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Production And Use Of Activated Char For Combined So2 No3 Removal Quarterly Technical Report December 1 1993 February 28 1994
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Book Synopsis Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. [Quarterly] Technical Report, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 by :
Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. [Quarterly] Technical Report, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During this reporting period, a thermogravimetric technique was developed to determine the kinetics of SO2 adsorption on a series of chars prepared from IBC-102 coal. Also, a temperature programmed desorption (TPD) method was developed to determine the nature and extent of carbon-oxygen (C-O) complexes formed on the surface of the char. An attempt was made to relate this information to observed SO2 adsorption behavior. An IBC-102 char prepared with an N2-BET surface area of 10 m2/g adsorbed significantly less SO2 than chars prepared with surface areas> 200 m2/g. However, for chars with surface areas> 200 m2/g, the amount of available surface area was not as important as the chemistry of the surface. A steam activated char adsorbed the most SO2, comparable to the amount adsorbed by a commercial activated carbon. TPD performed on the steam activated char revealed the presence of CO-forming C-O complexes which were basic in nature. The other chars all contained significant amounts of more acidic CO2-forming complexes. Because SO2 is an acid gas, a carbon adsorbent with a basic surface should adsorb more SO2. To enhance SO2 adsorption, a novel char preparation method was devised to 2 create a basic surface with up to ten times more CO-forming C-O complexes than formed by steam activation.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. Technical Report, March 1, 1994--May 31, 1994 by :
Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. Technical Report, March 1, 1994--May 31, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon adsorbents have been shown to remove sulfur oxides from flue gas, and also serve as a catalyst for reduction of nitrogen oxides at temperatures between 80 and 150°C. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois coal is a suitable feedstock for the production of activated char which could be used as a catalyst for combined SO2/NO3 removal, and to evaluate the potential application of the products in flue gas cleanup. Key production variables will be identified to help design and engineer activated char with the proper pore structure and surface chemistry to enable the development of an effective SO2/NO3 removal catalyst. The ISGS agreed to provide 500 pounds of activated char to STEAG for tests in a demonstration unit to clean flue gas from a U.S. waste incinerator. The STEAG process requires an activated char with a N2 BET surface area
Book Synopsis Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. Technical Report, September 1--November 30, 1993 by :
Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. Technical Report, September 1--November 30, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon adsorbents have been shown to remove sulfur oxides from flue gas, and also serve as a catalyst for reduction of nitrogen oxides at temperatures between 80 and 150°C. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois coal is a suitable feed stock for the production of activated char which could be used as a catalyst for removal of SO2/NOx from combustion flue gas, and to evaluate the potential application of the products in flue gas cleanup. Key production variables will be identified to help design and engineer activated char with the proper pore structure and surface chemistry. During this reporting period, a series of chats was prepared from an Illinois coal (IBC-102). A 48×100 mesh size fraction of IBC-102 coal was physically cleaned to reduce its ash content from 5.5 to 3.6%. The clean coal was pyrolyzed in a fluidized-bed reactor at 500, 700 and 900°C. The surface area and oxygen content of the char was varied either by oxidation in 10% O2 or by nitric acid treatment. Steam activation or chemical activation using potassium hydroxide was employed to enhance surface area development. Nitrogen BET surface areas of the chars ranged from 1 to 800 M2/g.
Book Synopsis Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. [Quarterly] Technical Report, September 1--November 30, 1994 by :
Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2/NO3 Removal. [Quarterly] Technical Report, September 1--November 30, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon adsorbents have been shown to remove sulfur oxides from flue gas, and also serve as a catalyst for reduction of nitrogen oxides at temperatures between 80 and 150°C. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois coal is a suitable feedstock for the production of activated char which could be used as a catalyst for combined SO2/NOx removal, and to evaluate the potential application of the products in flue gas cleanup. During this quarter, further analyses of SO2 adsorption and TPD data revealed that SO2 adsorption was directly proportional to the number of unoccuppied (free) adsorption sites on the carbon surface. The SO2 capacity of a series of prepared IBC-102 chars and commercial activated carbons normalized with respect to the number of free sites varied by less than a factor of two, which indicated an excellent correlation. Based on these results, a mechanism for SO2 adsorption on carbon and conversion to H2SO4 was proposed. To study NOx reduction by activated char, a packed bed flow through system was designed and constructed. A quadrupole mass spectrometer was installed to monitor the [NO] and [NO2]; NO breakthrough curves were obtained for a commercial activated carbon at various [NO].
