Picasso's War

Download Picasso's War PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hol Art Books
ISBN 13 : 1936102250
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (361 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Picasso's War by : Russell Martin

Download or read book Picasso's War written by Russell Martin and published by Hol Art Books. This book was released on 2012-02 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The destruction of a town, and the creation of a masterpiece--On April 26, 1937, in the late afternoon of a busy market day in the Basque town of Gernika in northern Spain, the German Luftwaffe began the relentless bombing and machine-gunning of buildings and villagers at the request of General Francisco Franco and his rebel forces. Three-and-a-half hours later, the village lay in ruins, its population decimated. This act of terror and unspeakable cruelty--the first intentional, large-scale attack against a nonmilitary target in modern warfare--outraged the world and one man in particular, Pablo Picasso. The renowned artist, an expatriate living in Paris, reacted immediately to the devastation in his homeland by creating the canvas that would become widely considered one of the greatest artworks of the twentieth century--Guernica. Weaving themes of conflict and redemption, of the horrors of war and of the power of art to transfigure tragedy, Russell Martin follows this monumental work from its fevered creation through its journey across decades and continents--from Europe to America and, finally and triumphantly, to democratic Spain. Full of historical sweep and deeply moving drama, Picasso's War delivers an unforgettable portrait of a painting, the dramatic events that led to its creation, and its ongoing power today.

Picasso's War

Download Picasso's War PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 0451498496
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (514 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Picasso's War by : Hugh Eakin

Download or read book Picasso's War written by Hugh Eakin and published by Crown. This book was released on 2023-09-26 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A riveting story of how dueling ambitions and the power of prodigy made America the cultural center of the world—and Picasso the most famous artist alive—in the shadow of World War II “[Eakin] has mastered this material. . . . The book soars.”—The New York Times Book Review (Editors’ Choice) ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: Vanity Fair, The New York Times Book Review, The New Yorker In January 1939, Pablo Picasso was renowned in Europe but disdained by many in the United States. One year later, Americans across the country were clamoring to see his art. How did the controversial leader of the Paris avant-garde break through to the heart of American culture? The answer begins a generation earlier, when a renegade Irish American lawyer named John Quinn set out to build the greatest collection of Picassos in existence. His dream of a museum to house them died with him, until it was rediscovered by Alfred H. Barr, Jr., a cultural visionary who, at the age of twenty-seven, became the director of New York’s new Museum of Modern Art. Barr and Quinn’s shared goal would be thwarted in the years to come—by popular hostility, by the Depression, by Parisian intrigues, and by Picasso himself. It would take Hitler’s campaign against Jews and modern art, and Barr’s fraught alliance with Paul Rosenberg, Picasso’s persecuted dealer, to get Picasso’s most important paintings out of Europe. Mounted in the shadow of war, the groundbreaking exhibition Picasso: Forty Years of His Art would launch Picasso in America, define MoMA as we know it, and shift the focus of the art world from Paris to New York. Picasso’s War is the never-before-told story about how a single exhibition, a decade in the making, irrevocably changed American taste, and in doing so saved dozens of the twentieth century’s most enduring artworks from the Nazis. Through a deft combination of new scholarship and vivid storytelling, Hugh Eakin shows how two men and their obsession with Picasso changed the art world forever.

Picasso's Guernica After Rubens's Horrors of War

Download Picasso's Guernica After Rubens's Horrors of War PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Picasso's Guernica After Rubens's Horrors of War by : Alice Doumanian Tankard

Download or read book Picasso's Guernica After Rubens's Horrors of War written by Alice Doumanian Tankard and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

War and the Cosmos in Picasso's Texts, 1936-1940

Download War and the Cosmos in Picasso's Texts, 1936-1940 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 0595399002
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis War and the Cosmos in Picasso's Texts, 1936-1940 by : Lydia Gasman

Download or read book War and the Cosmos in Picasso's Texts, 1936-1940 written by Lydia Gasman and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2007-04 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vert ciel ciel ciel ciel vert vert ciel ciel ciel ciel noir vert vert ciel marron ciel ciel ciel noir noir noir noir blanc blanc noir vert marron ciel ciel cahce dans ses poches ses mains la nuit ciel aloes fleur ciel cobalt de corde livre de chevet ciel Coeur eventual violet ciel robe de soir bouquet de violettes violet violet ciel Pierre de lune ciel noir vert ciel marron roué de fue d'artifice perle ciel noir jaune vert citronnier noir ciseaux ombre jaune neige vert marron crème remplie d'eau-de-vie un vol de canaries bleu vert noir loup ciel ciel ciel jaune linge brodé vert nuit ciel soufre blanc plat d'argent terre labourée ciel ciel blane ciel ciel ciel blanc ciel ciel ciel ciel blanc blanc ciel bleu bleu bleu

Guernica

Download Guernica PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1408841487
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Guernica by : Gijs van Hensbergen

Download or read book Guernica written by Gijs van Hensbergen and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2013-01-03 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The remarkable story of the famous painting by Picasso and its diverse meanings from its conception to the present day 'Enthralling ... This is high-action drama, told like the rest within a huge frame of reference, theme interlocked with theme ... A painting which began its life within a particular political context has emerged as a universal statement on the ever-present horror and suffering of war. Van Hensbergen has treated an extraordinary subject admirably' Evening Standard Of all the great paintings in the world, Picasso's Guernica has had a more direct impact on our consciousness than perhaps any other. In this absorbing and revealing book, Gijs van Hensbergen tells the story of this masterpiece. Starting with its origin in the destruction of the Basque town of Gernika in the Spanish Civil War, the painting is then used as a weapon in the propaganda battle against Fascism. Later it becomes the nucleus of the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the detonator for the Big Bang of Abstract Expressionism in the late 1940s. This tale of passion and politics shows the transformation of this work of art into an icon of many meanings, up to its long contested but eventually triumphant return to Spain in 1981.

