Peptide and Protein Delivery

Download Peptide and Protein Delivery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 9780123849366
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (493 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Peptide and Protein Delivery by : Chris Van Der Walle

Download or read book Peptide and Protein Delivery written by Chris Van Der Walle and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-05-12 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing area of peptide and protein therapeutics research is of paramount importance to medical application and advancement. A needed reference for entry level researchers and researchers working in interdisciplinary / collaborative projects, Peptide and Protein Delivery addresses the current and emerging routes for delivery of therapeutics. Covering cerebral delivery, pulmonary delivery, transdermal delivery, intestinal delivery, ocular delivery, parenteral delivery, and nasal delivery, this resource offers an overview of the main routes in therapeutics. Researchers across biochemistry, pharmaceutical, molecular biology, cell biology, immunology, chemistry and biotechnology fields will find this publication invaluable for peptide and protein laboratory research. Discusses the most recent data, ideas and concepts Presents case studies and an industrial perspective Details information from the molecular level to bioprocessing Thought provoking, for the novice to the specialist Timely, for today's biopharmaceuticals market

Introduction to Peptides and Proteins

Download Introduction to Peptides and Proteins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439882045
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Peptides and Proteins by : Ulo Langel

Download or read book Introduction to Peptides and Proteins written by Ulo Langel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-11-18 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human cells produce at least 30,000 different proteins. Each has a specific function characterized by a unique sequence and native conformation that allows it to perform that function. While research in this post-genomic era has created a deluge of invaluable information, the field has lacked for an authoritative introductory text needed to inform researchers and students in all of those fields now concerned with protein research. Introduction to Peptides and Proteins brings together some of the most respected researchers in protein science to present a remarkably coherent introduction to modern peptide and protein chemistry. The first sections of the book delve into – Basic peptide and protein science from assembly through degradation Traditional and emerging research methods including those used in bioinformatics and proteomics New computational approaches and algorithms used to find patterns in the vast data collected by sequencing projects After providing a foundation in tools and methods, the authors closely examine six protein families, including representative classes such as enzymes, cell-surface receptors, antibodies, fibrous proteins, and bioactive peptide classes. They concentrate on biochemical mechanisms and where possible indicate therapeutic or biotechnical possibilities. Then focusing on clinical aspects, the authors investigate misfolding as found in prion diseases, miscleavage as found in Alzheimer’s, and mis-sequencing as found with some cancers. Drawing from some of their own research, the authors summarize recent achievements and emerging applications. They discuss the use of proteins and peptides as drugs and the solid-phase synthesis required for drug production. They also look at the use of peptides as functional biomolecules and research tools. No longer just the domain of biologists, many key advances in protein research started in physics labs and have involved contributions from a host of fields including statistics, drug development, genetics, and chemical spectroscopy. Introduction to Peptides and Proteins provides researchers across these fields with the thorough foundation needed to explore all the potential that protein research offers.

Food Proteins and Peptides: Emerging Biofunctions, Food and Biomaterial Applications

Download Food Proteins and Peptides: Emerging Biofunctions, Food and Biomaterial Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788018591
Total Pages : 537 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Food Proteins and Peptides: Emerging Biofunctions, Food and Biomaterial Applications by : Chibuike C. Udenigwe

Download or read book Food Proteins and Peptides: Emerging Biofunctions, Food and Biomaterial Applications written by Chibuike C. Udenigwe and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-06-09 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the chemistry of food proteins and peptides and their relationship with nutritional, functional, and health applications. Bringing together authorities in the field, it provides a comprehensive discussion focused on fundamental chemistries and mechanisms underpinning the structure-function relationships of food proteins and peptides. The functional and bioactive properties hinge on their structural features such as amino acid sequence, molecular size, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and net charges. The book includes coverage of advances in the nutritional and health applications of protein and peptide modifications; novel applications of food proteins and peptides in the development of edible functional biomaterials; advances in the use of proteomics and peptidomics for food proteins and peptide analysis (foodomics); and the relevance of food protein and peptide chemistries in policy and regulation. Research into the fundamental chemistries behind the functional, health and nutritional benefits is burgeoning and has gained the interest of scientists, the industry, regulatory agencies, and consumers. This book fills the knowledge gap providing an excellent source of information for researchers, instructors, students, food and nutrition industry, and policy makers.

