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Power Amplifier Linearization In Broadband Wireless Communication
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Book Synopsis Power Amplifier Linearization in Broadband Wireless Communication by : Somayeh Mohammady
Download or read book Power Amplifier Linearization in Broadband Wireless Communication written by Somayeh Mohammady and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-02 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the Power Amplifier is to boost the radio signal to a sufficient power level for transmission through the air interface from the transmitter to the receiver. It involves solving several contradicting requirements, which are such as linearity and efficiency. Unfortunately, these requirements tend to be mutually exclusive, so that any improvement in linearity is usually achieved at the expense of efficiency, and vice versa. In this book, the adaptive digital predistortion technique has been studied and compared with other techniques. The predistortion circuit inversely models the amplifier's gain and phase characteristics and, when combined with the amplifier, produces an overall system that is more linear and reduces the amplifier's distortion.
Book Synopsis Bandwidth and Efficiency Enhancement in Radio Frequency Power Amplifiers for Wireless Transmitters by : Karun Rawat
Download or read book Bandwidth and Efficiency Enhancement in Radio Frequency Power Amplifiers for Wireless Transmitters written by Karun Rawat and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-05 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on broadband power amplifier design for wireless communication. Nonlinear model embedding is described as a powerful tool for designing broadband continuous Class-J and continuous class F power amplifiers. The authors also discuss various techniques for extending bandwidth of load modulation based power amplifiers, such as Doherty power amplifier and Chireix outphasing amplifiers. The book also covers recent trends on digital as well as analog techniques to enhance bandwidth and linearity in wireless transmitters. Presents latest trends in designing broadband power amplifiers; Covers latest techniques for using nonlinear model embedding in designing power amplifiers based on waveform engineering; Describes the latest techniques for extending bandwidth of load modulation based power amplifiers such as Doherty power amplifier and Chireix outphasing amplifiers; Includes coverage of hybrid analog/digital predistortion as wideband solution for wireless transmitters; Discusses recent trends on on-chip power amplifier design with GaN /GaAs MMICs for high frequency applications.
Book Synopsis Power Efficiency in Broadband Wireless Communications by : Pooria Varahram
Download or read book Power Efficiency in Broadband Wireless Communications written by Pooria Varahram and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-08-29 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power Efficiency in Broadband Wireless Communications focuses on the improvement of power efficiency in wireless communication systems, especially of mobile devices. Reviewing cutting-edge techniques for conserving power and boosting power efficiency, the book examines various technologies and their impact on consumer devices. It considers each technology, first by introducing the main physical layer components in recent wireless communication systems along with their shortcomings, and then proposing solutions for overcoming these shortcomings. The book covers orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal generation and formulation and examines the advantages and disadvantages of OFDM systems compared to alternative multiplexing. It introduces one of the main drawbacks of OFDM systems, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), and discusses several PAPR techniques. It also explains how to overcome the main drawbacks of real-world OFDM system applications. Considers power amplifier linearization for increasing power efficiency and reducing system costs and power dissipation Describes the implementation scenario of the most promising linearization technique, digital predistortion Presents some experimental demonstrations of digital predistortion when the device under test is in the loop Because the most costly device in a communication system that has a direct impact on power efficiency and power consumption is the power amplifier, the book details the behavior and characteristics of different classes of power amplifiers. Describing the evolution of the mobile cellular communication system, it details a cost-effective technique to help you increase power efficiency, reduce system costs, and prolong battery life in next generation mobile devices.
