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Pipe Line Transportation Of Heavy Oil In Water Emulsion
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Book Synopsis Pipe-line Transportation of Heavy Oil-in-water Emulsion by : Vickneswaran Nagaratnam
Download or read book Pipe-line Transportation of Heavy Oil-in-water Emulsion written by Vickneswaran Nagaratnam and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diverse factors affecting the viscosity of a viscous crude oil-in-water emulsion for pipeline transportation were studied. The factors that are taken into account is effect of oil content, type and concentration of the surfactant, and speed of mixing, Agent in water method is used in the preparation of oil in water emulsions. The oil content ratio used in this study is 50-50, 70-30, and 90-10 by volume. Different surfactants, namely Triton X-100, Span 80 and Tween 80 are used to determine the best surfactant to emulsify heavy oil. The speed of mixing used in this study is 1000rpm, 1500rpm and 2000rpm. This study is conducted in room temperature. Amine functional group demulsifier are used to study the destabilization of heavy oil in water emulsions. The demulsifier used in this study is hexylamine and dioctylamine. The viscosity of the oil in water emulsion was found to decrease as the oil content of the emulsion decreased, and the speed of mixing decreased. The stability of the crude oil-in-water emulsions increases as the oil content of the emulsions increases, the surfactant concentration increases, and the speed of mixing increases. Hexylamine remove more water over time in the destabilization process. Hence, hexylamine is a better demulsifier than dioctlamine. From this research it can be concluded that oil in water emulsion method can reduce the viscosity of heavy crude oil greatly.
Book Synopsis Pipeline Transportation of Heavy Crude Oil-in-water Emulsion by : Liyana Nadirah Mat Suli
Download or read book Pipeline Transportation of Heavy Crude Oil-in-water Emulsion written by Liyana Nadirah Mat Suli and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing world energy demand, heavy crude oils represent a significant energy supply that will play an important role. However these petroleum products are known to present technical challengers in all phase operation which is reservoir, transportation, and refining. The crude oil has high viscosity that would be challenge and difficult to transport via pipeline. This researched focus on two parts, first factors that effect stability of crude oil in water during transportation part. Second part is breaking oil in water emulsions. These investigations used 4 different types of surfactant to study stability part, and two types of demulsifiers for breaking the emulsion. The result showed increasing of oil content, the speed and temperature mixing of the emulsion resulted in increased emulsion stability. Span 80 is the most stable emulsifier for emulsion stability compared to the other surfactant. The graph plot between shear rate and shear stress shows the behavior of the crude oil. Demulsification of the stable crude oil in water emulsion was achieved by using hexylamine with 2% concentration which is the best demusifier.
Book Synopsis Pipeline Transportation for Heavy Crude Oil Via Oil-in-Water Emulsions by : Abdurahman Nour
Download or read book Pipeline Transportation for Heavy Crude Oil Via Oil-in-Water Emulsions written by Abdurahman Nour and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the combination of an increase in world energy demand and the decline of conventional oils, heavy crude oils have been presented as a relevant hydrocarbons resource for use in the future. Hydrocarbon resources are very important given that they account for approximately 65% of the world's overall energy resources. Currently, there are three general approaches for transportation of heavy and extra heavy oil: viscosity reduction, drag minimization and in-situ oil upgrading. This book introduces Another promising pipeline technique is the transport of viscous crudes as concentrated oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions.