Cosmetic Dermatology

Download Cosmetic Dermatology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118655486
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cosmetic Dermatology by : Zoe Diana Draelos

Download or read book Cosmetic Dermatology written by Zoe Diana Draelos and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-08 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Back for a new edition, Zoe Draelos' outstanding resource to cosmetic dermatology again provides a highly-illustrated, clinical guide to the full range of cosmetic skin treatments. Bringing together experts from research, industry, surgery and practice, it is structured in four distinct parts for easy navigation by the busy clinician: Basic Concepts - giving an overview of the physiology pertinent to cosmetic dermatology and the delivery systems by which treatments can take effect; Hygiene Products - evaluating cleansing and moisturising products; Adornment - looking at aesthetic techniques such as cosmetics, nail protheses and hair treatment; Antiaging - ie, injectables, resurfacing and skin contouring techniques, and the rapidly growing area of Cosmeceuticals. With over 300 high-quality images and key summary boxes throughout, this new edition incorporates the newest procedural innovations in this rapidly developing field. Perfect for all dermatologists, especially those specialising in cosmetic dermatology and whether hospital-based or in private practice, it provides the complete cosmetic regimen for your patients and will be an indispensable tool to consult over and over again.

Food Proteins and Peptides

Download Food Proteins and Peptides PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 142009341X
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Food Proteins and Peptides by : Navam S. Hettiarachchy

Download or read book Food Proteins and Peptides written by Navam S. Hettiarachchy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-03-19 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multidisciplinary resource, Food Proteins and Peptides: Chemistry, Functionality, Interactions, and Commercialization enables researchers in biochemistry, biotechnology, food science and technology, nutrition, and medicine to understand the physicochemical and biochemical factors that govern the functionality of these food components. Following chapters on the structure and chemistry of amino acids, peptides, and proteins, the book describes modes of characterization and the functional relationships of food proteins. It examines protein solubility and insolubility and explores proteins and peptides as emulsifying and foaming agents. Specialized topics include: Factors affecting heat-induced casein–whey protein interactions in bovine milk systems The effects of protein–saccharide interactions on the properties of food components Ameliorative action of peptides on cholesterol and lipid metabolism Proteins and peptides with elements of sweetness, kokumi, umami, and bitterness A new approach for the large-scale fractionation of peptides based on their amphoteric nature The book examines the source of bioactive peptides and describes their bioavailability, including their absorption and occurrence in human blood. It also provides a database of biologically active proteins and peptides. Final chapters review current status, future industrial perspectives, and future trends of bioactive food proteins and peptides and explore the role of nanotechnology in protein research. With contributions from a panel of international scientists, this volume captures the state of the art in protein and peptide research, providing a launching pad for further inquiry and discovery.

Marine Proteins and Peptides

Download Marine Proteins and Peptides PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118375114
Total Pages : 816 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marine Proteins and Peptides by : Se-Kwon Kim

Download or read book Marine Proteins and Peptides written by Se-Kwon Kim and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-18 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food proteins and bioactive peptides play a vital role in thegrowth and development of the body’s structural integrity andregulation, as well as having a variety of other functionalproperties. Land animal-derived food proteins such as collagen andgelatine carry risks of contamination (such as BSE). Marine-derivedproteins, which can provide equivalents to collagen and gelatinwithout the associated risks, are becoming more popular amongconsumers because of their numerous health beneficial effects. Mostmarine-derived bioactive peptides are currently underutilized.While fish and shellfish are perhaps the most obvious sources ofsuch proteins and peptides, there is also the potential for furtherdevelopment of proteins and peptides from sources like algae, seacucumber and molluscs. Marine-derived proteins and peptides alsohave potential uses in novel products, with the possibility of widecommercialization in the food, beverage, pharmaceutical andcosmetic industries, as well as in other fields such asphotography, textiles, leather, electronics, medicine andbiotechnology. Marine Proteins and Peptides: Biological Activities andApplications presents an overview of the current status,future industrial perspectives and commercial trends of bioactivemarine-derived proteins and peptides. Many of the industrialperspectives are drawn from the food industry, but the book alsorefers to the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. There haverecently been significant advances in isolating functionalingredients from marine bio-resources and seafood by-products foruse in these industries, but little has been published, creating aknowledge gap, particularly with regard to the isolation andpurification processes. This book is the first to fill thatgap. Marine Proteins and Peptides: Biological Activities andApplications is a valuable resource for researchers inmarine biochemistry field as well as food industry managersinterested in exploring novel techniques and knowledge onalternative food protein sources. It will become a standardreference book for researchers involved in developing marinebio-resources and seafood by-products for novel nutraceutical,cosmetics, and pharmaceutical applications. It will also appeal tomanagers and product developers in the food, pharmaceutical andcosmetics industries, particularly those looking to usemarine-derived proteins and peptides as substitutes or replacementsfor unfashionable or outdated food components.

Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease

Download Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420028839
Total Pages : 688 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease by : Yoshinori Mine

Download or read book Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease written by Yoshinori Mine and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-09-29 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reports of the beneficial health effects of some peptides have begun to make their way into the scientific literature. Peptides can act as immunomodulators, and have been shown to have a positive influence on calcium absorption, and on regulation of serum cholesterol. A number of peptides may also possess antimicrobial properties that enhance the body's defense mechanisms, and others may produce inhibitory effects for angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE), leading to novel treatments for blood pressure conditions, heart failure, and diabetes. Modern food biotechnology may also allow for the production of highly important products for those suffering life-altering food allergies. A compendium of cutting-edge information for research scientists and clinicians Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease is the first book that provides comprehensive discussions on bioactive proteins and peptides in the area of nutraceutical and functional foods. It looks at protein and peptide impact on the body's absorption, defense, regulating, and nervous systems, then delves into hypo-allergenic foods and modern approaches to nutraceutical research and production. With 32 chapters written by 63 scientists working at the frontier of this revolutionizing field, it includes state-of-the-art information on-- The cholesterol-lowering capabilities of proteins and peptides Opioid-like peptides The antibodies found in milk and egg yolks Enzymes derived from traditional Asian fermented foods found useful in novel thrombolytic therapy ACE-inhibitory peptides Enzymatic treatments used to create anti-allergenic food Recent developments in proteomics that are making certain processes economically feasible, including those employed in the binding of bioactive peptides Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease provides a compendium of cutting-edge information that can be put to direct use in research, therapy, and production. Biochemists, nutritional scientists, food scientists, and health professionals, as well as graduate students in these fields, will find this book highly useful.

Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

Download Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470961740
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals by : Yoshinori Mine

Download or read book Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals written by Yoshinori Mine and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-09 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals highlights recent developments of nutraceutical proteins and peptides for the promotion of human health. The book considers fundamental concepts and structure-activity relations for the major classes of nutraceutical proteins and peptides. Coverage includes functional proteins and peptides from numerous sources including: soy, Pacific hake, bovine muscle, peas, wheat, fermented milk, eggs, casein, fish collagen, bovine lactoferrin, and rice. The international panel of experts from industry and academia also reviews current applications and future opportunities within the nutraceutical proteins and peptides sector.

Molecular Biology of The Cell

Download Molecular Biology of The Cell PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780815332183
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (321 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Molecular Biology of The Cell by : Bruce Alberts

Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Principles and Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

Download Principles and Applications of Molecular Diagnostics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128160624
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Principles and Applications of Molecular Diagnostics by : Nader Rifai

Download or read book Principles and Applications of Molecular Diagnostics written by Nader Rifai and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles and Applications of Molecular Diagnostics serves as a comprehensive guide for clinical laboratory professionals applying molecular technology to clinical diagnosis. The first half of the book covers principles and analytical concepts in molecular diagnostics such as genomes and variants, nucleic acids isolation and amplification methods, and measurement techniques, circulating tumor cells, and plasma DNA; the second half presents clinical applications of molecular diagnostics in genetic disease, infectious disease, hematopoietic malignancies, solid tumors, prenatal diagnosis, pharmacogenetics, and identity testing. A thorough yet succinct guide to using molecular testing technology, Principles and Applications of Molecular Diagnostics is an essential resource for laboratory professionals, biologists, chemists, pharmaceutical and biotech researchers, and manufacturers of molecular diagnostics kits and instruments. Explains the principles and tools of molecular biology Describes standard and state-of-the-art molecular techniques for obtaining qualitative and quantitative results Provides a detailed description of current molecular applications used to solve diagnostics tasks

Hormonal Proteins and Peptides

Download Hormonal Proteins and Peptides PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hormonal Proteins and Peptides by : Choh Hao Li

Download or read book Hormonal Proteins and Peptides written by Choh Hao Li and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Download Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780805383218
Total Pages : 1596 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (832 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry by : John D. Roberts

Download or read book Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry written by John D. Roberts and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction what is organic chemistry all about?; Structural organic chemistry the shapes of molecules functional groups; Organic nomenclature; Alkanes; Stereoisomerism of organic molecules; Bonding in organic molecules atomic-orbital models; More on nomenclature compounds other than hydrocarbons; Nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions; Separation and purification identification of organic compounds by spectroscopic techniques; Alkenes and alkynes. Ionic and radical addition reactions; Alkenes and alkynes; Oxidation and reduction reactions; Acidity or alkynes.