Book Synopsis Power Efficiency in Broadband Wireless Communications by : Pooria Varahram
Download or read book Power Efficiency in Broadband Wireless Communications written by Pooria Varahram and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-08-29 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power Efficiency in Broadband Wireless Communications focuses on the improvement of power efficiency in wireless communication systems, especially of mobile devices. Reviewing cutting-edge techniques for conserving power and boosting power efficiency, the book examines various technologies and their impact on consumer devices. It considers each tec
Book Synopsis Power Amplifier Linearization in Wireless Communication Systems by : Pooria Varahram
Download or read book Power Amplifier Linearization in Wireless Communication Systems written by Pooria Varahram and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-08 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power Amplifiers (PAs) are one of the key elements in communication systems and they are nonlinear in a certain operation region. The nonlinearity generates spectral regrowth, which leads to Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) and violations of the out of band emission. To reduce the nonlinearity, the power amplifier can be backed off to operate within the linear portion of its operating curve. However, transmission formats such as Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), have high Peak to Average Power Ratios (PAPR), it means the large fluctuations in their signal envelopes. This means that the power amplifier needs to be backed off far from its saturation point, which results in very low efficiencies, typically less than 10%, more than 90% of the dc power is lost and turns into heat. By increasing the number of the base stations and then the number of power amplifiers, improvement in efficiency of the power amplifier reduce the cost of the system. To enhance the power amplifier efficiency without compromising its linearity, power amplifier linearization is essential.
Book Synopsis Combined Linearization of Both Analog and Digital Pre-Distortion for Broadband Radio Over Fiber Transmission by : Xiaoran Xie
Download or read book Combined Linearization of Both Analog and Digital Pre-Distortion for Broadband Radio Over Fiber Transmission written by Xiaoran Xie and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The benefits of rapid wireless communication development are continuously being enjoyed by people all over the world. However, the increasing number of wireless applications leads to surge in demand of spectrum resources which conflicts with the limited band resources. One solution is increasing the available band resources, but a more effective way is improving the utilization of the existing bandwidth. In the Fourth Generation (4G) wireless communication and Wi-Fi standard, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique is introduced. As an OFDM signal is a non-constant envelope signal and usually has a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), it is very sensitive to the distortion caused by the nonlinear response of inline components in transmission systems. Within a system, the nonlinearity is basically due to two areas. First, RF power amplifier (PA) is a main contributor. For efficient operation, the PA is set to the saturation zone where a high amount of nonlinearity is present. Consequently, the nonlinearity in the power amplifier will be unbearably high. This nonlinearity is called quiescent nonlinearity. Moreover, with the increasing of signal bandwidth and transmission rate, the memory effect may occur. So, in the 4G and 5G wireless system, both phenomenon should be considered. Second, when radio over fiber (RoF) transmission is incorporated into front-haul transmission systems, it is capable of simplifying the remote radio units (RRU) from complex signal processing, thus potentially cost-effect. However, optical sideband modulation is used in RoF, and nonlinear distortion is induced to the signals. Therefore, RoF is another contributor to high quiescent nonlinearity. The nonlinearity from RF PA, RoF system, and other devices will cause out-of-band spectral regrowth and in-band distortion. These problems lead to performance degradation. Some techniques to overcome the limitation of the above nonlinearity were proposed such as feed-forward, feed-back, pre-distortion, and post-distortion. Among these techniques, pre-distortion methods have been widely adopted for its flexible and robust mechanism in the modern ultra-wideband communication systems.Pre-distortion is divided into two branches: Analog Pre-distortion (APD) and Digital Pre-distortion (DPD). The basic idea of APD is using dedicated nonlinearity devices, like a diode or field effect transistor, to generate a certain nonlinearity that can compensate a PA or RoF system. With the APD method, the odd order of intermodulation distortion (IMD) is usually compensated, but APD devices cannot fix the memory effect induced by PA. Different from the APD method, the DPD linearizes a communication system by digital means. With some digital processing methods, DPD is capable of compensating both memory effect and quiescent nonlinearity. However, the baseband DPD cannot suppress out-of-band distortion, while RF DPD requires costly