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Political Forces And Policymaking To Protect The Chesapeake Bay From Industrial Farm Animal Pollution
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Book Synopsis Political Forces and Policymaking to Protect the Chesapeake Bay from Industrial Farm Animal Pollution by : Jillian Parry Fry
Download or read book Political Forces and Policymaking to Protect the Chesapeake Bay from Industrial Farm Animal Pollution written by Jillian Parry Fry and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Watersheds around the world are plagued by pollution caused by human activity, and agriculture is a main pollution source. Industrial farm animal production (IFAP) compounds the problem of agriculture pollution because it involves clustering large populations of animals in small areas. IFAP often involves a nutrient imbalance due to the geographic decoupling of animals and grains grown for feed, resulting in water pollution when manure is spread on cropland too small to absorb the available nutrients. This food production method is associated with numerous public health problems caused by air and water pollution. The Chesapeake Bay watershed, in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, has received extraordinary attention and funding for decades aimed at reducing pollution and restoring the bay. Despite this, significant improvement in water quality and sea life has not occurred. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has put forth a new regulatory effort to hold states accountable while allowing them to decide how to reduce pollution in their jurisdictions. A qualitative case study was conducted to examine the policy system surrounding animal agriculture regulations in the watershed. Data collection methods included document and media review, participant observation, and stakeholder interviews. The study found that public health is largely left out of newspaper coverage of the restoration effort and stakeholders' work to influence policy. The advocacy coalition framework was applied to the policy subsystem in Maryland. Economic and political characteristics of the agriculture industry coalition in the state were identified that prevent significant policy change, even in a setting with a vast body of scientific evidence supporting the need for more stringent agriculture regulations. Maryland's approach to agriculture pollution, including current regulations and the plan put forth for meeting the EPA's pollution limits, relies on policies fraught with limitations. These include significant loopholes, lax enforcement, a weak set of requirements that do not adequately address pollution, no effort to address the underlying nutrient imbalance, funding sustainability issues, and potential to increase pollution. These limitations are, in part, due to the absence of public health considerations in the policy subsystem and the agriculture industry's immense political power. Many other regions in the U.S. and around the world are impacted by the ecologic and public health effects caused by IFAP and do not have a large body of scientific evidence to inform the policy making process. The unique situation in the Chesapeake Bay watershed illustrates the limitations of scientific evidence when the focus of stakeholders is mostly on ecologic impacts and the polluting industry has significant political power. Research aimed at studying the nature and extent of public health issues in Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay watershed caused by IFAP could alter the policy debate by shifting the focus away from ecologic concerns to human health impacts. Educating the public, stakeholders, and policy makers on the specific health problems suffered by local communities due to air and water pollution from 1FAP could result in policy change that takes more into account than just water pollution from nutrient runoff, but political obstacles to such policy change are significant.
Book Synopsis Chesapeake Bay Blues by : Howard R. Ernst
Download or read book Chesapeake Bay Blues written by Howard R. Ernst and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2003-04-02 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chesapeake Bay restoration effort has been touted as the nation's premier environmental restoration program. Yet the Bay and the living systems it supports remain in dismally poor condition, with fisheries in decline and drinking water in danger. This book addresses the Chesapeake Bay as a political problem and reveals how the political process has worked against the interests of science, the public, and environmental advocates all at once. Author Howard Ernst shows that the forces driving environmental degradation are sown deeply into the political soul of America, posing menacing challenges to those fighting to restore large ecosystems like the Chesapeake Bay. The book serves as a political roadmap for the future, suggesting how a different course of policy action is needed to 'Save the Bay.'
Book Synopsis The Chesapeake in Focus by : Tom Pelton
Download or read book The Chesapeake in Focus written by Tom Pelton and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2018-03-21 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking to the future, Pelton offers a provocative vision of the hard steps that must be taken if we truly want to save the Bay.
