Potential Evaluation Oil Palm Frond Juice For Bioethanol Fermentation

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Potential Evaluation Oil Palm Frond Juice for Bioethanol Fermentation

Author : Dhiyatul Ridhwan Md Nasarudin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Potential Evaluation Oil Palm Frond Juice for Bioethanol Fermentation by : Dhiyatul Ridhwan Md Nasarudin

Download or read book Potential Evaluation Oil Palm Frond Juice for Bioethanol Fermentation written by Dhiyatul Ridhwan Md Nasarudin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fossil fuels degrade abundantly since 21st century. The usages of fossil fuels tend to emit the greenhouse gases that effect to global warming as well human health. To overcome these problems, the bioethanol introduced by the researches to substitute the fossil fuels. Bioethanol is a bioenergy produced by yeast fermentation at several conditions compared to conventional fossil fuels. Bioethanol is being studied because the unique properties and renewable fuels. The production of bioethanol in industrial scale involved high cost due to the usage of foods as sugar raw materials. Thus, this research is to evaluate the oil palm frond (OPF) juice as raw material for bioethanol fermentation. In this study, the bioethanol produces in shake flask by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and OPF juice as medium component. Three parameters study are initial pH of medium, agitation speed, and OPF juice concentration. The best condition of parameters determine by the highest ethanol concentration produce. Inoculum prepared in shake flask to cultivate the yeast in medium growth and ferment in 250 ml shake flasks containing medium growth and beef extract. The flasks incubate in 48 hours, 12 hours interval for sample withdraw. The products analyse for sugar concentration and bioethanol concentration. The expected results for the best condition in bioethanol fermentation are in pH 7, 150 rpm agitation speed and 100% volume percentage of OPF juice concentration.

Optimization of Bioethanol Production Using Oil Palm Frond Juice

Author : Lawanya K. Ramu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimization of Bioethanol Production Using Oil Palm Frond Juice by : Lawanya K. Ramu

Download or read book Optimization of Bioethanol Production Using Oil Palm Frond Juice written by Lawanya K. Ramu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents the optimum conditions for producing bioethanol using oil palm frond juice. Bioethanol has been gaining much interest recently in terms of research and development. Since there are various factors such as rising oil price, environmental issues and high rate consumption of fossil fuel, the global demand for bioethanol has shown a remarkable increase. Oil palm frond is known to be the most generated oil palm biomass annually. OPF is obtained during pruning for harvesting fresh fruit bunch, and the juice can be produced by pressing the fresh OPF using the conventional sugarcane pressing machine. The OPF juice contains higher glucose content, which is about 70% of the total free sugar. Hence, it has a high potential to be the carbon source for producing bioethanol. The parameters investigated in this research work are temperature, pH and agitation speed. Bioethanol was produced from oil palm frond juice by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ethanol concentration from the fermentation sample was analysed using HPLC. Using the ethanol concentration obtained from HPLC analysis, the optimum condition for the production of bioethanol was determined using the Response Surface Methodology with the aid of Design Expert software. The results revealed that, a maximum bioethanol concentration of 22.93 g/L can be obtained at the following optimum conditions : temperature of 32oC, pH 6 and agitation speed of 80 rpm. The validation result revealed that at this optimum condition, a bioethanol yield of 30.1% , which is close to the predicted value, can be obtained.

Studies on Pretreatment and Biosugars Recovery from Oil Palm Frond Juice

Author : Faatihah Mohamad Asri
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 75 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies on Pretreatment and Biosugars Recovery from Oil Palm Frond Juice by : Faatihah Mohamad Asri

