Private Equity Financing In Infrastructure And Real Estate

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Private Equity Financing in Infrastructure and Real Estate

Author : Josephine Gemson
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811616345
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Private Equity Financing in Infrastructure and Real Estate by : Josephine Gemson

Download or read book Private Equity Financing in Infrastructure and Real Estate written by Josephine Gemson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-04-08 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of Private Equity (PE) financing in the infrastructure and real estate sectors. In doing so, it analyzes the impact of such investments in the two sectors, evaluates the types of financing strategies, and explores the value created by such investments. Infrastructure and Real Estate have emerged as a significant asset class for PE investors. In the last three decades, PE firms have invested significant amounts of capital in infrastructure and real estate – sectors which did not feature in their radar before 2000. Between 2000 and 2009, PE firms invested more than USD 200 billion in infrastructure. Real estate sector also witnessed investments of a similar scale as that of infrastructure. Fundraising for infrastructure and real estate was about USD 100 billion and USD 150 billion respectively in 2019, setting new records and reaching all-time highs. This book examines such PE investments – both at a global level and at an emerging economy level, to identify how PE firms have created an impact with their investments, to provide both ready capital and value-addition to sectors which seem to urgently need both. The book is divided into three sections – impact of PE investments, strategies used by PE firms, and value created by such investments. The findings of this research and the corresponding best practices are useful and applicable to students, academicians, researchers, financial institutions, policy makers and law makers, commercial banks and funding agencies, practitioners, the Government, and other parties who are directly or indirectly associated with the development of infrastructure and real estate; and could aid funding agencies, practitioners and policy makers who are directly responsible for creating and developing infrastructure and real estate for their economies.

The Infrastructure Finance Challenge

Author : Ingo Walter
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1783742968
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (837 download)

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Book Synopsis The Infrastructure Finance Challenge by : Ingo Walter

Download or read book The Infrastructure Finance Challenge written by Ingo Walter and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infrastructure and its effects on economic growth, social welfare, and sustainability receive a great deal of attention today. There is widespread agreement that infrastructure is a key dimension of global development and that its impact reaches deep into the broader economy with important and multifaceted implications for social progress. At the same time, infrastructure finance is among the most complex and challenging areas in the global financial architecture. Ingo Walter, Professor Emeritus of Finance, Corporate Governance and Ethics at the Stern School of Business, New York University, and his team of experts tackle the issue by focussing on key findings backed by serious theoretical and empirical research. The result is a set of viable guideposts for researchers, policy-makers, students and anybody interested in the varied challenges of the contemporary economy.

Infrastructure Finance

Author : Neil S. Grigg
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470481781
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Infrastructure Finance by : Neil S. Grigg

Download or read book Infrastructure Finance written by Neil S. Grigg and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-03-08 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive look at the emergence of infrastructure finance Just as infrastructure development acts as a catalyst for economic growth, it is also changing the landscape for potential investors and the burgeoning field of infrastructure finance. Infrastructure systems for transportation, utilities, and public works are essential for economic growth and have quickly developed into an emerging alternative asset class. Infrastructure Finance examines how the activities associated with updating and creating efficient transportation and communications, reliable and affordable energy, clean water, and other essential systems, have become a profitable financial endeavor. Recently, providing, operating, and maintaining infrastructure has advanced as a recognized and important investment sector that reaches beyond earlier business models. Infrastructure Finance puts this field in perspective and details what you need to know to succeed within it. An informative look at infrastructure finance-an emerging alternative investment for all types of institutional investors Dissects the central organizational and financial issues behind the revolutions that are occurring in infrastructure management and finance Contains detailed guidance for navigating the dynamic field of infrastructure finance Discusses infrastructure as arteries of life for a better world Highlights infrastructure undergoing transformations to adapt to turbulent environments Focuses on Green infrastructure to balance economic and environmental changes As infrastructure finance continues to grow in importance, you'll need to enhance your understanding of its essential aspects. Infrastructure Finance will provide you with the insights to achieve this goal.