Book Synopsis An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay by : United States Department of Agriculture
Download or read book An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay written by United States Department of Agriculture and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-07-13 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2010, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) was established for the Chesapeake Bay, defining the limits on emissions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment necessary to reverse declines in the Bay's quality and associated biological resources. Agriculture is the largest single source of nutrients and sediment in the watershed. We use data on crop and animal agriculture in the watershed to assess the relative effectiveness of alternative policy approaches for achieving the nutrient and sediment reduction goals of the TMDL, ranging from voluntary financial incentives to regulations. The cost of achieving water quality goals depends heavily on which policy choices are selected and how they are implemented. We found that policies that provide incentives for water quality improvements are the most efficient, assuming necessary information on pollutant delivery is available for each field. Policies that directly encourage adoption of management systems that protect water quality (referred to as design-based) are the most practical, given the limited information that is generally available to farmers and resource agencies. Information on field characteristics can be used to target design-based policies to improve efficiency.
Book Synopsis An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay by : United States Department of Agriculture
Download or read book An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay written by United States Department of Agriculture and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-09 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2010, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) was established for the Chesapeake Bay, defining the limits on emissions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment necessary to reverse declines in the Bay's quality and associated biological resources. Agriculture is the largest single source of nutrients and sediment in the watershed. We use data on crop and animal agriculture in the watershed to assess the relative effectiveness of alternative policy approaches for achieving the nutrient and sediment reduction goals of the TMDL, ranging from voluntary financial incentives to regulations. The cost of achieving water quality goals depends heavily on which policy choices are selected and how they are implemented. We found that policies that provide incentives for water quality improvements are the most efficient, assuming necessary information on pollutant delivery is available for each field. Policies that directly encourage adoption of management systems that protect water quality (referred to as design-based) are the most practical, given the limited information that is generally available to farmers and resource agencies. Information on field characteristics can be used to target design-based policies to improve efficiency
Book Synopsis Agriculture Non-point Source Pollution Control by : Rita Cestti
Download or read book Agriculture Non-point Source Pollution Control written by Rita Cestti and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last few decades the quality of many international water bodies has deteriorated, resulting in economic losses from declines in the fishing industry and in tourism, as well as a loss of biodiversity and health impacts from contaminated water. This deterioration has been caused by many factors including nutrient run-off from agriculture, insufficiently treated sewage, drainage of wetlands, coastal erosion, introduction of exotic species, eutrophication and inadequate resource management. One of the most significant sources of degradation has been form excessive discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds (nutrients), due to the poor management practices used in agricultural, domestic and industrial activities. This publication aims to draw the attention of professionals and practitioners working in agricultural and environmental sectors to the experience and successes of the environmentally friendly good agricultural practices being used in the Chesapeake Bay Region of the United States to reduce nutrient loads in water.
Book Synopsis An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay by : Marc Ribaudo
Download or read book An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay written by Marc Ribaudo and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Systems written by Barbara Weaver and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Policies for Agricultural Pollution Control by : J. S. Shortle
Download or read book Environmental Policies for Agricultural Pollution Control written by J. S. Shortle and published by CABI. This book was released on 2001-09-05 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the environmental problems associated with agriculture, particularly the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and the disposal of animal waste. These have become major policy issues in many countries, with the main polluting effect being on water quality. As with other types of pollution, significant reductions in agriculture's contribution to water pollution requires the application of either enforceable regulatory approaches or changes in the economic environment, so that farmers adopt environmentally-friendly production practices. Providing a review and guide to the policy options and their economic administrative and political merits, the reader can develop an understanding of these options and their merits in the emerging policy context. The principal focus is on the developed world, particularly North America and Europe. The book is aimed at advanced students, researchers and professionals in agricultural economics and policy, and environmental and pollution sciences.
Book Synopsis Clean Coastal Waters by : National Research Council
Download or read book Clean Coastal Waters written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-17 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.
Book Synopsis The Environmental Case by : Judith A. Layzer
Download or read book The Environmental Case written by Judith A. Layzer and published by CQ Press. This book was released on 2023-06-05 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Answers to environmental issues are not black and white. Debates around policy are often among those with fundamentally different values, and the way that problems and solutions are defined plays a central role in shaping how those values are translated into policy. The Environmental Case captures the real-world complexity of creating environmental policy, and this much-anticipated Sixth Edition contains 14 carefully constructed cases, including a new study of the Salton Sea crisis. Through her analysis, Sara Rinfret continues the work of Judith Layzer and explores the background, players, contributing factors, and outcomes of each case, and gives readers insight into some of the most interesting and controversial issues in U.S. environmental policymaking.