Download or read book Studies on Pretreatment and Biosugars Recovery from Oil Palm Frond Juice written by Faatihah Mohamad Asri and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis jacq) frond (OPF) has a great potential to be commercialized due to its abundance as an oil palm solid wastes that are generated during oil palm agriculture and harvest. OPF juice has been identified as a good candidate to replace pure or technical grade sugars for the production of value-added products. Recently, it has been reported that OPF juice can be used as the sole renewable carbon source for the production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB). In order to further evaluate the future prospect of OPF juice as fermentation feedstock, in-depth investigation on the bioconversion of OPF juice to produce other valuable products such as lactic acid and bioethanol will be the focus of future research project. Prior to that, OPF juice has to be treated to remove the precipitate as well as others impurities. This study has to be done at the first place in order to further enhance the sugars recovery to increase the concentration and purity of the renewable sugars contained in the OPF juice. In order to achieve this objective, three different pre-treatment processes including chemical treatment with calcium chloride, heat and chemical treatment with hydrogen peroxide and activated carbon adsorption was applied. The process parameters obtained from sugar analysis provided an insight information about the effect of the different pretreatment methods on sugar content in OPF juice. The treated juice was subjected to further process which is purification and recovery using conventional method i.e., crystallization and spray drying.

Optimization and Kinetic Modeling of Ethanol Production from Oil Palm Frond Juice in Batch Fermentation

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimization and Kinetic Modeling of Ethanol Production from Oil Palm Frond Juice in Batch Fermentation by :

Download or read book Optimization and Kinetic Modeling of Ethanol Production from Oil Palm Frond Juice in Batch Fermentation written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk SAP

Author : Nurul Ain Jalanni
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk SAP by : Nurul Ain Jalanni

Download or read book Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk SAP written by Nurul Ain Jalanni and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Old oil palm trunk becomes a promising source of sugars by proper aging after logging and, thus, its sap can be a good feedstock for bioethanol. It aims to develop alternative resources waste to wealth for bio-ethanol production using available biomass in this country. To produce high production of bioethanol, determine fermentation conditions are important in culture fermentation to predict the optimum temperature and optimum inoculums size. The process selection includes preparation of pure culture, yeast activation, fermentation profile, and validation between two types of yeast, batch fermentation and analysis of the data. The overall process performance is measured by the productivity and quality of bioethanol produced. Glucose was thoroughly nearly consumed after 48 hour for the fermentation profile. Validation experiment between showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kyokai 7 produce high yield of ethanol. The effects of temperature (25- 40 oC),and percentage inoculums (5- 15 %v/v) on ethanol yield were assessed by using 24 full factorial design (FFD) and validated statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum temperature is 25.29 celcius and optimum inoculum size is 10.54 % .Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kyokai 7 produced 41.43% higher ethanol compared to S.cerevisiae. The mean percentage error is 10.32 in screening parameter experiment. The influence of temperature was found to be more pronounced on ethanol yield compare to others parameter.

Sustainable Biofuels

Author : Ramesh C. Ray
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128223928
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Biofuels by : Ramesh C. Ray

Download or read book Sustainable Biofuels written by Ramesh C. Ray and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-04-08 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Biofuels: Opportunities and challenges, a volume in the "Applied Biotechnology Reviews series, explores the state-of-the-art in research and applied technology for the conversion of all types of biofuels. Its chapters span a broad spectrum of knowledge, from fundamentals and technical aspects to optimization, combinations, economics, and environmental aspects. They cover various facets of research, production, and commercialization of bioethanol, biodiesel, biomethane, biohydrogen, biobutanol, and biojet fuel. This book discusses biochemical, thermochemical, and hydrothermal conversion of unconventional feedstocks, including the role of biotechnology applications to achieve efficiency and competitiveness. Through case studies, techno-economic analysis and sustainability assessment, including life cycle assessment, it goes beyond technical aspects to provides actual resources for better decision-making during the development of commercially viable technology by researchers, PhD students, and practitioners in the field of bioenergy. It is also a useful resource for those in adjacent areas, such as biotechnology, industrial microbiology, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and sustainability science, who are working on solutions for the bioeconomy. The ability to compare different technologies and their outcome that this book provides is also beneficial for energy analysts, consultants, planners, and policy-makers. The "Applied Biotechnology Reviews series highlights current development and research in biotechnology-related fields, combining in single-volume works the theoretical aspects and real-world applications for better decision-making. - Covers current technologies and advancements in biochemical, thermochemical, and hydrothermal conversion methods for production of various types of biofuels from conventional and nonconventional feedstock - Examines biotechnology processes, including genetic engineering of microorganisms and substrates, applied to biofuel production - Bridges the gap between technology development and prospects of commercialization of bioprocesses, including policy and economics of biofuel production, biofuel value chains, and how to accomplish cost-competitive results and sustainable development