Book Synopsis Characterization, Demulsification and Transportation of Heavy Crude Oil by : Abdurahman H. Nour
Download or read book Characterization, Demulsification and Transportation of Heavy Crude Oil written by Abdurahman H. Nour and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-02 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stable concentrated oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and their application for heavy oil pipeline transportation was investigated using very viscous Malaysian heavy crude oil. Two Malaysian heavy crude oil samples, Tapis and a blend of Tapis and Masilla, were used to produce heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions. The diverse factors affecting the properties and stability of emulsions were investigated. There was a restricted limit of 68 vol. % and 72 vol. % for crude oil content in the emulsions, and beyond that limit, the emulsion underwent phase inversion. The study revealed that the stability of the oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by Triton X-100 increases as the surfactant concentration increases, with a subsequent decrease in the crude oil-water interfacial tension (IFT). Increasing the oil content, the speed and duration of mixing, the salt concentration and the pH of the aqueous phase of the emulsion; resulted in increased emulsion stability, while increases in the temperature of the homogenization process substantially reduced the viscosity of the prepared emulsions.
Book Synopsis Optimized Heavy Oil-in-water Emulsions for Flow in Pipelines by : Nabijan Nizamidin
Download or read book Optimized Heavy Oil-in-water Emulsions for Flow in Pipelines written by Nabijan Nizamidin and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 714 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oilfield operations such as drilling, reservoir management, and production require the injection and/or production of complex fluids to improve the extraction of crude oils. Some of these complex fluids such as drilling muds, fracking fluids, foams, emulsions, surfactants, and polymers, fall under the classification of colloidal suspensions which is one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles suspended throughout another substance. These colloidal suspensions show complex rheological properties that are dependent on the suspension properties, flow conditions, and flow conduit dimensions. Rheology of colloidal suspensions is a complex subject that is still being investigated. The focus of this study is on heavy oil-in-water emulsions. Heavy oil and bitumen resources account for approximately 70% of the remaining oil discovered to date in the world. Heavy crude oils are costly to produce, transport, and refine compared to light crude oils due to the high viscosity of heavy crude oils. To improve the economic viability of producing heavy oils, especially in a time with low crude oil prices, operational expenses must be reduced. One of the main areas to improve is the cost associated with transporting produced heavy oils from production wells to refineries. Currently, heavy oils are diluted with low viscosity diluents such as condensates and light crude oils to lower the mixture viscosity below 350 cSt before heavy oils can be transported through pipelines. The diluted mixtures require up to 50% (vol.) diluents to lower the heavy oil viscosity. High demand and low supply of condensates and constrained pipeline capacities have resulted in pipeline transportation costs of up to $22/bbl of diluted heavy oil from Canada to refineries in the U.S. An alternative method of transporting heavy oils is to transport heavy oils in an emulsified form, heavy oil-in-water emulsions, which can show orders of magnitude lower viscosities compared to the viscosity of heavy oils. In this study, a simple, one-step method of preparing heavy oil-in-water emulsions was developed. The physical properties of heavy oil-in-water emulsions are controlled and modified by optimizing the chemical formulation used to prepare emulsions. Stable heavy oil-in-water emulsions can be prepared with chemical formulations that are tailored to the type of heavy oils and available water sources which can range from freshwater to softened seawater. The rheology of heavy oil-in-water emulsions has been characterized with a rotational viscometer. Heavy oil-in-water emulsions, especially concentrated emulsions, showed complex rheological properties such as shear thinning behavior, two-step yield stresses, two-step wall slips, and rheopexy. A rheological equation and a wall slip equation have been developed to model the rheology of heavy oil-in-water emulsions over a range of shear rates and flow conduit dimensions. Heavy oil-in-water emulsions characterized with capillary tube viscometers showed drastically different viscosity measurements compared to the viscosity measurements obtained with a rotational viscometer. This is important because the flow of emulsions in pipelines are similar to the flow of emulsions in capillary tube viscometers, not rotational viscometers. The lower viscosities measured with capillary tube viscometers are attributed to oil droplet migration away from the tube walls due to the shear heterogeneity observed in Poiseuille (tube) flow. A scaling equation was proposed to relate the viscosity measurements of emulsions with a rotation viscometer to the viscosity measurements of emulsions with capillary tube viscometers. The rheological measurements of heavy oil-in-water emulsions are used to estimate the flow of emulsions in crude oil pipelines with various radii. Viscosity measurements of optimized heavy oil-in-water emulsions with a rotational viscometer showed that heavy oil-in-water emulsions with up to 75% dispersed heavy oil can be successfully transported in crude oil pipelines. Adding the effect of oil droplet migration measured with capillary tube viscometers, heavy oil-in-water emulsions with up to 85-90% dispersed heavy oil can be successfully transported in crude oil pipelines. The cost of chemicals used to prepare 85% heavy oil-in-water emulsion is approximately $1-3/bbl of emulsion. Heavy oil-in-water emulsions also showed drag reduction properties which can significantly increase the maximum flow capacity of crude oil pipelines. Transporting heavy oils as concentrated heavy oil-in-water emulsions appeared to be a competitive if not a better method of lowering heavy oil viscosity compared to the diluent method in terms of cost and flow performance in pipelines.