Introduction to Private Equity, Debt and Real Assets

Author : Cyril Demaria
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119537371
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Private Equity, Debt and Real Assets by : Cyril Demaria

Download or read book Introduction to Private Equity, Debt and Real Assets written by Cyril Demaria and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-09 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully revised and updated to reflect changes in the private equity sector Building on and refining the content of previous editions, Introduction to Private Equity, Debt and Real Assets, Third Edition adopts the same logical, systematic, factual and long-term perspective on private markets (private equity, private debt and private real assets) combining academic rigour with extensive practical experience. The content has been fully revised to reflect developments and innovations in private markets, exploring new strategies, changes in structuring and the drive of new regulations. New sections have been added, covering fund raising and fund analysis, portfolio construction and risk measurement, as well as liquidity and start-up analysis. In addition, private debt and private real assets are given greater focus, with two new chapters analysing the current state of these evolving sectors. • Reflects the dramatic changes that have affected the private market industry, which is evolving rapidly, internationalizing and maturing fast • Provides a clear, synthetic and critical perspective of the industry from a professional who has worked at many levels within the industry • Approaches the private markets sector top-down, to provide a sense of its evolution and how the current situation has been built • Details the interrelations between investors, funds, fund managers and entrepreneurs This book provides a balanced perspective on the corporate governance challenges affecting the industry and draws perspectives on the evolution of the sector.

Investment Strategies for Retirement

Author : Franck Nicolas
Publisher : Wspc/Ecnup
ISBN 13 : 9789813272002
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Investment Strategies for Retirement by : Franck Nicolas

Download or read book Investment Strategies for Retirement written by Franck Nicolas and published by Wspc/Ecnup. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The issue of pension financing is evolving everywhere, becoming more of a corporate or individual matter rather than a state one. Demographic changes are making sharing mechanisms hard to control, and social deficits often lead governments to pull back from their obligations. This raises many questions for the individual: At what age should I start saving? When should I increase or reduce my savings? How do I secure my income? What products should I choose to supplement my pension and savings? What degree of risk should I take on? Despite the burden for securing one's retirement increasingly placed on individuals, many are often badly prepared to tackle this very long savings process, which is often complicated by the specific characteristics of a pension plan. This publication, intended for investment professionals, customer advisors, and individuals interested in personal finance and asset management, looks at some of the fundamental elements of investment strategies and techniques for retirement.

Strategies of Banks and Other Financial Institutions

Author : Rajesh Kumar
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0124171672
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Strategies of Banks and Other Financial Institutions by : Rajesh Kumar

Download or read book Strategies of Banks and Other Financial Institutions written by Rajesh Kumar and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-07-16 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How and why do strategic perspectives of financial institutions differ by class and region? Strategies of Banks and Other Financial Institutions: Theories and Cases is an introduction to global financial institutions that presents both theoretical and actual aspects of markets and institutions. The book encompasses depository and non-depository Institutions; money markets, bond markets, and mortgage markets; stock markets, derivative markets, and foreign exchange markets; mutual funds, insurance, and pension funds; and private equity and hedge funds. It also addresses Islamic financing and consolidation in financial institutions and markets. Featuring up-to-date case studies in its second half, Strategies of Banks and Other Financial Institutions proposes a useful theoretical framework and strategic perspectives about risk, regulation, markets, and challenges driving the financial sectors. - Describes theories and practices that define classes of institutions and differentiate one financial institution from another - Presents short, focused treatments of risk and growth strategies by balancing theories and cases - Places Islamic banking and finance into a comprehensive, universal perspective

Emerging Markets Megatrends

Author : Rajiv Biswas
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319781235
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Markets Megatrends by : Rajiv Biswas

Download or read book Emerging Markets Megatrends written by Rajiv Biswas and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-16 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an assessment of the megatrends that are reshaping the emerging markets landscape. With developing countries already accounting for 40% of world GDP, emerging markets consumption growth will be an increasingly important growth engine for the world economy over the next two decades. However, emerging markets in many parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America are still facing tremendous economic challenges such as poverty, inequality, weak governance and inadequate infrastructure. The developed nations are no longer insulated from the economic shockwaves impacting developing countries, as globalisation and economic integration have also amplified the transmission effects to the West through immigration flows, cross-border crime and the proliferation of international terrorism. Emerging Markets Megatrends is an essential read for government policymakers, corporate executives, international investors and analysts wishing to understand more about the economic drivers and long-term outlook for emerging markets.