Sustainability of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass

Author : Keat Teong Lee
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9814451703
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainability of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass by : Keat Teong Lee

Download or read book Sustainability of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass written by Keat Teong Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-30 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book evaluates and discusses the main sustainability challenges encountered in the production of biofuel and bio-products from oil palm biomass. It starts off with the emphasis on oil palm production, oil palm products recovery and oil palm wastes utilization. The simultaneous production of these bio-products for sustainable development is discussed. This is followed by the key factors defining the sustainability of biofuel and bio-product production from oil palm biomass. The environmental issues including ecological, life cycle assessment and environmental impact assessment of oil palm plantation, milling and refining for the production of biofuels and bio-products are presented. Socio-economic and thermodynamic analysis of the production processes are also evaluated using various sustainability assessment tools such as exergy. Lastly, methods of improving biofuel production systems for sustainable development are highlighted.

Bioethanol: A Green Energy Substitute for Fossil Fuels

Author : Eriola Betiku
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031365429
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioethanol: A Green Energy Substitute for Fossil Fuels by : Eriola Betiku

Download or read book Bioethanol: A Green Energy Substitute for Fossil Fuels written by Eriola Betiku and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book looks deeply into the prospects for using ethanol as a greener alternative to fossil fuels and the technical and scientific issues that surround them. Ethanol, with its numerous advantages, has emerged as a promising contender to replace gasoline as a fuel source. Currently, it is commercially available as a blend with gasoline, commonly known as E10 and E25, utilizing various ratios of ethanol. Despite its clear benefits over gasoline, the widespread adoption of ethanol as a fuel remains hindered by its limited availability. In this insightful book, we aim to explore the multifaceted challenges surrounding ethanol's full integration into our energy landscape, employing a comprehensive approach through review manuscripts. Leading worldwide experts, known for their deep understanding of ethanol as a fuel, have contributed to the book. Their valuable insights and contributions enrich the book's content, offering readers a comprehensive exploration of the subject matter. This book is a compelling resource for researchers, energy professionals, and anyone interested in understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of ethanol as a substitute for gasoline.

Identification and Optimization of Process Parameters for the Production of Bioethanol from the Fermentation of Oil Palm Trunks SAP

Download Identification and Optimization of Process Parameters for the Production of Bioethanol from the Fermentation of Oil Palm Trunks SAP PDF Online Free

Author : Norhazimah Abdul Halim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 115 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Identification and Optimization of Process Parameters for the Production of Bioethanol from the Fermentation of Oil Palm Trunks SAP by : Norhazimah Abdul Halim

Download or read book Identification and Optimization of Process Parameters for the Production of Bioethanol from the Fermentation of Oil Palm Trunks SAP written by Norhazimah Abdul Halim and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil palm trunk (OPT) is generated from the replantation of oil palm trees at every 25-30 years interval, left as troublesome waste as it becomes the source of infection to young oil palm trees. This OPT contains a high amount of ready-to-use sugar in the form of sap which can be directly fermented to the most fermentation products. The fermentation process for ethanol production from OPT sap was evaluated in order to produce larger amount of bioethanol. The feasibility of yeast S. cerevisiae to produce bioethanol from OPT sap was investigated along with the effect of different strains of S. cerevisiae and different pretreated mediums. It was proven that yeast S.cerevisiae was able to produce bioethanol even though the OPT sap undergoes less pretreatment compared to the previous works done by the other reseachers. The highest bioethanol yield and productivity had been obtained by using S. cerevisiae Kyokai no.7 in heat sterilized sap. The effects of temperature, initial pH, agitation rate, percentage inoculum and time of incubation were explored using 2-level full factorial design in order to find out the main factor that affecting bioethanol fermentation from the OPT sap. The factors of temperature, initial pH and agitation rate were chosen for optimization study based on the higher percentage contribution (>5 %) and lower p-values (

Metagenomics

Author : Muniyandi Nagarajan
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128134038
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Metagenomics by : Muniyandi Nagarajan