RF detectors and A/D converters with a high sampling rateIn view of the fact that both APD and DPD have their advantages and disadvantages, a new pre-distortion method of combined APD and DPD is proposed. This new method can both suppress the quiescent nonlinearity and memory effect in a transmission system or PA. Here, APD is used to compensate the third order Intermodulation Distortion (IMD3) induced by an RoF system and the DPD is used to suppress the memory effect that mainly comes from the PA, in addition to in-band nonlinear distortion.The validity of proposed pre-distortion method is proved in both simulation and experiment. In the simulation, an RoF transmission system model is built to induce both quiescent nonlinearity and memory effect. The RoF model is based on measured data. The PA model is an evolved Wiener-Hammerstein model that can induce both long-term and short-term memory effect. The APD circuit is designed and simulated in software Advanced Design System (ADS). In the simulation, the performance of the proposed pre-distortion method is evaluated by the improvement of Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) and IMD3. After determining the optimal memory depth and optimal RF input power in terms of EVM and IMD3, three cases are considered in the simulation. The first case is a general two-band LTE signal. Two LTE signals located at 800 MHz and 900 MHz pass through the simulation system. It is shown that an average 21.6-dB improvement of EVM, an average 4.6-dB improvement of IMD3, and a 23.8-dB improvement of Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) are obtained. In the second case, a two-band LTE signal is located at 800 MHz and 840 MHz. It is shown that a 11.3 dB improvement of EVM, a 9.8 dB improvement of IMD3, and a 9.3 dB improvement of ACPR are achieved. For the third case that is a three-band test, three signals are set to 800 MHz, 850 MHz and 900 MHz. It is shown that a 16.7 dB improvement of EVM, a 21.8 dB improvement of IMD3, and a 18.4 dB improvement of ACPR are got. In the first two cases, 2D-DPD is used as DPD method, and for the third case the RF DPD method is used. The APD circuit used in all three cases is an anti-parallel Schottky diodes based circuit that was designed and fabricated by a former student. The results of the proposed pre-distortion method is compared to traditional DPD-only and APD-only. It is revealed that the proposed pre-distortion method results in higher improvement in EVM, ACPR, and IMD3. This means that the advantages of APD and DPD were combined successfully.The experiments further verify the advantages of proposed linearization method. Like the simulation, three cases are also considered in experiments. For case one with two-band LTE signal located at 800 MHz and 900 MHz, it is shown that a 11.0 dB improvement of EVM, a 15.0 dB improvement of IMD3, and 19.4 dB improvement of ACPR are obtained. For case two with two-band LTE signal located at 800 MHz and 840 MHz, it is shown that an 8.2 dB improvement of EVM, a 16.8 dB improvement of IMD3, and a 4.6 dB improvement of ACPR are achieved. For case three with three LTE signals at 800 MHz, 850 MHz, and 900 MHz, it is shown that a 10.1 dB improvement in EVM, a 16.9 dB improvement in IMD3, and an 8.6 dB improvement in ACPR are achieved. Moreover, the proposed pre-distortion method leads to better performance in EVM, IMD3, and ACPR than APD-only or DPD-only method.At the end of the thesis, another evolved 2D-DPD method is proposed based on the mathematical model of combined analog and digital pre-distortion method. The high order nonlinear memory effect is ignored in evolved 2D-DPD. Therefore, the number of coefficients is reduced while the performance remains almost the same. This relationship between the coefficients number and nonlinearity order is discussed. Finally, a simple simulation is done which proves the benefits of evolved 2D-DPD.
Book Synopsis High-Efficiency Load Modulation Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications by : Zhancang Wang
Download or read book High-Efficiency Load Modulation Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications written by Zhancang Wang and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2017-06-30 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This cutting-edge resource presents a complete and systematic overview of the practical design considerations of radio frequency (RF) high efficiency load modulation power amplifiers (PA) for modern wireless communications for 4G and beyond. It provides comprehensive insight into all aspects of load modulation PA design and optimization not only covering design approaches specifically for passive and active load modulation operation but also hybrid with dynamic supply modulation and digital signal processing algorithms required for performance enhancement. Passive load impedance tuner design, dynamic load modulation PA, active load modulation PA and Doherty PA design for efficiently enhancement are explained. Readers find practical guidance into load modulation PA design for bandwidth extension, including video bandwidth enhancement techniques, broadband dynamic load amplifiers, topology selection, design procedures, and network output. This book presents the evolution and integration of classical load modulation PA topologies in order to meet new challenges in the field.