Mastering Private Equity

Author : Claudia Zeisberger
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119327970
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Mastering Private Equity by : Claudia Zeisberger

Download or read book Mastering Private Equity written by Claudia Zeisberger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-08-07 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive guide to private equity for investors and finance professionals Mastering Private Equity was written with a professional audience in mind and provides a valuable and unique reference for investors, finance professionals, students and business owners looking to engage with private equity firms or invest in private equity funds. From deal sourcing to exit, LBOs to responsible investing, operational value creation to risk management, the book systematically distils the essence of private equity into core concepts and explains in detail the dynamics of venture capital, growth equity and buyout transactions. With a foreword by Henry Kravis, Co-Chairman and Co-CEO of KKR, and special guest comments by senior PE professionals. This book combines insights from leading academics and practitioners and was carefully structured to offer: A clear and concise reference for the industry expert A step-by-step guide for students and casual observers of the industry A theoretical companion to the INSEAD case book Private Equity in Action: Case Studies from Developed and Emerging Markets Features guest comments by senior PE professionals from the firms listed below: Abraaj • Adams Street Partners • Apax Partners • Baring PE Asia • Bridgepoint • The Carlyle Group • Coller Capital • Debevoise & Plimpton LLP • FMO • Foundry Group • Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer • General Atlantic • ILPA • Intermediate Capital Group • KKR Capstone • LPEQ • Maxeda • Navis Capital • Northleaf Capital • Oaktree Capital • Partners Group • Permira • Terra Firma

Mastering Private Equity Set

Author : Claudia Zeisberger
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119431069
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Mastering Private Equity Set by : Claudia Zeisberger

Download or read book Mastering Private Equity Set written by Claudia Zeisberger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-07-10 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This set combines the definitive guide to private equity with its case book companion, providing readers with both the tools used by industry professionals and the means to apply them to real-life investment scenarios. 1) Mastering Private Equity was written with a professional audience in mind and provides a valuable and unique reference for investors, finance professionals, students and business owners looking to engage with private equity firms or invest in private equity funds. From deal sourcing to exit, LBOs to responsible investing, operational value creation to risk management, the book systematically distils the essence of private equity into core concepts and explains in detail the dynamics of venture capital, growth equity and buyout transactions. With a foreword by Henry Kravis, Co-Chairman and Co-CEO of KKR, and special guest comments by senior PE professionals. 2) Private Equity in Action takes you on a tour of the private equity investment world through a series of case studies written by INSEAD faculty and taught at the world’s leading business schools. The book is an ideal complement to Mastering Private Equity and allows readersto apply core concepts to investment targets and portfolio companies in real-life settings. The 19 cases illustrate the managerial challenges and risk-reward dynamics common to private equity investment. Written with leading private equity firms and their advisors and rigorously tested in INSEAD's MBA, EMBA and executive education programmes, each case makes for a compelling read.

Financial Integration in Latin America

Author : International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498345891
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Integration in Latin America by : International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Download or read book Financial Integration in Latin America written by International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-04-03 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many Latin American economies have experienced significant reductions in growth recently, as a result of the end of the commodity super-cycle and the rebalancing of China’s growth, and a number of global banks have been leaving the region. AlthoughLatin American countries were generally less affected by the global financial crisis (GFC) than other regions, the region continues also to suffer from the protracted sluggish growth in advanced economies. In addition, there has since 2008 been a withdrawal of global banks from the region, thus potentially worsening access to credit or reducing competition in the financial sector. More broadly, the GFC demonstrated that extreme economic volatility can originate from outside the region, rather than internally, as was the experience of the 1980s and 1990s...

Strengthening Asset-backed Pension Systems in a Post-COVID World

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264935436
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (649 download)

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Book Synopsis Strengthening Asset-backed Pension Systems in a Post-COVID World by : OECD

Download or read book Strengthening Asset-backed Pension Systems in a Post-COVID World written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2022-11-25 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication analyses the impact COVID-19 has had on asset-backed pension arrangements and the main policies countries have implemented in response to date. It then presents policy guidelines to help strengthen asset-backed pension arrangements and improve retirement outcomes in a post-COVID world.

