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Procedure For Determining Leachabilities Of Radioactive Waste Forms
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Book Synopsis Procedure for Determining Leachabilities of Radioactive Waste Forms by :
Download or read book Procedure for Determining Leachabilities of Radioactive Waste Forms written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrity and durability of solid radioactive wastes are related principally to rates at which waste constituents are leached into environmental water. This paper discusses a new and improved procedure which was developed for determining leachabilities of proposed radioactive waste forms. While no laboratory procedure can be expected to duplicate all possible environmental conditions, a single test is desirable to compare the leaching properties of solid waste forms produced in different laboratories.
Author :American Nuclear Society. Standards Committee Working Group ANS-16.1 Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages : pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (122 download)
Book Synopsis American National Standard by : American Nuclear Society. Standards Committee Working Group ANS-16.1
Download or read book American National Standard written by American Nuclear Society. Standards Committee Working Group ANS-16.1 and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ANS 16.1-2019 provides a procedure to measure and index the release rates of non-volatile radionuclides from low-level radioactive waste forms in demineralized water over a test period. It can be applied to any material from which test specimens can be prepared by casting or cutting into a shape for which the surface area and volume can be determined. The results of this procedure do not represent waste form degradation in any specific environmental situation or represent waste form performance. The test method presented in this standard is an adaptation of the method published in the 1986 version of this standard but constrains test parameter values and data analyses to support direct comparisons of test responses of different waste form materials.
Book Synopsis Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization by : International Atomic Energy Agency
Download or read book Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.
Book Synopsis Waste Forms Technology and Performance by : National Research Council
Download or read book Waste Forms Technology and Performance written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-09-05 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) is responsible for cleaning up radioactive waste and environmental contamination resulting from five decades of nuclear weapons production and testing. A major focus of this program involves the retrieval, processing, and immobilization of waste into stable, solid waste forms for disposal. Waste Forms Technology and Performance, a report requested by DOE-EM, examines requirements for waste form technology and performance in the cleanup program. The report provides information to DOE-EM to support improvements in methods for processing waste and selecting and fabricating waste forms. Waste Forms Technology and Performance places particular emphasis on processing technologies for high-level radioactive waste, DOE's most expensive and arguably most difficult cleanup challenge. The report's key messages are presented in ten findings and one recommendation.
Book Synopsis Some Deficiencies in Analyzing Leachates and Reporting Results by :
Download or read book Some Deficiencies in Analyzing Leachates and Reporting Results written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Determination of the leachability of elements from various radioactive waste forms for long-term retention requires chemical analysis of both the leachate and waste form. Neither the precision of the leaching procedure nor the accuracy of the results can be determined unambiguously if gross uncertainties exist. It should be demonstrated beforehand that all participating laboratories can obtain the same analytical result within some stated uncertainty. Special precautions must be taken to ensure that all material leached from the waste form is recovered from the leaching container and that all refractory particles are dissolved completely before analysis is begun. The actual results obtained should be reported, including negative signs if present, avoiding all subjective and quantitatively nondescriptive statements such as nil, none, not detected, etc. Each result must be accompanied by an estimate of its uncertainty. Problems involved in interlaboratory comparisons are discussed.
Book Synopsis Continuous-flow Leach Testing Method for Various Nuclear Waste Forms by :
Download or read book Continuous-flow Leach Testing Method for Various Nuclear Waste Forms written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear waste is planned to be buried in deep geological repositories. If these repositories were ever invaded by ground water, the waste form could be corroded and the nuclear waste released to the surrounding geologic medium. The rate at which this flowing ground water corrodes the waste form can be studied using the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's single-pass continuous-flow leaching test. This repository-relevant leaching test places the waste form of interest into a flowing stream of leachant. The flow rates can be set to approximate the low flow rates encountered in actual aquifers. The leachant contacts the waste only once and then exits the cell where it is collected and analyzed. Such a scheme avoids potential solution saturation problems encountered with static tests. The composition of leachants used with this test has ranged from saturated salt brine to distilled water. Temperature has been varied from 25°C to 75°C. These values cover the range of ambient temperatures expected at depths of 2 to 3 km. This test was designed to reproduce conditions of a flooded repository in the laboratory. The testing methodology is discussed as well as examples of data obtained from leaching a variety of waste forms under various conditions.
