Plant Biotechnology, Volume 2

Download Plant Biotechnology, Volume 2 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 135181947X
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Biotechnology, Volume 2 by : Sangita Sahni

Download or read book Plant Biotechnology, Volume 2 written by Sangita Sahni and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-22 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the second of the new two-volume Plant Biotechnology set. This volume covers many recent advances in the development of transgenic plants that have revolutionized our concepts of sustainable food production, cost-effective alternative energy strategies, microbial biofertilizers and biopesticides, and disease diagnostics through plant biotechnology. With the advancements in plant biotechnology, many of the customary approaches are out of date, and an understanding of new updated approaches is needed. This volume presents information related to recent methods of genetic transformation, gene silencing, development of transgenic crops, biosafety issues, microbial biotechnology, oxidative stress, and plant disease diagnostics and management. Key features: Provides an in-depth knowledge of various techniques of genetic transformation of plants, chloroplast, and fungus Describes advances in gene silencing in plants Discusses transgenic plants for various traits and their application in crop improvement Looks at genetically modified foods and biodiesel production Describes biotechnological approaches in horticultural and ornamental plants Explores the biosafety aspect associated with transgenic crops Considers the role of microbes in sustainable agriculture

Plant Biotechnology

Download Plant Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0199282617
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Biotechnology by : Adrian Slater

Download or read book Plant Biotechnology written by Adrian Slater and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2008-03-27 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant Biotechnology presents a balanced, objective exploration of the technology behind genetic manipulation, and its application to the growth and cultivation of plants. The book describes the techniques underpinning genetic manipulation and makes extensive use of case studies to illustrate how this influential tool is used in practice.

Plant Biotechnology

Download Plant Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030683451
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Biotechnology by : Agnès Ricroch

Download or read book Plant Biotechnology written by Agnès Ricroch and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-30 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written in easy to follow language, the book presents cutting-edge agriculturally relevant plant biotechnologies and applications in a manner that is accessible to all. This book updates and introduces the scope and method of plant biotechnologies and molecular breeding within the context of environmental analysis and assessment, a diminishing supply of productive arable land, scarce water resources and climate change. New plant breeding techniques including CRISPR-cas system are now tools to meet these challenges both in developed countries and in developing countries. Ethical issues, intellectual property rights, regulation policies in various countries related to agricultural biotechnology are examined. The rapid developments in plant biotechnology are explained to a large audience with relevant examples. New varieties of crops can be adapted to new climatic conditions in order to reduce pest-associated losses and the adverse abiotic effects

Plant Biology and Biotechnology

Download Plant Biology and Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 8132222830
Total Pages : 768 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (322 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Biology and Biotechnology by : Bir Bahadur

Download or read book Plant Biology and Biotechnology written by Bir Bahadur and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-19 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant genomics and biotechnology have recently made enormous strides, and hold the potential to benefit agriculture, the environment and various other dimensions of the human endeavor. It is no exaggeration to claim that the twenty-first century belongs to biotechnology. Knowledge generation in this field is growing at a frenetic pace, and keeping abreast of the latest advances and calls on us to double our efforts. Volume II of this two-part series addresses cutting-edge aspects of plant genomics and biotechnology. It includes 37 chapters contributed by over 70 researchers, each of which is an expert in his/her own field of research. Biotechnology has helped to solve many conundrums of plant life that had long remained a mystery to mankind. This volume opens with an exhaustive chapter on the role played by thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, which is believed to be the Drosophila of the plant kingdom and an invaluable model plant for understanding basic concepts in plant biology. This is followed by chapters on bioremediation, biofuels and biofertilizers through microalgal manipulation, making it a commercializable prospect; discerning finer details of biotic stress with plant-fungal interactions; and the dynamics of abiotic and biotic stresses, which also figure elsewhere in the book. Breeding crop plants for desirable traits has long been an endeavor of biotechnologists. The significance of molecular markers, marker assisted selection and techniques are covered in a dedicated chapter, as are comprehensive reviews on plant molecular biology, DNA fingerprinting techniques, genomic structure and functional genomics. A chapter dedicated to organellar genomes provides extensive information on this important aspect. Elsewhere in the book, the newly emerging area of epigenetics is presented as seen through the lens of biotechnology, showcasing the pivotal role of DNA methylation in effecting permanent and transient changes to the genome. Exclusive chapters deal with bioinformatics and systems biology. Handy tools for practical applications such as somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation are included to provide frontline information to entrepreneurs, as is a chapter on somaclonal variation. Overcoming barriers to sexual incompatibility has also long been a focus of biotechnology, and is addressed in chapters on wide hybridization and hybrid embryo rescue. Another area of accomplishing triploids through endosperm culture is included as a non-conventional breeding strategy. Secondary metabolite production through tissue cultures, which is of importance to industrial scientists, is also covered. Worldwide exchange of plant genetic material is currently an essential topic, as is conserving natural resources in situ. Chapters on in vitro conservation of extant, threatened and other valuable germplasms, gene banking and related issues are included, along with an extensive account of the biotechnology of spices – the low-volume, high-value crops. Metabolic engineering is another emerging field that provides commercial opportunities. As is well known, there is widespread concern over genetically modified crops among the public. GM crops are covered, as are genetic engineering strategies for combating biotic and abiotic stresses where no other solutions are in sight. RNAi- and micro RNA- based strategies for crop improvement have proved to offer novel alternatives to the existing non-conventional techniques, and detailed information on these aspects is also included. The book’s last five chapters are devoted to presenting the various aspects of environmental, marine, desert and rural biotechnology. The state-of-the-art coverage on a wide range of plant genomics and biotechnology topics will be of great interest to post-graduate students and researchers, including the employees of seed and biotechnology companies, and to instructors in the fields of plant genetics, breeding and biotechnology.