Book Synopsis Study on Wax Deposition of Heavy Crude Oil in Pipeline Transportation by Using Oil in Water Emulsion Method by : Nor Salwani Ismail
Download or read book Study on Wax Deposition of Heavy Crude Oil in Pipeline Transportation by Using Oil in Water Emulsion Method written by Nor Salwani Ismail and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pipeline Transportation of a Colombian Crude Oil as an Oil-in-water Emulsion by : Hugo O. Gonzales
Download or read book Pipeline Transportation of a Colombian Crude Oil as an Oil-in-water Emulsion written by Hugo O. Gonzales and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Enhancement of Flow in Pipeline Transportation for Crude Oil Emulsion by : Sue Ann Khoo
Download or read book Enhancement of Flow in Pipeline Transportation for Crude Oil Emulsion written by Sue Ann Khoo and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents the flow enhancement of crude oil in pipeline transportation using emulsion. High viscosity and low pour point of crude oil often hinder transportation from processing wells to the enhanced oil recovery reservoir. Therefore, a stable oil-in-water emulsion is desired, by comparing different types of surfactant. Demulsification process too is necessary to separate the oil in water. Emulsion was prepared using Span 80, Span 83, and Triton X-100 each respectively in a ratio of 70-30% o/w and 50-50% o/w. Parameters include varying mixing speed in emulsion preparation, temperature and rheological properties of the emulsion were studied by carrying out stability tests. Interfacial properties such as surface tension and interfacial tension of the emulsion were also measured. The effect of droplet diameter with surfactant concentration in the emulsion was also studied. The most stable emulsion was used for transportation in a 3meter pipeline. Rheological data on the emulsion was used to correlate to the laminar flow during transportation. Three demulsifiers: dioctylamine, cocoamine, hexylamine were used to compare for their effectiveness in demulsification. The study reveals that the stability of o/w emulsion increases when an anionic surfactant, Span 83, was used. By increasing the oil content, the speed and mixing temperature resulted in an increased emulsion stability, and a reduced droplet diameter. Dioctylamine proved to be the best demulsifier among cocoamine and hexylamine.
Book Synopsis Effects of Produced Sand on Short Distance Pipeline Transportation of Heavy Oil in Water Emulsions: SRC Pipeloop Test Results by : R. Gillies
Download or read book Effects of Produced Sand on Short Distance Pipeline Transportation of Heavy Oil in Water Emulsions: SRC Pipeloop Test Results written by R. Gillies and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Flow Enhancement in Pipeline Transportation for Heavy Crude Oil Emulsion by : Nurul Hafiza Norden
Download or read book Flow Enhancement in Pipeline Transportation for Heavy Crude Oil Emulsion written by Nurul Hafiza Norden and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Surfactants by : Laurier Lincoln Schramm
Download or read book Surfactants written by Laurier Lincoln Schramm and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-03-23 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2000 book provides an introduction to the nature, occurrence, physical properties, propagation, and uses of surfactants in the petroleum industry.