Book Synopsis Government Reports Annual Index by :
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 12, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 by :
Download or read book Commercial Demonstration of the NOXSO SO2/NO3 Removal Flue Gas Cleanup System. Quarterly Technical Progress Report No. 12, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NOXSO process is a dry, post-combustion flue gas treatment technology which uses a regenerable sorbent to simultaneously adsorb sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO3 from the flue gas of a coal-fired utility boiler. In the process, the SO2 is reduced to sulfur by-product and the NO3 is reduced to nitrogen and oxygen. It is predicted that the process can economically remove 90% of the acid rain precursor gases from the flue gas stream in a retrofit or new facility. The objective of the NOXSO Demonstration Project is to design, construct, and operate a flue gas treatment system utilizing the NOXSO process. The effectiveness of the process will be demonstrated by achieving significant reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. In addition, sufficient operating data will be obtained to confirm the process economics and provide a basis to guarantee performance on a commercial scale. The project is presently in the project definition and preliminary design phase. Data obtained during pilot plant testing which was completed on July 30, 1993 is being incorporated in the design of the commercial size plant. A suitable host site to demonstrate the NOXSO process on a commercial scale is presently being sought. The plant general arrangement has been revised to incorporate principles used in the design of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) plants. A NOXSO plant availability analysis was prepared using operating experience from the recently completed pilot plant as a basis. The impact of water desorption in the sorbent heater and water adsorption in the sorbent cooler has been quantified and incorporated into the NOXSO process simulator. NOXSO process economics has been updated based on the present design. Capital cost for a 500 MW plant designed to remove 98% of the SO2 and 85% of the NO3 is estimated at $247/kW.
Book Synopsis Novel Technologies for SO3 NO3 Removal from Flue Gas. [Quarterly] Technical Report, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 by :
Download or read book Novel Technologies for SO3 NO3 Removal from Flue Gas. [Quarterly] Technical Report, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this project is to develop a cost-effective low temperature deNOx catalyst to be used in the Research Triangle Institute-Waterloo SOx/NOx process for boiler retrofit applications. The performance goal of the catalyst is to convert over 80% of the NO in the flue gas at a temperature as low as 150°C in the presence of 4% O2 and 10% water. Based on the results obtained in the first quarter, which showed that modification of a Cu-ZrO2 catalyst with Nd increased the conversion of NO to N2, especially at higher partial pressures of oxygen, and that ethanol was a more effective reductant than propene in the presence of water vapor, research was conducted in this quarter to investigate the use of other modifiers and other alcohols as reductants. It was found that modification of Cu-ZrO2 by La was more effective than by Nd or Gd. It decreased the hydrocarbon combustion activity of the catalyst while increasing the NO conversion. A Cu-Ga2O3 catalyst was also tested. It was superior to Cu-ZrO2 at temperatures higher than 250°C, but inferior at lower temperatures. On the La-Cu-ZrO2 catalyst, isobutanol was a very effective reductant for NO, being more effective than ethanol. In the presence of 4% O2, 2% water, and with a space velocity of 3000 h−1, an NO conversion to N2 of 83% was obtained using 1200 ppM isobutanol at 200°C. This is believed to be the highest conversion reported to data without using NH3 as the reductant. Other catalysts not containing copper were also tested, but their performance was inferior to this La-Cu-ZrO2 catalyst.