Advances in Plant Biotechnology

Download Advances in Plant Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0444599401
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Plant Biotechnology by : D.D.Y. Ryu

Download or read book Advances in Plant Biotechnology written by D.D.Y. Ryu and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume, contributed to by a group of 46 research scientists and engineers, focuses on the integration of two aspects of plant biotechnology - the basic plant science and applied bioprocess engineering. Included in this book are 17 chapters, each dealing with specific topics of current interest with three coherent themes of: plant gene expression, regulation and manipulation; plant cell physiology and metabolism and their regulation; and bioprocess engineering and bioreactor performance of plant cell cultures. All of these topics are integrated into a main theme of "enabling plant biotechnology" relevant to the production of secondary metabolites. This book will be of great value to all plant cell biologists and molecular geneticists, and all those interested in the integration of plant science and bioprocess engineering for development of enabling technology relevant to the production of plant secondary metabolites.

Plant Biotechnology and Genetics

Download Plant Biotechnology and Genetics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118589483
Total Pages : 554 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Biotechnology and Genetics by : C. Neal Stewart, Jr.

Download or read book Plant Biotechnology and Genetics written by C. Neal Stewart, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-12-13 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed to inform and inspire the next generation of plant biotechnologists Plant Biotechnology and Genetics explores contemporary techniques and applications of plant biotechnology, illustrating the tremendous potential this technology has to change our world by improving the food supply. As an introductory text, its focus is on basic science and processes. It guides students from plant biology and genetics to breeding to principles and applications of plant biotechnology. Next, the text examines the critical issues of patents and intellectual property and then tackles the many controversies and consumer concerns over transgenic plants. The final chapter of the book provides an expert forecast of the future of plant biotechnology. Each chapter has been written by one or more leading practitioners in the field and then carefully edited to ensure thoroughness and consistency. The chapters are organized so that each one progressively builds upon the previous chapters. Questions set forth in each chapter help students deepen their understanding and facilitate classroom discussions. Inspirational autobiographical essays, written by pioneers and eminent scientists in the field today, are interspersed throughout the text. Authors explain how they became involved in the field and offer a personal perspective on their contributions and the future of the field. The text's accompanying CD-ROM offers full-color figures that can be used in classroom presentations with other teaching aids available online. This text is recommended for junior- and senior-level courses in plant biotechnology or plant genetics and for courses devoted to special topics at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also an ideal reference for practitioners.

Handbook Of Plant Biotechnology, Vol.2 Vols. Set (hb)

Download Handbook Of Plant Biotechnology, Vol.2 Vols. Set (hb) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788126524167
Total Pages : 1420 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (241 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook Of Plant Biotechnology, Vol.2 Vols. Set (hb) by : Paul Christou

Download or read book Handbook Of Plant Biotechnology, Vol.2 Vols. Set (hb) written by Paul Christou and published by . This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 1420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture

Download Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123814669
Total Pages : 625 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture by : Arie Altman

Download or read book Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture written by Arie Altman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the oldest and largest human intervention in nature, the science of agriculture is one of the most intensely studied practices. From manipulation of plant gene structure to the use of plants for bioenergy, biotechnology interventions in plant and agricultural science have been rapidly developing over the past ten years with immense forward leaps on an annual basis. This book begins by laying the foundations for plant biotechnology by outlining the biological aspects including gene structure and expression, and the basic procedures in plant biotechnology of genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. It then focuses on a discussion of the impacts of biotechnology on plant breeding technologies and germplasm sustainability. The role of biotechnology in the improvement of agricultural traits, production of industrial products and pharmaceuticals as well as biomaterials and biomass provide a historical perspective and a look to the future. Sections addressing intellectual property rights and sociological and food safety issues round out the holistic discussion of this important topic. Includes specific emphasis on the inter-relationships between basic plant biotechnologies and applied agricultural applications, and the way they contribute to each other Provides an updated review of the major plant biotechnology procedures and techniques, their impact on novel agricultural development and crop plant improvement Takes a broad view of the topic with discussions of practices in many countries

Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology

Download Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439896143
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology by : Robert N. Trigiano

Download or read book Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology written by Robert N. Trigiano and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-03-30 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under the vast umbrella of Plant Sciences resides a plethora of highly specialized fields. Botanists, agronomists, horticulturists, geneticists, and physiologists each employ a different approach to the study of plants and each for a different end goal. Yet all will find themselves in the laboratory engaging in what can broadly be termed biotechnol

Plant Biotechnology

Download Plant Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429614624
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Biotechnology by : S. Umesha

Download or read book Plant Biotechnology written by S. Umesha and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-01-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant Biotechnology comprehensively covers different aspects of the subject based on the latest outcomes of this field. Topics such as tissue culture, nutrient medium, micronutrients, macronutrients, solidifying agents/supporting systems, and growth regulators have been dealt with extensively. The book also discusses in detail plant genetic engineering for productivity and performance, resistance to herbicides, insect resistance, resistance to abiotic stresses, molecular marker aided breeding, molecular markers, types of markers, and biochemical markers. Different aspects of important issues in plant biotechnology, commercial status and public acceptance, biosafety guidelines, gene flow and IPR have been also thoroughly examined. This book caters to the needs of graduate, postgraduate and researchers. Please note: This volume is Co-published with The Energy and Resources Institute Press, New Delhi. Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

Plant Biotechnology, Volume 1

Download Plant Biotechnology, Volume 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351819518
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Biotechnology, Volume 1 by : Bishun Deo Prasad

Download or read book Plant Biotechnology, Volume 1 written by Bishun Deo Prasad and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-22 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, first of this new two-volume set, provides an informative tour of the basics of biotechnology to recent advances in biotechnology. Knowledge of new and fresh approaches is a prerequisite to solving plant biological problems, and to this end, the editors have brought together a group of contributors who address the most recent techniques and their applications in plant biotechnology. The chapters discuss some recent techniques such as TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes), advances in molecular techniques to study diversity, protein purification, and methods and analysis in protein-protein interaction detection. The volume also covers molecular markers and QTL mapping, including four chapters that deal with different molecular markers, development of mapping populations, and association mapping for dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits in plants in sufficient detail. The knowledge of biotechnology techniques and their applications will be valuable for researchers and scientists as well as for the many students engaged in plant biotechnology studies.

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology

Download Plant Breeding and Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521823890
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Breeding and Biotechnology by : Denis Murphy

Download or read book Plant Breeding and Biotechnology written by Denis Murphy and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-30 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive 2007 survey of modern plant breeding traces its history from the earliest experiments at the dawn of the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century to the present day and the existence of high tech agribusiness. Murphy tells the story from the perspective of a scientist working in this field, offering a rationale and evidence-based insight into its development. Crop improvement is examined from both a scientific and socio-economic perspective and the ways in which these factors interact and impact on agricultural development are discussed, including debates on genetically-modified food. Murphy highlights concerns over the future of plant breeding, as well as potential options to enable us to meet the challenges of feeding the world in the 21st century. This thoroughly interdisciplinary and balanced account serves as an essential resource for everyone involved with plant breeding research, policy and funding, as well as those wishing to engage with current debates.

Plant Biotechnology, Two-Volume Set

Download Plant Biotechnology, Two-Volume Set PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781351817561
Total Pages : 1275 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant Biotechnology, Two-Volume Set by : Bishun Deo Prasad

Download or read book Plant Biotechnology, Two-Volume Set written by Bishun Deo Prasad and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 1275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Recent advances in the development of transgenic plants have revolutionized our concepts of sustainable food production, cost-effective alternative energy strategies, microbial biofertilizers and biopesticides, and disease diagnostics through plant biotechnology. As a result, a number of transgenic plants have been developed with improved traits. With the advancement of plant biotechnology, many of the customary approaches are out of date. This new two-volume set, Plant Biotechnology, provides a plethora of current knowledge on new as well as fresh approaches that are necessary to address biological problems in plant food production. The volumes provide an informative tour of plant biotechnology, covering the basics of biotechnology to recent advances, taking a thorough look at applications as well. The editors have brought together a respected group of contributors who address the most recent techniques and their applications in plant biotechnology.Volume 1 covers the principles, techniques, and applications while Volume 2 delves into transgenics, stress management, and biosafety issues.The volumes share recent information related to recent methods of genetic transformation, gene silencing, development of transgenic crops, biosafety issues, microbial biotechnology, oxidative stress, plant disease diagnostics and management, and more. Broken into subsections, the two volumes cover: History, scope and importance of plant biotechnologyPlant tissue cultureTechniques in molecular biologyMolecular markers and QTL mappingGenetic transformationGene silencing in plantTransgenic crops and biosafetyMicrobial biotechnologyOxidative stressPlant disease diagnostics and managementThis two-volume set will be a valuable resource for research and university libraries as well as for the many students engaged in plant biotechnology studies as well as faculty and researchers. "--Provided by publisher.

Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 2

Download Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 2 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303038196X
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 2 by : K. M. Gothandam

Download or read book Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 2 written by K. M. Gothandam and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-01 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the technological insight on biorefinery and nanoremediation and provides comprehensive reviews on applications of Biochar for environmental sustainability. Critical review on biosurfectants in food applications as well as sustainable agricultural practices has also been provided in this book. It also highlights the microbial-omics and microRNAs for protecting ecotoxicity. Overall, this book provides critical as well as comprehensive chapters on wastewater treatment using different technologies.

Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Download Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128024984
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences by : Saurabh Bhatia

Download or read book Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences written by Saurabh Bhatia and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-07-22 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences explores advanced techniques in plant biotechnology, their applications to pharmaceutical sciences, and how these methods can lead to more effective, safe, and affordable drugs. The book covers modern approaches in a practical, step-by-step manner, and includes illustrations, examples, and case studies to enhance understanding. Key topics include plant-made pharmaceuticals, classical and non-classical techniques for secondary metabolite production in plant cell culture and their relevance to pharmaceutical science, edible vaccines, novel delivery systems for plant-based products, international industry regulatory guidelines, and more. Readers will find the book to be a comprehensive and valuable resource for the study of modern plant biotechnology approaches and their pharmaceutical applications. Builds upon the basic concepts of cell and plant tissue culture and recombinant DNA technology to better illustrate the modern and potential applications of plant biotechnology to the pharmaceutical sciences Provides detailed yet practical coverage of complex techniques, such as micropropogation, gene transfer, and biosynthesis Examines critical issues of international importance and offers real-life examples and potential solutions

Biotechnology for Beginners

Download Biotechnology for Beginners PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323855709
Total Pages : 476 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biotechnology for Beginners by : Reinhard Renneberg

Download or read book Biotechnology for Beginners written by Reinhard Renneberg and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2023-01-16 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biotechnology for Beginners, Third Edition presents the latest developments in the evolving field of biotechnology which has grown to such an extent over the past few years that increasing numbers of professional’s work in areas that are directly impacted by the science. This book offers an exciting and colorful overview of biotechnology for professionals and students in a wide array of the life sciences, including genetics, immunology, biochemistry, agronomy and animal science. This book will also appeals to lay readers who do not have a scientific background but are interested in an entertaining and informative introduction to the key aspects of biotechnology. Authors Renneberg and Loroch discuss the opportunities and risks of individual technologies and provide historical data in easy-to-reference boxes, highlighting key topics. The book covers all major aspects of the field, from food biotechnology to enzymes, genetic engineering, viruses, antibodies, and vaccines, to environmental biotechnology, transgenic animals, analytical biotechnology, and the human genome. Covers the whole of biotechnology Presents an extremely accessible style, including lavish and humorous illustrations throughout Includes new chapters on CRISPR cas-9, COVID-19, the biotechnology of cancer, and more

Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (3/e)

Download Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (3/e) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439843600
Total Pages : 1081 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (3/e) by : H S Chawla

Download or read book Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (3/e) written by H S Chawla and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-05-24 with total page 1081 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been written to meet the needs of students for biotechnology courses at various levels of undergraduate and graduate studies. This book covers all the important aspects of plant tissue culture viz. nutrition media, micropropagation, organ culture, cell suspension culture, haploid culture, protoplast isolation and fusion, secondary metabolite production, somaclonal variation and cryopreservation. For good understanding of recombinant DNA technology, chapters on genetic material, organization of DNA in the genome and basic techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology have been added. Different aspects on rDNA technology covered gene cloning, isolation of plant genes, transposons and gene tagging, in vitro mutagenesis, PCR, molecular markers and marker assisted selection, gene transfer methods, chloroplast and mitochondrion DNA transformation, genomics and bioinformatics. Genomics covers functional and structural genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, sequencing status of different organisms and DNA chip technology. Application of biotechnology has been discussed as transgenics in crop improvement and impact of recombinant DNA technology mainly in relation to biotech crops.