Book Synopsis Signal Processing Techniques for Power Efficient Wireless Communication Systems by : Fernando Gregorio
Download or read book Signal Processing Techniques for Power Efficient Wireless Communication Systems written by Fernando Gregorio and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a synthesis of the research carried out in the Laboratory of Signal Processing and Communications (LaPSyC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina, since 2003. It presents models and techniques widely used by the signal processing community, focusing on low-complexity methodologies that are scalable to different applications. It also highlights measures of the performance and impact of each compensation technique. The book is divided into three parts: 1) basic models 2) compensation techniques and 3) applications in advanced technologies. The first part addresses basic architectures of transceivers, their component blocks and modulation techniques. It also describes the performance to be taken into account, regardless of the distortions that need to be compensated. In the second part, several schemes of compensation and/or reduction of imperfections are explored, including linearization of power amplifiers, compensation of the characteristics of analog-to- digital converters and CFO compensation for OFDM modulation. The third and last part demonstrates the use of some of these techniques in modern wireless-communication systems, such as full-duplex transmission, massive MIMO schemes and Internet of Things applications.
Book Synopsis Control Engineering and Information Systems by : Zhijing Liu
Download or read book Control Engineering and Information Systems written by Zhijing Liu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-01-19 with total page 1052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Control Engineering and Information Systems contains the papers presented at the 2014 International Conference on Control Engineering and Information Systems (ICCEIS 2014, Yueyang, Hunan, China, 20-22 June 2014). All major aspects of the theory and applications of control engineering and information systems are addressed, including: Intelligent s
Book Synopsis Concurrent Multi-band Envelope Tracking Power Amplifiers for Emerging Wireless Communications by : Hassan Sarbishaei
Download or read book Concurrent Multi-band Envelope Tracking Power Amplifiers for Emerging Wireless Communications written by Hassan Sarbishaei and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging wireless communication is shifting toward data-centric broadband services, resulting in employment of sophisticated and spectrum efficient modulation and access techniques. This yields communication signals with large peak-to-average power ratios (PAPR) and stringent linearity requirements. For example, future wireless communication standard, such as long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) require adoption of carrier aggregation techniques to improve their effective modulation bandwidth. The carrier aggregation technique for LTE-A incorporates multiple carriers over a wide frequency range to create a wider bandwidth of up to 100MHz. This will require future power amplifiers (PAs) and transmitters to efficiently amplify concurrent multi-band signals with large PAPR, while maintaining good linearity. Different back-off efficiency enhancement techniques are available, such as envelope tracking (ET) and Doherty. ET has gained a lot of attention recently as it can be applied to both base station and mobile transmitters. Unfortunately, few publications have investigated concurrent multi-band amplification using ET PAs, mainly due to the limited bandwidth of the envelope amplifier. In this thesis, a novel approach to enable concurrent amplification of multi-band signals using a single ET PA will be presented. This thesis begins by studying the sources of nonlinearities in single-band and dual-band PAs. Based on the analysis, a design methodology is proposed to reduce the sources of memory effects in single-band and dual-band PAs from the circuit design stage and improve their linearizability. Using the proposed design methodology, a 45W GaN PA was designed. The PA was linearized using easy to implement, memoryless digital pre-distortion (DPD) with 8 and 28 coefficients when driven with single-band and dual-band signals, respectively. This analysis and design methodology will enable the design of PAs with reduced memory effects, which can be linearized using simple, power efficient linearization techniques, such as lookup table or memoryless polynomial DPD. Note that the power dissipation of the linearization engine becomes crucial as we move toward smaller base station cells, such as femto- and pico-cells, where complicated DPD models cannot be implemented due to their significant power overhead. This analysis is also very important when implementing a multi-band ET PA system, where the sources of memory effects in the PA itself are minimized through the proposed design methodology. Next, the principle of concurrent dual-band ET operation using the low frequency component (LFC) of the envelope of the dual-band signal is presented. The proposed dual-band ET PA modulates the drain voltage of the PA using the LFC of the envelope of the dual-band signal. This will enable concurrent dual-band operation of the ET PA without posing extra bandwidth requirements on the envelope amplifier. A detailed efficiency and linearity analysis of the dual-band ET PA is also presented. Furthermore, a new dual-band DPD model with supply dependency is proposed in this thesis, capable of capturing and compensating for the sources of distortion in the dual-band ET PA. To the best of our knowledge, concurrent dual-band operation of ET PAs using the LFC of the envelope of the dual-band signal is presented for the first time in the literature. The proposed dual-band ET operation is validated using the measurement results of two GaN ET PA prototypes. Lastly, the principle of concurrent dual-band ET operation is extended to multi-band signals using the LFC of the envelope of the multi-band signal. The proposed multi-band ET operation is validated using the measurement results of a tri-band ET PA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported tri-band ET PA in literature. The tri-band ET PA is linearized using a new tri-band DPD model with supply dependency.