Book Synopsis Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Quarterly Technical Report, December 1, 1992--February 28, 1993 by :
Download or read book Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Quarterly Technical Report, December 1, 1992--February 28, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated method consisting of physical coal cleaning, mild gasification (MG) and low temperature oxidation (LTO) is proposed to produce chars with SO2 emissions at least 50% lower than those of their parent coals. MG and char desulfurization studies are conducted in both a batch fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and in a continuous rotary tube kiln (RTK). Combustion properties and ash deposition behaviors of desulfurized chars are determined at the US EPA in a 14 kill pilot-scale combustor and at UNDEERC in a drop tube furnace (DTF). This project is cost-shared with the US EPA and the US DOE through UNDEERC. During the first year of this two year project, six coals from the IBC sample program (IBC-101, 102, 104, 105, 106 and 109) were studied. Under non-optimized conditions, desulfurized chars with SO2 emissions 60--71% lower than the parent coals were made in the FBR, depending on the coal. Chars prepared from four of the six coals had SO2 emissions less than 2.5 lbs SO2/MMBtu. Under optimum conditions SO2 emissions of one of the coals were reduced nearly 67%, from 4.60 to 1.49 lbs SO2/MMBtu. MG reduced the chlorine content of one coal 93%. During the reporting period, about 160 pounds of -48 mesh IBC-102 coal were preoxidized in air at 150°C for 30 minutes in the RTK to minimize agglomeration during MG tests. MG of the preoxidized coal at 600°C produced about 75 pounds of char. About65 pounds of LTO char were prepared by oxidizing the MG char at 420,C for about 10 minutes. The amount of sulfur removed in the RTK was less than in the FBR, and gave a char with SO2 emissions of about 2.4 lbs SO2/MmBtu. The greater sulfur removal in the FBR was attributed to a smaller mean particle diameter, better gas-solid contact and/or a decreased partial pressure of SO2.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, October--December, 1994 by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, October--December, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. Recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. The present study aims to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent and to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents. The sulfation experiments indicated that 100% conversion of ceria could be attained. Activation energy for the sulfation reaction was found to be 19 kJ/mol. The rate of sulfation reaction is first order with respect to SO2 and solid reactant concentrations. For regeneration with hydrogen, the activation energy and the reaction order with respect to hydrogen was found to be 114 kJ/mol and 0.56, respectively. The ceria sorbent preserved its activity and structural stability after 6 cycles. The information obtained from these studies will be used to develop models for reactor-regenerator configurations. Subsequently, the SO2/NOx removal facility will be integrated into the power production process using a commercial process simulation software. In this quarter of the project, the main focus was on the performance of the experimental program for the regeneration of the ceria sorbent by hydrogen and evaluation of experimental results.
Book Synopsis Government Reports Announcements & Index by :
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements & Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, October 1993--December 1993 by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, October 1993--December 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. This process will allow simple and reliable cleanup of large volumes of stack gases as a competitive cost; produce a concentrated stream of SO2 which can easily be converted into valuable by-products; be compatible with existing power generation plants; and essentially eliminate the waste materials generated in some other sulfur removal processes. Department of Energys̀ Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) and UOP/Shell have developed processes which both employ copper oxide-based sorbents in different reactor configurations, namely, former uses a regenerative fluidized bed while the latter employs a cyclic fixed bed contactor. More recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. Ceria improves the resistance of the alumina support to thermal sintering and produces a regeneration off-gas stream that can be easily converted to elemental sulfur. It has a potentially higher sulfur capture capacity than copper. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent; to determine the effects of fly ash on the sulfation and regeneration of the sorbent; to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents; to model reactor configurations for a commercial scale combined CeO2/Al2O3 sorbent; and to study alternative designs, effects of design variables on the performance of the facility, and the economics of the process using the developed model.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1, 1994--March 31, 1994 by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1, 1994--March 31, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. This process will allow simple and reliable cleanup of large volumes of stack gases at a competitive cost; produce a concentrated stream of SO2 which an easily be converted into valuable by-products; be compatible with existing power generation plants; and essentially eliminate the waste materials generated in some other sulfur removal processes. Department of Energys̀ Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) and UOP/Shell have developed processes which both employ copper oxide-based sorbents in different reactor configurations, namely, former uses a regenerative fluidized bed while the latter employs a cyclic fixed bed contactor. More recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO{sup (1,2)}. Ceria improves the resistance of the alumina support to thermal sintering and produces a regeneration off-gas stream that can be easily converted to elemental sulfur. It has potentially higher sulfur capture capacity than copper. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent; to determine the effects of fly ash on the sulfation and regeneration of the sorbent; to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents; to model reactor configurations for a commercial scale combined CeO2/Al2O3 sorbent; and to study alternative designs, effects of design variables on the performance of the facility, and the economics of the process using the developed model.