Book Synopsis Processing of Heavy Crude Oils by : Ramasamy Marappa Gounder
Download or read book Processing of Heavy Crude Oils written by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-18 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Wax Deposition written by Zhenyu Huang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-03-09 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wax Deposition: Experimental Characterizations, Theoretical Modeling, and Field Practices covers the entire spectrum of knowledge on wax deposition. The book delivers a detailed description of the thermodynamic and transport theories for wax deposition modeling as well as a comprehensive review of laboratory testing for the establishment of appropr
Book Synopsis Encyclopedic Handbook of Emulsion Technology by : Johan Sjoblom
Download or read book Encyclopedic Handbook of Emulsion Technology written by Johan Sjoblom and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-03-16 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A discussion of fundamental characteristics, theories and applications for liquid-liquid colloidal dispersions. It profiles experimental and traditional measurement techniques in a variety of emulsified systems, including rheology, nuclear magnetic resonance, dielectric spectroscopy, microcalorimetry, video enhanced microscopy, and conductivity.
Book Synopsis Crude Oil Emulsions by : Manar Abdel-Raouf
Download or read book Crude Oil Emulsions written by Manar Abdel-Raouf and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-03-02 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Petroleum "black gold" is the most important nonrenewable source of energy. It is a complex mixture of different phases and components. Refining it provides a vast number of organic compounds, all of them of which are used to produce petroleum based products for numerous applications, from industry to medicine, from clothing to food industries. We can find petroleum based products all around us. This book deals with some important topics related to petroleum such as its chemical composition and stability. It is well-known that the chemical composition of crude oil differs according to the site of production, and its grade varies from waxy to asphaltenic crude. Both of them are refined to produce different products. The stability of crude oil on aging and transportation is governed by several factors and these factors are included within this book. Some new technologies for petroleum characterization are also introduced. This book is aimed at researchers, chemical engineers and people working within the petroleum industry.
Book Synopsis Petroleum Engineering Handbook by : Larry W. Lake
Download or read book Petroleum Engineering Handbook written by Larry W. Lake and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 930 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Petroleum Engineering Handbook has long been recognized as a valuable comprehensive reference book that offers practical day-to-day applications for students and experienced engineering professionals alike. Available now in 7 Volumes, Volume 1 covers General Engineering topics including chapters on mathematics, fluid properties (fluid sampling techniques; properties and correlations of oil, gas, condensate, and water; hydrocarbon phase behavior and phase diagrams for hydrocarbon systems; the phase behavior of water/hydrocarbon systems; and the properties of waxes, asphaltenes, and crude oil emulsions), rock properties (bulk rock properties, permeability, relative permeability, and capillary pressure), the economic and regulatory environment, and the role of fossil energy in the 21st century energy mix.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309380103 Total Pages :167 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (93 download)
Book Synopsis Spills of Diluted Bitumen from Pipelines by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Spills of Diluted Bitumen from Pipelines written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-03-22 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diluted bitumen has been transported by pipeline in the United States for more than 40 years, with the amount increasing recently as a result of improved extraction technologies and resulting increases in production and exportation of Canadian diluted bitumen. The increased importation of Canadian diluted bitumen to the United States has strained the existing pipeline capacity and contributed to the expansion of pipeline mileage over the past 5 years. Although rising North American crude oil production has resulted in greater transport of crude oil by rail or tanker, oil pipelines continue to deliver the vast majority of crude oil supplies to U.S. refineries. Spills of Diluted Bitumen from Pipelines examines the current state of knowledge and identifies the relevant properties and characteristics of the transport, fate, and effects of diluted bitumen and commonly transported crude oils when spilled in the environment. This report assesses whether the differences between properties of diluted bitumen and those of other commonly transported crude oils warrant modifications to the regulations governing spill response plans and cleanup. Given the nature of pipeline operations, response planning, and the oil industry, the recommendations outlined in this study are broadly applicable to other modes of transportation as well.