Book Synopsis Distributed CMOS Bidirectional Amplifiers by : Ziad El-Khatib
Download or read book Distributed CMOS Bidirectional Amplifiers written by Ziad El-Khatib and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-05-02 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes methods to design distributed amplifiers useful for performing circuit functions such as duplexing, paraphrase amplification, phase shifting power splitting and power combiner applications. A CMOS bidirectional distributed amplifier is presented that combines for the first time device-level with circuit-level linearization, suppressing the third-order intermodulation distortion. It is implemented in 0.13um RF CMOS technology for use in highly-linear, low-cost UWB Radio-over-Fiber communication systems.
Book Synopsis RF Transceiver Design for MIMO Wireless Communications by : Abbas Mohammadi
Download or read book RF Transceiver Design for MIMO Wireless Communications written by Abbas Mohammadi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-15 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical resource offers a thorough examination of RF transceiver design for MIMO communications. Offering a practical view on MIMO wireless systems, this book extends fundamental concepts on classic wireless transceiver design techniques to MIMO transceivers. This helps reader gain a very comprehensive understanding of the subject. This in-depth volume describes many theoretical and implementation challenges on MIMO transceivers and provides the practical solutions for these issues. This comprehensive book provides thorough descriptions of MIMO theoretical concepts, MIMO single carrier and OFDM modulation, RF transceiver design concepts, power amplifier, MIMO transmitter design techniques and their RF impairments, MIMO receiver design methods, RF impairments study including nonlinearity, DC-offset, I/Q imbalance and phase noise and their compensation in OFDM and MIMO techniques. In addition, it provides the most practical techniques to realize RF front-ends in MIMO systems. This book is supported with many design equations and illustrations. The first book dedicated to RF Transceiver design for MIMO systems, this volume serves as a current, one-stop guide offering you cost-effective solutions for your challenging projects in the field.
Book Synopsis Performance Optimization Techniques in Analog, Mixed-Signal, and Radio-Frequency Circuit Design by : Fakhfakh, Mourad
Download or read book Performance Optimization Techniques in Analog, Mixed-Signal, and Radio-Frequency Circuit Design written by Fakhfakh, Mourad and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving the performance of existing technologies has always been a focal practice in the development of computational systems. However, as circuitry is becoming more complex, conventional techniques are becoming outdated and new research methodologies are being implemented by designers. Performance Optimization Techniques in Analog, Mix-Signal, and Radio-Frequency Circuit Design features recent advances in the engineering of integrated systems with prominence placed on methods for maximizing the functionality of these systems. This book emphasizes prospective trends in the field and is an essential reference source for researchers, practitioners, engineers, and technology designers interested in emerging research and techniques in the performance optimization of different circuit designs.