Private Equity in Action

Author : Claudia Zeisberger
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119328020
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Private Equity in Action by : Claudia Zeisberger

Download or read book Private Equity in Action written by Claudia Zeisberger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-08-07 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global Best Practice in Private Equity Investing Private Equity in Action takes you on a tour of the private equity investment world through a series of case studies written by INSEAD faculty and taught at the world's leading business schools. The book is an ideal complement to Mastering Private Equity and allows readers to apply core concepts to investment targets and portfolio companies in real-life settings. The 19 cases illustrate the managerial challenges and risk-reward dynamics common to private equity investment. The case studies in this book cover the full spectrum of private equity strategies, including: Carve-outs in the US semiconductor industry (LBO) Venture investing in the Indian wine industry (VC) Investing in SMEs in the Middle East Turnaround situations in both emerging and developed markets Written with leading private equity firms and their advisors and rigorously tested in INSEAD's MBA, EMBA and executive education programmes, each case makes for a compelling read. As one of the world's leading graduate business schools, INSEAD offers a global educational experience. The cases in this volume leverage its international reach, network and connections, particularly in emerging markets. Private Equity in Action is the companion to Mastering Private Equity: Transformation via Venture Capital, Minority Investments & Buyouts, a reference for students, investors, finance professionals and business owners looking to engage with private equity firms. From deal sourcing to exit, LBOs to responsible investing, operational value creation to risk management, Mastering Private Equity systematically covers all facets of the private equity life cycle.

Lessons from Private Equity Any Company Can Use

Author : Orit Gadiesh
Publisher : Harvard Business Press
ISBN 13 : 142215632X
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (221 download)

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Book Synopsis Lessons from Private Equity Any Company Can Use by : Orit Gadiesh

Download or read book Lessons from Private Equity Any Company Can Use written by Orit Gadiesh and published by Harvard Business Press. This book was released on 2008-02-07 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Private equity firms are snapping up brand-name companies and assembling portfolios that make them immense global conglomerates. They're often able to maximize investor value far more successfully than traditional public companies. How do PE firms become such powerhouses? Learn how, in Lessons from Private Equity Any Company Can Use. Bain chairman Orit Gadiesh and partner Hugh MacArthur use the concise, actionable format of a memo to lay out the five disciplines that PE firms use to attain their edge: · Invest with a thesis using a specific, appropriate 3-5-year goal · Create a blueprint for change--a road map for initiatives that will generate the most value for your company within that time frame · Measure only what matters--such as cash, key market intelligence, and critical operating data · Hire, motivate, and retain hungry managers--people who think like owners · Make equity sweat--by making cash scarce, and forcing managers to redeploy underperforming capital in productive directions This is the PE formulate for unleashing a company's true potential.

Introduction to Private Equity

Author : Cyril Demaria
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470711884
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Private Equity by : Cyril Demaria

Download or read book Introduction to Private Equity written by Cyril Demaria and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-03-30 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Private Equity is a critical yet grounded guide to the private equity industry. Far more than just another introductory guide, the book blends academic rigour with practical experience to provide a critical perspective of the industry from a professional who has worked at many levels within the industry, including insurance, funds of funds, funds and portfolio companies. The book looks at private equity from the point of view of the individual or the business. How is a private business valued? How is the acquisition transaction processed? What are the due diligence issues that should be considered before moving ahead? A valuable insight to a rather opaque market. Introduction to Private Equity covers the private equity industry as a whole, highlighting its historical development in order to put its recent development into perspective. The book covers its organization, governance and function, then details the various segments within the industry, including LBO, Venture Capital, Mezzanine Financing, Growth Capital and beyond. Finally, it offers a framework to anticipate and understand its future developments. It provides a balanced perspective on the current corporate governance challenges which are affecting the industry and draws perspective to understand the evolution of the sector, following one of its major crises.