Download or read book Metagenomics written by Muniyandi Nagarajan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-10-29 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metagenomics: Perspectives, Methods, and Applications provides thorough coverage of the growing field of metagenomics. A diverse range of chapters from international experts offer an introduction to the field and examine methods for metagenomic analysis of microbiota, metagenomic computational tools, and recent metagenomic studies in various environments. The emphasis on application makes this text particularly useful for applied researchers, practitioners, clinicians and students seeking to employ metagenomic approaches to advance knowledge in the biomedical and life sciences. Case-study based application chapters examine topics ranging from viral metagenome profiling, metagenomics in oral disease and health, metagenomic insights into the human gut microbiome and metabolic syndromes, and more. Additionally, perspectives on future potential at the end of each chapter provoke new thought and motivations for continued study in this exciting and fruitful research area. - Provides thorough coverage of the rapidly growing field of metagenomics, with an emphasis on applications of relevance to translational researchers, practitioners, clinicians and students - Features a diverse range of chapters from international experts that offer an introduction to the field and examine methods for metagenomic analysis of microbiota, metagenomic computational tools and research pipelines - Highlights perspectives on future potential at the end of each chapter to provoke new thought and motivations for continued study in this exciting and fruitful research area

Biofuels and Biochemicals Production

Author : Thaddeus Ezeji
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3038425540
Total Pages : 197 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Biofuels and Biochemicals Production by : Thaddeus Ezeji

Download or read book Biofuels and Biochemicals Production written by Thaddeus Ezeji and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-04-13 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Biofuels and Biochemicals Production" that was published in Fermentation

Bioprocessing for Biofuel Production

Author : Neha Srivastava
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811570701
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioprocessing for Biofuel Production by : Neha Srivastava

Download or read book Bioprocessing for Biofuel Production written by Neha Srivastava and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-28 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Converting biomass to biofuels involves hydrolyzing cellulose to sugars using cost-intensive commercial enzymes – an expensive step that makes large-scale production economically non-viable. As such, there is a need for low-cost bioprocessing. This book critically evaluates the available bioprocessing technologies for various biofuels, and presents the latest research in the field. It also highlights the recent developments, current challenges and viable alternative approaches to reduce the overall cost of producing biofuels.

Fossil Free Fuels

Author : Maniruzzaman Bin A. Aziz
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000711595
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Fossil Free Fuels by : Maniruzzaman Bin A. Aziz

Download or read book Fossil Free Fuels written by Maniruzzaman Bin A. Aziz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many approaches have been undertaken to mitigate global climate change, including the movement away from fossil fuels. Fossil Free Fuels: Trends in Renewable Energy examines several key topics, such as the utilization of biofuels as a sustainable renewable resource, recycling and untapped waste-to-energy products, and other carbon-neutral strategies in various industries, such as the transportation, construction, and manufacturing sectors. It provides recent updates on the latest technologies, modeling, design, and technical aspects, as well as several practical case studies. The current world energy scenario is examined and various solutions to larger environmental problems are outlined in terms of the shift to more alternative energy sources. Features: Minimizes technical jargon in a straightforward style for a wider audience Discusses sustainable options for different industries, such as the use of green materials in the construction sector, biofuels for transportation, and many more Includes numerous illustrations, tables, and figures to aid in understanding This book serves as a practical reference for engineers, researchers, environmental consultants working in renewable energy industries, and students.

Microbial Resource Technologies for Sustainable Development

Author : Joginder Singh
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323913261
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Resource Technologies for Sustainable Development by : Joginder Singh

Download or read book Microbial Resource Technologies for Sustainable Development written by Joginder Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-06-25 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial Resource Technologies for Sustainable Development describes the production and uses of microbial cells and metabolites and reviews the microbial resource technologies associated with providing sustainable solutions options in future endeavors in managing microbial resources. The book includes the recent development and scientific demonstrations of microbial technologies in the relationship between microbes and the environment, focusing on its effective resource management to achieve agricultural and environmental sustainability. Topics covered in the book include recent applications and exploration of the development of Marine Microbial Technologies for marine resources, soil microbes as biopolymers for enhancing mechanical properties of soil, and more. Other topics discussed include rhizosphere microbiome for enhancement of the cereal crops, endophytic fungal communities in crops grown under different farming systems, microbiota of termite for lignocellulose breakdown, microbial consortium technologies to produce biomethane from waste effluents, microbial technologies for sustainable food additives production, biological synthesis of the nanoparticles, fungal cellulases, and efficient biofuel and acetic acid production using waste residues with an emphasis on the commercial exploitation of such microbial technologies. Discusses the enhancement of plant production through growth-promoting microbes Considers microbial degradation and environmental management of wastes Covers microbial applications in biofuel and bioenergy production Explores plant-microbe interactions for removal of heavy metals from contaminated areas Explains engineered microorganisms for effective bioremediation Describes potential indigenous/effective microbes for food and industrial treatment processes Presents research on microbes for sustainable agricultural practices

