilize the book as a study guide to better understand various dynamics in governance in the Middle East. This approach will enable the volume to bridge global perspectives on governance development with regional perspectives and experience, bringing shared expertise, intellectual inquisitiveness, and experience in the professional practice of public policy and administration to bear on these common challenges.

Making Politics Work for Development

Download Making Politics Work for Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464807744
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Making Politics Work for Development by : World Bank

Download or read book Making Politics Work for Development written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-07-14 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments fail to provide the public goods needed for development when its leaders knowingly and deliberately ignore sound technical advice or are unable to follow it, despite the best of intentions, because of political constraints. This report focuses on two forces—citizen engagement and transparency—that hold the key to solving government failures by shaping how political markets function. Citizens are not only queueing at voting booths, but are also taking to the streets and using diverse media to pressure, sanction and select the leaders who wield power within government, including by entering as contenders for leadership. This political engagement can function in highly nuanced ways within the same formal institutional context and across the political spectrum, from autocracies to democracies. Unhealthy political engagement, when leaders are selected and sanctioned on the basis of their provision of private benefits rather than public goods, gives rise to government failures. The solutions to these failures lie in fostering healthy political engagement within any institutional context, and not in circumventing or suppressing it. Transparency, which is citizen access to publicly available information about the actions of those in government, and the consequences of these actions, can play a crucial role by nourishing political engagement.

Public Diplomacy and the Implementation of Foreign Policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey

Download Public Diplomacy and the Implementation of Foreign Policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319493345
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Diplomacy and the Implementation of Foreign Policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey by : Efe Sevin

Download or read book Public Diplomacy and the Implementation of Foreign Policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey written by Efe Sevin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-14 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive framework, six pathways of connection, which explains the impact of public diplomacy on achieving foreign policy goals. The comparative study of three important public diplomacy practitioners with distinctive challenges and approaches shows the necessity to move beyond soft power to appreciate the role of public diplomacy in global politics. Through theoretical discussions and case studies, six pathways of connection is presented as a framework to design new public diplomacy projects and measure their impact on foreign policy.

Citizen-Centered Public Policy Making in Turkey

Download Citizen-Centered Public Policy Making in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031353641
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Citizen-Centered Public Policy Making in Turkey by : Volkan Göçoğlu

Download or read book Citizen-Centered Public Policy Making in Turkey written by Volkan Göçoğlu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-30 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume discusses direct citizen participation and public policymaking in Turkey. Written by a diverse group of scholars and practitioners, this book advances the field of public policy by critically examining whether and how direct citizen participation may add value to government business. Structurally, the book focuses on the core topics of public administration, the generation of public services, the design and implementation of public policies, citizens and networks, new business models, and local perspectives. Using Turkey as a case study, this volume fills a gap in the literature and will appeal to researchers interested in public policy in the MENA context.

Exit from Democracy

Download Exit from Democracy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351381849
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Exit from Democracy by : Kerem Öktem

Download or read book Exit from Democracy written by Kerem Öktem and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-12-07 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Democratic government is facing unprecedented challenges at a global scale. Yet, Turkey's descent into conflict, crisis and autocracy is exceptional. Only a few years ago, the country was praised as a successful Muslim-majority democracy and a promising example of sustainable growth. In Turkey’s Exit from Democracy, the contributors argue that President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and the Justice and Development Party government have now effectively abandoned the realm of democratic politics by attempting regime change with the aim to install a hyper-presidentialist system. Examining how this power grab comes at the tail end of more than a decade of seemingly democratic politics, the contributors also explore the mechanisms of de-democratization through two distinctive, but interrelated angles: A set of comparative analyses explores illiberal forms of governance in Turkey, Russia, Southeast Europe and Latin America. In-depth studies analyse how Turkey's society has been reshaped in the image of a patriarchal habitus and how consent has been fabricated through religious, educational, ethnic and civil society policies. Despite this comprehensive authoritarian shift, the result is not authoritarian consolidation, but a deeply divided and contested polity. Analysing an early example of democratic decline and authoritarian politics, this volume is relevant well beyond the confines of regional studies. Turkey exemplifies the larger forces of de-democratization at play globally. Turkey’s Exit from Democracy provides the reader with generalizable insights into these transformative processes. These chapters were originally published as a special issue in Southeast European and Black Sea Studies.

Politics of Favoritism in Public Procurement in Turkey

Download Politics of Favoritism in Public Procurement in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137591854
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Politics of Favoritism in Public Procurement in Turkey by : Esra Çeviker Gürakar

Download or read book Politics of Favoritism in Public Procurement in Turkey written by Esra Çeviker Gürakar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-27 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, through an analysis of 49,355 high value public procurement contracts awarded between 2004 and 2011, provides systematic evidence on favoritism in public procurement in Turkey. Public procurement is one of the main areas where the government and the private sector interact extensively and is thus open to favoritism and corruption. In Turkey, the new Public Procurement Law, which was drafted with the pull of the EU-IMF-WB nexus, has been amended more than 150 times by the AKP government. In addition to examining favoritism, this book also demonstrates how the legal amendments have increased the use of less competitive procurement methods and discretion in awarding contracts. The results reveal that the AKP majority government has used public procurement as an influential tool both to increase its electoral success, build its own elites and finance politics. The use of public procurement for rent creation and distribution is found to be particularly extensive in the construction and the services sector through the TOKİ projects and the Municipal procurements.

Handbook of Research on Global Challenges for Improving Public Services and Government Operations

Download Handbook of Research on Global Challenges for Improving Public Services and Government Operations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799849791
Total Pages : 622 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Global Challenges for Improving Public Services and Government Operations by : Babao?lu, Cenay

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Global Challenges for Improving Public Services and Government Operations written by Babao?lu, Cenay and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-11-20 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the field of public administration has been changing due to globalization, government reforms, and increasing governance practices within intergovernmental networks, research and teaching in public administration also adapted itself to these changes. Public policy research and instruction has become transformed and has diffused into other countries with the help of international organizations and other agents of change and transfer. Research in this field is seen as an opportunity for a definitive shift from traditional models of public administration in the sense that policies may be better designed, articulated, and governed through a collaborative approach, while service provision could be enhanced in terms of proximity, representativeness, and innovativeness. The Handbook of Research on Global Challenges for Improving Public Services and Government Operations provides comprehensive approaches to the study of public administration and public policy from a comparative perspective and includes sound theories and concepts for understanding opportunities and challenges governments face when seeking to improve public services and government operations. The book is a compilation of selective high-quality chapters covering cases, experiences, and practical recommendations on topics related to public administration, public policy, social policy, public management, and public affairs. This book is ideal for policymakers, students, and researchers in the field of public administration, public policy, governance, public management, public affairs, citizen engagement, and administrative sciences and management along with practitioners, stakeholders, and academicians interested in the best practices of various countries in public administration and policy.

Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Revisited)

Download Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Revisited) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230107524
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Revisited) by : R. Snyder

Download or read book Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Revisited) written by R. Snyder and published by Springer. This book was released on 2003-01-03 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classic work has helped shape the field of international relations and especially influenced scholars interested in how foreign policy is made. At a time when conventional wisdom and traditional approaches are being questioned, and when there is increased interest in the importance of process, the insights of Snyder, Bruck and Sapin have continuing and increased relevance. Prescient in its focus on the effects on foreign policy of individuals and their preconceptions, organizations and their procedures, and cultures and their values, "Foreign Policy Decision-Making" is of continued relevance for anyone seeking to understand the ways foreign policy is made. Their seminal framework is here complemented by two new chapters examining its influence on generations of scholars, the current state of the field, and areas for future research.