Book Synopsis Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2 by :
Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon adsorbents have been shown to remove sulfur oxides from flue gas, and also serve as a catalyst for reduction of nitrogen oxides at temperatures between 80 and 150°C. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois coal is a suitable feed stock for the production of activated char which could be used as a catalyst for removal of SO2/NO(subscript x) from combustion flue gas, and to evaluate the potential application of the products in flue gas cleanup. Key production variables will be identified to help design and engineer activated char with the proper pore structure and surface chemistry. During this reporting period, a series of chats was prepared from an Illinois coal (IBC-102). A 48 x 100 mesh size fraction of IBC-102 coal was physically cleaned to reduce its ash content from 5.5 to 3.6%. The clean coal was pyrolyzed in a fluidized-bed reactor at 500, 700 and 900°C. The surface area and oxygen content of the char was varied either by oxidation in 10% O2 or by nitric acid treatment. Steam activation or chemical activation using potassium hydroxide was employed to enhance surface area development. Nitrogen BET surface areas of the chars ranged from 1 to 800 M2/g.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1993--March 1993 by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, January 1993--March 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. This process will allow simple and reliable cleanup of large volumes of stack gases at a competitive cost; produce a concentrated stream of SO2 which an easily be converted into valuable by-products; be compatible with existing power generation plants; and essentially eliminate the waste materials generated in some other sulfur removal processes. Department of Energys̀ Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) and UOP/Shell have developed processes which both employ copper oxide-based sorbents in different reactor configurations, namely, former uses a regenerative fluidized bed while the latter employs a cyclic fixed bed contactor. More recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. Ceria improves the resistance of the alumina support to thermal sintering and produces a regeneration off-gas stream that can be easily converted to elemental sulfur. It has a potentially higher sulfur capture capacity than copper. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent; to determine the effects of fly ash on the sulfation and regeneration of the sorbent; to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents; to model reactor configurations for a commercial scale combined CeO2/Al2O3 sorbent; and to study alternative designs, effects of design variables on the performance of the facility, and the economics of the process using the developed model.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report by :
Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2/NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. Recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. The present study aims to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent and to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported Ce2 sorbents. The sulfation experiments indicated that 100% conversion of ceria can be attained. Activation energy for the sulfation reaction was found to be 19 KJ/mol. The rate of sulfation reaction is first order with respect to SO2 and solid reactant concentrations. For regeneration with hydrogen, the activation energy and the reaction order with respect to hydrogen was found to be 114 KJ/mol and 0.56, respectively. The ceria sorbent preserved its activity and structural stability after 6 cycles. In the last quarter regeneration with methane was studied. Since regeneration with methane is more complicated than regeneration with hydrogen, the evaluation of data needs the development of new methods. The information obtained from these studies will be used to develop models for reactor-regenerator configurations. Subsequently, the SO2/NOx removal facility will be integrated into the power production process using a commercial process simulation software.
Book Synopsis Investigation of a Sulfur Reduction Technique for Mild Gasification Char. Technical Report, December 1, 1992--February 28, 1993 by :
Download or read book Investigation of a Sulfur Reduction Technique for Mild Gasification Char. Technical Report, December 1, 1992--February 28, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this program is to investigate the desulfurization of mild gasification char using H2:CH4 mixtures. Mild gasification of coal produces char, liquids, and gases at 1000°--1500°F (538°-816°C) and near-ambient pressure. Char, comprising 60--70% of the product, can be used to make high-value form coke for steelmaking and foundries. However, a sulfur content below 1 wt% is desirable, and char from high-sulfur Illinois coals must be upgraded to meet this criterion. Illinois No. 6 chars were treated in a 2-inch batch fluidized-bed reactor with H2:CH4 blends containing 9--24 vol % CH4 at 1100°-1600°F (538°-871°C) and 50--200 psig (0.35--1.38 Mpa). The data from these tests show sulfur removal of 6.0--92.5 wt % and carbon losses of 0.0--25.6 wt %, with the desulfurization susceptibility of char related to porosity, density, and crystallite size. The relationships among mild gasification parameters, char properties, and char desulfurization susceptibility are being studied. Acid washing of char to remove Ca and Fe is being explored for its effect on subsequent sulfur removal. Secondary desulfurization of form coke produced from the desulfurized chars is also being studied, and a final recommendation will be made for integration of char desulfurization into the IGT MILDGAS process.
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