Study on Bioethanol Production by Using Oil Palm Trunk (opt) Sap

Author : Seng Miao Chai
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Study on Bioethanol Production by Using Oil Palm Trunk (opt) Sap by : Seng Miao Chai

Download or read book Study on Bioethanol Production by Using Oil Palm Trunk (opt) Sap written by Seng Miao Chai and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fossil fuels were used in large quantities as a solvent and chemical feedstock in various industries. Due to limited stock of fossil fuel and rapid increase of energy demand in Malaysia, bioethanol has become a very important and necessary alternative energy source in order to replace the limited fossil fuel stock. Hence, this paper presents the study on bioethanol production by using oil palm trunk (OPT) sap which mainly focusing on substrate concentration effect toward the yield, productivity rate, and kinetic behaviour of cell growth in different substrate concentration This research was carried out by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 in 200mL conical flask, under 30oC anaerobic condition. The research are focusing on the inoculums culture preparation, fermentation process, sample preparation, and analyzing methods. It was found that bioethanol production is increase when substrate concentration increase, from 14g/L in 60% substrate concentration, followed by 18g/L in 80% OPT sap to 22g/L in 100% OPT sap. With the highest sugar content in the medium, S. cerevisiae can produce faster ethanol production within 30 hours of fermentation duration. However, high bioethanol concentration in the process will cause the cell growth rate falls due to the product inhibition. Besides, glucose consumption rate were found out that inversely proportional to the substrate concentration whereas ethanol production rate and cell growth rate were directly proportional to the substrate concentration. Moreover, specific bioethanol production yield was found out that exceed 0.482, 0.516, and 0.465 for 60%, 80%, and 100% of substrate concentration respectively. These results will be useful in the future scale up processes.

Applied Parameter Estimation for Chemical Engineers

Author : Peter Englezos
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780203904695
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Applied Parameter Estimation for Chemical Engineers by : Peter Englezos

Download or read book Applied Parameter Estimation for Chemical Engineers written by Peter Englezos and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-10-12 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book determines adjustable parameters in mathematical models that describe steady state or dynamic systems, presenting the most important optimization methods used for parameter estimation. It focuses on the Gauss-Newton method and its modifications for systems and processes represented by algebraic or differential equation models.

Pretreatment Empty Fruit Bunch of Oil Palm Tree for Improving Enzymatic Saccharification

Author : Sutikno Sutikno
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Pretreatment Empty Fruit Bunch of Oil Palm Tree for Improving Enzymatic Saccharification by : Sutikno Sutikno

Download or read book Pretreatment Empty Fruit Bunch of Oil Palm Tree for Improving Enzymatic Saccharification written by Sutikno Sutikno and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Empty fruit bunch of oil palm tree (EFBOPT), solid waste of palm oil industries, is potential for raw materials of biofuel especially bioethanol production because of its cellulose and hemicellulose contents. There are four steps to produce bioethanol, called the second generation bioethanol, from EFBOPT or other lignocellulosic materials. The steps are (a) pretreatment of lignocellulose biomass into cellulose/hemicellulose, (b) hydrolysis of cellulose/hemicellulose into monosaccharides, (c) fermentation of monosaccharides into bioethanol, and (d) recovery of bioethanol from medium fermentation broth. Pretreatment steps are the key success factor to convert lignocellulosic materials into bioethanol. This paper will review EFBOPT and pretreatment steps, including physical pretreatments, physicochemical pretreatments, and biological pretreatments.