The Financialization of Latin American Real Estate Markets

Author : Alfonso Valenzuela Aguilera
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000600572
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis The Financialization of Latin American Real Estate Markets by : Alfonso Valenzuela Aguilera

Download or read book The Financialization of Latin American Real Estate Markets written by Alfonso Valenzuela Aguilera and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-07-13 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Financialization of Latin American Real Estate Markets: New Frontiers introduces the fundamental principles of urban economics, housing, and large-scale real estate development in Latin America and equips aspiring investors and developers with the foundations for success in a unique, dynamic region. Using case studies from the Americas, this textbook provides a framework for assessing the economic, technological, social, and political forces that shape urban space, helping readers understand the aims and risks of real estate investment. Chapters on economic theory, novel financial instruments, and the regulatory environment connect real-world practice to the latest scholarly conversations in urban planning, real estate finance and development, and regional studies. Informed by the author’s extensive experience as an academic and practitioner throughout the region, this distinctive resource sheds light on the relationship between financial capital and urban form, and places Latin American cities at the center of the urban economy debate. Features: Provides a thorough introduction to the mechanics of real estate markets, grounding spatial and economic theories with practical examples of the tools used to finance urban development in Latin America Centers around case studies from Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Panama, Argentina, and Colombia—some of the region’s most dynamic markets Presents financial instruments such as mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations, credit default swaps, and real estate investment trusts in a global context Examines State policies and programs for housing and infrastructure in Latin America, demonstrating regional patterns and new perspectives Covers real estate finance from housing to megaprojects, exploring recent trends in infrastructure, commercial centers, and tourism with an eye toward sustainable financing practices for the future Suitable for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students of real estate, urban planning, and Latin American studies, The Financialization of Latin American Real Estate Markets: New Frontiers also serves as essential reading for professionals in international real estate finance and development.

Managing Investment Portfolios

Author : John L. Maginn
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470080140
Total Pages : 960 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Investment Portfolios by : John L. Maginn

Download or read book Managing Investment Portfolios written by John L. Maginn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-03-09 with total page 960 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A rare blend of a well-organized, comprehensive guide to portfolio management and a deep, cutting-edge treatment of the key topics by distinguished authors who have all practiced what they preach. The subtitle, A Dynamic Process, points to the fresh, modern ideas that sparkle throughout this new edition. Just reading Peter Bernstein's thoughtful Foreword can move you forward in your thinking about this critical subject." —Martin L. Leibowitz, Morgan Stanley "Managing Investment Portfolios remains the definitive volume in explaining investment management as a process, providing organization and structure to a complex, multipart set of concepts and procedures. Anyone involved in the management of portfolios will benefit from a careful reading of this new edition." —Charles P. Jones, CFA, Edwin Gill Professor of Finance, College of Management, North Carolina State University

CFA Program Curriculum 2017 Level III, Volumes 1 - 6

Author : CFA Institute
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119315964
Total Pages : 2486 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis CFA Program Curriculum 2017 Level III, Volumes 1 - 6 by : CFA Institute

Download or read book CFA Program Curriculum 2017 Level III, Volumes 1 - 6 written by CFA Institute and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-01 with total page 2486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apply CFA Program concepts and skills to real-world wealth and portfolio management for the 2017 exam The same official curricula that CFA Program candidates receive with program registration is now publicly available for purchase. CFA Program Curriculum 2017 Level III, Volumes 1-6 provides complete, authoritative guidance on synthesizing the entire CFA Program Candidate Body of Knowledge (CBOK) into professional practice for the 2017 exam. This book helps you bring together the skills and concepts from Levels I and II to formulate a detailed, professional response to a variety of real-world scenarios. Coverage spans all CFA Program topics and provides a rigorous treatment of portfolio management, all organized into individual study sessions with clearly defined Learning Outcome Statements. Visual aids clarify complex concepts, and practice questions allow you to test your understanding while reinforcing major content areas. Levels I and II equipped you with foundational investment tools and complex analysis skill; now, you'll learn how to effectively synthesize that knowledge to facilitate effective portfolio management and wealth planning. This study set helps you convert your understanding into a professional body of knowledge that will benefit your clients' financial futures. Master essential portfolio management and compliance topics Synthesize your understanding into professional guidance Reinforce your grasp of complex analysis and valuation Apply ethical and professional standards in the context of real-world cases CFA Institute promotes the highest standards of ethics, education, and professional excellence among investment professionals. The CFA Program Curriculum guides you through the breadth of knowledge required to uphold these standards. The three levels of the program build on each other. Level I provides foundational knowledge and teaches the use of investment tools; Level II focuses on application of concepts and analysis, particularly in the valuation of assets; and Level III builds toward synthesis across topics with an emphasis on portfolio management.