Book Synopsis Waste Acceptance Testing of Secondary Waste Forms by :
Download or read book Waste Acceptance Testing of Secondary Waste Forms written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To support the selection of a waste form for the liquid secondary wastes from WTP, Washington River Protection Solutions has initiated secondary-waste-form testing work at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). In anticipation of a down-selection process for a waste form for the Solidification Treatment Unit to be added to the ETF, PNNL is conducting tests on four candidate waste forms to evaluate their ability to meet potential waste acceptance criteria for immobilized secondary wastes that would be placed in the IDF. All three waste forms demonstrated compressive strengths above the minimum 3.45 MPa (500 psi) set as a target for cement-based waste forms. Further, none of the waste forms showed any significant degradation in compressive strength after undergoing thermal cycling (30 cycles in a 10 day period) between -40 C and 60 C or water immersion for 90 days. The three leach test methods are intended to measure the diffusion rates of contaminants from the waste forms. Results are reported in terms of diffusion coefficients and a leachability index (LI) calculated based on the diffusion coefficients. A smaller diffusion coefficient and a larger LI are desired. The NRC, in its Waste Form Technical Position (NRC 1991), provides recommendations and guidance regarding methods to demonstrate waste stability for land disposal of radioactive waste. Included is a recommendation to conduct leach tests using the ANS 16.1 method. The resulting leachability index (LI) should be greater than 6.0. For Hanford secondary wastes, the LI> 6.0 criterion applies to sodium leached from the waste form. For technetium and iodine, higher targets of LI> 9 for Tc and LI> 11 for iodine have been set based on early waste-disposal risk and performance assessment analyses. The results of these three leach tests conducted for a total time between 11days (ASTM C1308) to 90 days (ANS 16.1) showed: (1) Technetium diffusivity: ANSI/ANS 16.1, ASTM C1308, and EPA 1315 tests indicated that all the waste forms had leachability indices better than the target LI> 9 for technetium; (2) Rhenium diffusivity: Cast Stone 2M specimens, when tested using EPA 1315 protocol, had leachability indices better than the target LI> 9 for technetium based on rhenium as a surrogate for technetium. All other waste forms tested by ANSI/ANS 16.1, ASTM C1308, and EPA 1315 test methods had leachability indices that were below the target LI> 9 for Tc based on rhenium release. These studies indicated that use of Re(VII) as a surrogate for 99Tc(VII) in low temperature secondary waste forms containing reductants will provide overestimated diffusivity values for 99Tc. Therefore, it is not appropriate to use Re as a surrogate 99Tc in future low temperature waste form studies. (3) Iodine diffusivity: ANSI/ANS 16.1, ASTM C1308, and EPA 1315 tests indicated that the three waste forms had leachability indices that were below the target LI> 11 for iodine. Therefore, it may be necessary to use a more effective sequestering material than silver zeolite used in two of the waste forms (Ceramicrete and DuraLith); (4) Sodium diffusivity: All the waste form specimens tested by the three leach methods (ANSI/ANS 16.1, ASTM C1308, and EPA 1315) exceeded the target LI value of 6; (5) All three leach methods (ANS 16.1, ASTM C1308 and EPA 1315) provided similar 99Tc diffusivity values for both short-time transient diffusivity effects as well as long-term (H"0 days) steady diffusivity from each of the three tested waste forms (Cast Stone 2M, Ceramicrete and DuraLith). Therefore, any one of the three methods can be used to determine the contaminant diffusivities from a selected waste form.