Proteins and Peptides

Download Proteins and Peptides PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420078070
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Proteins and Peptides by : Randall J. Mrsny

Download or read book Proteins and Peptides written by Randall J. Mrsny and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-10-19 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addressing the increased use of protein and peptide candidates as treatments for previously untreatable diseases, this comprehensive and progressive source provides the reader with a roadmap to an increased understanding of issues critical for successfully developing a protein or peptide therapeutic candidate. Proteins and Peptides is

A Practical Guide to Protein and Peptide Purification for Microsequencing

Download A Practical Guide to Protein and Peptide Purification for Microsequencing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080924611
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Practical Guide to Protein and Peptide Purification for Microsequencing by : Paul T. Matsudaira

Download or read book A Practical Guide to Protein and Peptide Purification for Microsequencing written by Paul T. Matsudaira and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why a Second Edition? The Second Edition provides practical answers to the general question, "How can I obtain useful sequence information from my protein or peptide?" rather than the more specific question asked in the first edition, "How can I obtain the N-terminal sequence?" Important new methods include ways of dealing with blocked N termini, computer analysis of protein sequences, and the recent revolution in mass spectrometry. Mass spectrophotometric characterization of proteins and peptides N-terminal sequencing of proteins with blocked N termini Internal amino acid sequence analysis after protease digestion in-gel and on-blot Improved microscale peptide purification methods Computer analysis of protein sequences New protocols tested and refined through everyday use in authors' laboratories Updated reference chapter covering all aspects of protein microsequencing

Bioactive Food Proteins and Peptides

Download Bioactive Food Proteins and Peptides PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420093142
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioactive Food Proteins and Peptides by : Navam S. Hettiarachchy

Download or read book Bioactive Food Proteins and Peptides written by Navam S. Hettiarachchy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-12-02 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many naturally occurring compounds from foods such as rice, vegetables, fruits, and animal products possess properties that help to slow disease progression, inhibit pathophysiological mechanisms, or suppress activities of pathogenic molecules. Proteins and peptides play significant roles in such activities and are gaining importance as nutraceuticals that benefit numerous aspects of health and nutrition. Bioactive Food Proteins and Peptides: Applications in Human Health provides a human health perspective on food-derived proteins and peptides. It describes the potential for large-scale production with advances in technology and proposes challenges and opportunities for the future of health, nutrition, medicine, and the biosciences. The book begins by addressing properties related to chemistry and bioactivity. It examines proteins and peptides as allergens, antihypertensive agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and anticancer agents. It also discusses findings on the bioavailability and toxicity of food-derived peptides and intestinal functions. Next, the contributors present information on therapeutic peptides. They discuss recent developments in proteomics, bioavailability, and opportunities for designing future peptide-based foods. Providing a comprehensive review of bioactive proteins and peptides obtained from food sources, the book brings together the most up-to-date and essential information from eminent researchers from all over the world. Academics, food scientists and technologists, nutritionists, biochemists, persons in industry, and government researchers and regulators will find this book to be an essential resource for new data and developments.

Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair

Download Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 008100852X
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair by : Mario Barbosa

Download or read book Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair written by Mario Barbosa and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair highlights the various important considerations that go into biomaterial development, both in terms of fundamentals and applications. After covering a general introduction to protein and cell interactions with biomaterials, the book discusses proteins in biomaterials that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM). The properties, fabrication and application of peptide biomaterials and protein-based biomaterials are discussed in addition to in vivo and in vitro studies. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, scientists and advanced students interested in biomaterials science, chemistry, molecular biology and nanotechnology. Presents an all-inclusive and authoritative coverage of the important role which protein and peptides play as biomaterials for tissue regeneration Explores protein and peptides from the fundamentals, to processing and applications Written by an international group of leading biomaterials researchers

Peptides and Proteins

Download Peptides and Proteins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 9780854046928
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (469 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Peptides and Proteins by : Shawn Doonan

Download or read book Peptides and Proteins written by Shawn Doonan and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2002 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encompassing all aspects of the structures of peptides and proteins, this book adopts a uniquely problem-oriented approach to the topic. Starting with a look at the structures and properties of the twenty amino acids that occur in proteins, and moving on to the synthesis of polypeptides and the isolation of proteins, Peptides and Proteins then addresses the methods of analysis of protein characteristics, including the modern methods of sequence analysis by mass spectrometry. Further chapters examine the three-dimensional nature of protein structure, and introduce the student to the use of computer applications (molecular graphics, databases, bioinformatics) in protein chemistry. Original research data is used in many of the problems, and throughout sufficient background biology is included, thus putting the subject into context for chemists. Aimed at first and second-year chemistry students, this title will also be of interest to students of biochemistry. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major new series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.