Book Synopsis Achieving Nutrient and Sediment Reduction Goals in the Chesapeake Bay by : National Research Council
Download or read book Achieving Nutrient and Sediment Reduction Goals in the Chesapeake Bay written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-09-26 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chesapeake Bay is North America's largest and most biologically diverse estuary, as well as an important commercial and recreational resource. However, excessive amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment from human activities and land development have disrupted the ecosystem, causing harmful algae blooms, degraded habitats, and diminished populations of many species of fish and shellfish. In 1983, the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) was established, based on a cooperative partnership among the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the state of Maryland, and the commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and the District of Columbia, to address the extent, complexity, and sources of pollutants entering the Bay. In 2008, the CBP launched a series of initiatives to increase the transparency of the program and heighten its accountability and in 2009 an executive order injected new energy into the restoration. In addition, as part of the effect to improve the pace of progress and increase accountability in the Bay restoration, a two-year milestone strategy was introduced aimed at reducing overall pollution in the Bay by focusing on incremental, short-term commitments from each of the Bay jurisdictions. The National Research Council (NRC) established the Committee on the Evaluation of Chesapeake Bay Program Implementation for Nutrient Reduction in Improve Water Quality in 2009 in response to a request from the EPA. The committee was charged to assess the framework used by the states and the CBP for tracking nutrient and sediment control practices that are implemented in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and to evaluate the two-year milestone strategy. The committee was also to assess existing adaptive management strategies and to recommend improvements that could help CBP to meet its nutrient and sediment reduction goals. The committee did not attempt to identify every possible strategy that could be implemented but instead focused on approaches that are not being implemented to their full potential or that may have substantial, unrealized potential in the Bay watershed. Because many of these strategies have policy or societal implications that could not be fully evaluated by the committee, the strategies are not prioritized but are offered to encourage further consideration and exploration among the CBP partners and stakeholders.
Book Synopsis The Environmental Implications of Population Dynamics by : Lori M. Hunter
Download or read book The Environmental Implications of Population Dynamics written by Lori M. Hunter and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2000 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses the relationship between population and environmental change, the forces that mediate this relationship, and how population dynamics specifically affect climate change and land-use change.
Book Synopsis Agricultural Practices and Water Quality by : Ted L. Willrich
Download or read book Agricultural Practices and Water Quality written by Ted L. Willrich and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SEDIMENT AS A WATER POLLUTANT; PLANT NUTRIENTS AS WATER POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES AS WATER POLLUTANTS; ANIMAL WASTES AS WATER POLLUTANTS; AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS; AGRICULTURE'S INVOLVEMENT IN POLLUTED AND CLEAN WATER.
Book Synopsis Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply by : National Research Council
Download or read book Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-02-17 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1997, New York City adopted a mammoth watershed agreement to protect its drinking water and avoid filtration of its large upstate surface water supply. Shortly thereafter, the NRC began an analysis of the agreement's scientific validity. The resulting book finds New York City's watershed agreement to be a good template for proactive watershed management that, if properly implemented, will maintain high water quality. However, it cautions that the agreement is not a guarantee of permanent filtration avoidance because of changing regulations, uncertainties regarding pollution sources, advances in treatment technologies, and natural variations in watershed conditions. The book recommends that New York City place its highest priority on pathogenic microorganisms in the watershed and direct its resources toward improving methods for detecting pathogens, understanding pathogen transport and fate, and demonstrating that best management practices will remove pathogens. Other recommendations, which are broadly applicable to surface water supplies across the country, target buffer zones, stormwater management, water quality monitoring, and effluent trading.
Book Synopsis The Unsettling of America by : Wendell Berry
Download or read book The Unsettling of America written by Wendell Berry and published by Turtleback Books. This book was released on 1996-03-01 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical inquiry into the ways Americans have exploited and continue to exploit the land that sustains them, tracing attitudes toward and methods of farming from the eighteenth century to the present
Download or read book The Ocean Economy in 2030 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2016-04-27 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report explores the growth prospects for the ocean economy, its capacity for future employment creation and innovation, and its role in addressing global challenges. Special attention is devoted to the emerging ocean-based industries.