Book Synopsis Standard Test Method for Static Leaching of Monolithic Waste Forms for Disposal of Radioactive Waste by :
Download or read book Standard Test Method for Static Leaching of Monolithic Waste Forms for Disposal of Radioactive Waste written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Materials Characterization Center Workshop on Leaching of Radioactive Waste Forms. Summary Report by :
Download or read book Materials Characterization Center Workshop on Leaching of Radioactive Waste Forms. Summary Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the first Materials Characterization Center (MCC) workshop, on the leaching of radioactive waste forms, there was general agreement that, after certain revisions, the proposed leach test plan set forth by the MCC can be expected to meet most of the nuclear waste community's waste form durability data requirements. The revisions give a clearer definition of the purposes of each test and the end uses of the data. As a result of the workshop, the format of the test program has been recast to clarify the purposes, limitations, and interrelationships of the individual tests. There was also a recognition that the leach test program must be based on an understanding of the mechanistic principles of leaching, and that further study is needed to ensure that the approved data from the MCC leach tests will be compatible with mechanistic research needs. It was agreed that another meeting of the participants in Working Groups 3 and 4, and perhaps some other experts, should be held as soon as possible to focus just on the definition of leach test requirements for mechanistic research. The MCC plans to hold this meeting in April 1980. Many of the tests that will lead to increased understanding of mechanisms will of necessity be long-term tests, sometimes lasting for several years. But the MCC also faces pressing needs to produce approved data that can be used for the comparison of waste forms in the relative near-term, i.e., in the next 1 to 3 yr. Therefore, it was decided to initiate a round-robin test of the MCC short-term static leach procedure as soon as practicable. The MCC has tentative plans for organization of the round robin in May 1980.
Book Synopsis Determination of Nuclear Waste Form Leach Rates by Activation Analysis by :
Download or read book Determination of Nuclear Waste Form Leach Rates by Activation Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Activation analysis was used to determine the leach rates of Na, Mo, Cs, Ba, La, Nd, Sm, Hf, and U by distilled water from two simulated glasses: zirconia calcine and lanthanide-actinide calcine. (DLC).
Book Synopsis Radioactive Waste Processing and Disposal by : U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Download or read book Radioactive Waste Processing and Disposal written by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 908 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Leach Rate Characterization of Solid Radioactive Waste Forms by :
Download or read book Leach Rate Characterization of Solid Radioactive Waste Forms written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leach rates were measured using distilled water on four types of waste forms: spray calcined waste mixed with silica and borosilicate glass and sintered, the same pulverized, the same in a lead matrix, and waste glass containing U. Twenty isotopes ranging from 22Na to 239Np were measured using activation analysis. Leach rates were also measured for a variety of matrix materials (Zircaloy, Al, Pb, glass, Pb3RE6(SiO4)6), using one isotope each. 2 tables. (DLC).
Book Synopsis Optimization of the Factors that Accelerate Leaching by :
Download or read book Optimization of the Factors that Accelerate Leaching written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prediction of long-term leachability of low-level radioactive waste forms is an essential element of disposal-site performance assessment. This report describes experiments and modeling techniques used to develop an accelerated leach test that meets this need. The acceleration in leaching rates caused by the combinations of two or more factors were experimentally determined. These factors were identified earlier as being able to individually accelerate leaching. They are: elevated temperature, the size of the waste form, the ratio of the volume of leachant to the surface area of the waste form, and the frequency of replacement of the leachant. The solidification agents employed were ones that are currently used to treat low-level radioactive wastes, namely portland type I cement, bitumen, and vinyl ester-styrene. The simulated wastes, sodium sulfate, sodium tetraborate, and incinerator ash, are simplified representatives of typical low-level waste streams. Experiments determined the leaching behavior of the radionuclides of cesium (Cs-137), strontium (Sr-85), and cobalt (Co-60 or Co-57) from several different formulations of solidification agents and waste types. Leaching results were based upon radiochemical and elemental analyses of aliquots of the leachate, and on its total alkalinity and pH at various times during the experiment (up to 120 days). Solid phase analyses were carried out by Scanning/Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy on the waste forms before and after some leaching experiments. 43 refs., 96 figs., 16 tabs.
Book Synopsis Leaching Studies of Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms by : R. Dayal
Download or read book Leaching Studies of Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms written by R. Dayal and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handling and Processing of Radioactive Waste from Nuclear Applications by : International Atomic Energy Agency
Download or read book Handling and Processing of Radioactive Waste from Nuclear Applications written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides detailed information on the handling, processing and storage techniques most widely used and recommended for waste from non-fuel-cycle activities. The report was designed to meet the needs of developing countries by focusing on the most simple, affordable and reliable techniques and discussing their advantages and limitations.
Book Synopsis Leaching of Radioactive Waste Forms Under Saturated and Unsaturated Flow Conditions by : Martin Frank Petelka
Download or read book Leaching of Radioactive Waste Forms Under Saturated and Unsaturated Flow Conditions written by Martin Frank Petelka and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EPA 520/4 written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