Book Synopsis 'Advances in Microelectronics: Reviews', Vol_1 by : Sergey Yurish
Download or read book 'Advances in Microelectronics: Reviews', Vol_1 written by Sergey Yurish and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2017-12-24 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1st volume of 'Advances in Microelectronics: Reviews' Book Series contains 19 chapters written by 72 authors from academia and industry from 16 countries. With unique combination of information in each volume, the 'Advances in Microelectronics: Reviews' Book Series will be of value for scientists and engineers in industry and at universities. In order to offer a fast and easy reading of the state of the art of each topic, every chapter in this book is independent and self-contained. All chapters have the same structure: first an introduction to specific topic under study; second particular field description including sensing applications. Each of chapter is ending by well selected list of references with books, journals, conference proceedings and web sites. This book ensures that readers will stay at the cutting edge of the field and get the right and effective start point and road map for the further researches and developments.
Book Synopsis Behavioral Modeling and Predistortion of Wideband Wireless Transmitters by : Fadhel M. Ghannouchi
Download or read book Behavioral Modeling and Predistortion of Wideband Wireless Transmitters written by Fadhel M. Ghannouchi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-05-12 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers theoretical and practical aspects related to the behavioral modelling and predistortion of wireless transmitters and power amplifiers. It includes simulation software that enables the users to apply the theory presented in the book. In the first section, the reader is given the general background of nonlinear dynamic systems along with their behavioral modelling from all its aspects. In the second part, a comprehensive compilation of behavioral models formulations and structures is provided including memory polynomial based models, box oriented models such as Hammerstein-based and Wiener-based models, and neural networks-based models. The book will be a valuable resource for design engineers, industrial engineers, applications engineers, postgraduate students, and researchers working on power amplifiers modelling, linearization, and design.
Book Synopsis Linear CMOS RF Power Amplifiers by : Hector Solar Ruiz
Download or read book Linear CMOS RF Power Amplifiers written by Hector Solar Ruiz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-14 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work establishes the design flow for the optimization of linear CMOS power amplifiers from the first steps of the design to the final IC implementation and tests. The authors also focuses on design guidelines of the inductor’s geometrical characteristics for power applications and covers their measurement and characterization. Additionally, a model is proposed which would facilitate designs in terms of transistor sizing, required inductor quality factors or minimum supply voltage. The model considers limitations that CMOS processes can impose on implementation. The book also provides different techniques and architectures that allow for optimization.
Book Synopsis Low-Power High-Resolution Analog to Digital Converters by : Amir Zjajo
Download or read book Low-Power High-Resolution Analog to Digital Converters written by Amir Zjajo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-29 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the fast advancement of CMOS fabrication technology, more and more signal-processing functions are implemented in the digital domain for a lower cost, lower power consumption, higher yield, and higher re-configurability. This has recently generated a great demand for low-power, low-voltage A/D converters that can be realized in a mainstream deep-submicron CMOS technology. However, the discrepancies between lithography wavelengths and circuit feature sizes are increasing. Lower power supply voltages significantly reduce noise margins and increase variations in process, device and design parameters. Consequently, it is steadily more difficult to control the fabrication process precisely enough to maintain uniformity. The inherent randomness of materials used in fabrication at nanoscopic scales means that performance will be increasingly variable, not only from die-to-die but also within each individual die. Parametric variability will be compounded by degradation in nanoscale integrated circuits resulting in instability of parameters over time, eventually leading to the development of faults. Process variation cannot be solved by improving manufacturing tolerances; variability must be reduced by new device technology or managed by design in order for scaling to continue. Similarly, within-die performance variation also imposes new challenges for test methods. In an attempt to address these issues, Low-Power High-Resolution Analog-to-Digital Converters specifically focus on: i) improving the power efficiency for the high-speed, and low spurious spectral A/D conversion performance by exploring the potential of low-voltage analog design and calibration techniques, respectively, and ii) development of circuit techniques and algorithms to enhance testing and debugging potential to detect errors dynamically, to isolate and confine faults, and to recover errors continuously. The feasibility of the described methods has been verified by measurements from the silicon prototypes fabricated in standard 180nm, 90nm and 65nm CMOS technology.