Picasso's Variations on the Masters

Download Picasso's Variations on the Masters PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Abrams
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Picasso's Variations on the Masters by : Susan Grace Galassi

Download or read book Picasso's Variations on the Masters written by Susan Grace Galassi and published by Abrams. This book was released on 1996 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout his life, Picasso turned to the work of earlier masters for inspiration, making paintings, drawings, and prints after their compositions. Susan Grace Galassi, a specialist on Picasso, discusses the most significant examples of these works

A Life of Picasso Volume II

Download A Life of Picasso Volume II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 1448112524
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Life of Picasso Volume II by : John Richardson

Download or read book A Life of Picasso Volume II written by John Richardson and published by Random House. This book was released on 2011-09-30 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John Richardson draws on the same combination of lively writing, critical astuteness, exhaustive research, and personal experience which made a bestseller out of the first volume and vividly recreates the artist's life and work during the crucial decade of 1907-17 - a period during which Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque invented Cubism and to that extent engendered modernism. Richardson has had unique access to untapped sources and unpublished material. By harnessing biography to art history, he has managed to crack the code of cubism more successfully than any of his predecessors. And by bringing a fresh light to bear on the artist's often too sensationalised private life, he has succeeded in coming up with a totally new view of this paradoxical man of his paradoxical work. Never before has Picasso's prodigious technique, his incisive vision and not least his sardonic humour been analysed with such clarity.

Candide 4

Download Candide 4 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ACTAR Publishers
ISBN 13 : 8492861835
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (928 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Candide 4 by : Axel Sowa

Download or read book Candide 4 written by Axel Sowa and published by ACTAR Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Candide is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to exploring the culture of knowledge specific to architecture. It is released twice a year in English and German. Each issue of Candide is made up of five distinct sections. This frame- work responds to the diversity of architectural knowledge being produced, while challenging authors from all disciplines to test a variety of genres in order to write about and represent architecture. "Essay" provides a forum for discussion of architectural knowledge, including both fundamental research into and speculative arguments on its nature. "Analysis" allows for in-depth examination of built form: how can the knowledge embodied in buildings be retrospectively extracted and creatively re-used? "Project" is directed at architects who see design as a theoretical tool: how can a specific design proposal become a model of thought? "Encounters" gives access to the personal knowledge of renowned, unjustly forgotten, or entirely unknown protagonists of architecture. "Fiction" reflects the editors' conviction that sometimes the imaginary may reveal more about architectural knowledge than science.

Picasso and the Painting That Shocked the World

Download Picasso and the Painting That Shocked the World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon & Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1476794227
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (767 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Picasso and the Painting That Shocked the World by : Miles J. Unger

Download or read book Picasso and the Painting That Shocked the World written by Miles J. Unger and published by Simon & Schuster. This book was released on 2019-03-26 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of The Christian Science Monitor’s Best Nonfiction Books of 2018 “An engrossing read…a historically and psychologically rich account of the young Picasso and his coteries in Barcelona and Paris” (The Washington Post) and how he achieved his breakthrough and revolutionized modern art through his masterpiece, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. In 1900, eighteen-year-old Pablo Picasso journeyed from Barcelona to Paris, the glittering capital of the art world. For the next several years he endured poverty and neglect before emerging as the leader of a bohemian band of painters, sculptors, and poets. Here he met his first true love and enjoyed his first taste of fame. Decades later Picasso would look back on these years as the happiest of his long life. Recognition came first from the avant-garde, then from daring collectors like Leo and Gertrude Stein. In 1907, Picasso began the vast, disturbing masterpiece known as Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. Inspired by the painting of Paul Cézanne and the inventions of African and tribal sculpture, Picasso created a work that captured the disorienting experience of modernity itself. The painting proved so shocking that even his friends assumed he’d gone mad, but over the months and years it exerted an ever greater fascination on the most advanced painters and sculptors, ultimately laying the foundation for the most innovative century in the history of art. In Picasso and the Painting That Shocked the World, Miles J. Unger “combines the personal story of Picasso’s early years in Paris—his friendships, his romances, his great ambition, his fears—with the larger story of modernism and the avant-garde” (The Christian Science Monitor). This is the story of an artistic genius with a singular creative gift. It is “riveting…This engrossing book chronicles with precision and enthusiasm a painting with lasting impact in today’s art world” (Publishers Weekly, starred review), all of it played out against the backdrop of the world’s most captivating city.

A Life of Picasso II: The Cubist Rebel

Download A Life of Picasso II: The Cubist Rebel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Knopf
ISBN 13 : 0375711503
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Life of Picasso II: The Cubist Rebel by : John Richardson

Download or read book A Life of Picasso II: The Cubist Rebel written by John Richardson and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2007-10-16 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the second volume of his Life of Picasso, Richardson reveals the young Picasso in the Baudelairean role of “the painter of modern life.” Never before have Picasso’s revolutionary vision, technical versatility, prodigious achievements, and, not least, his sardonic humor been analyzed with such clarity. Hence his great breakthrough painting, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, with which this book opens. As well as portraying Picasso as a revolutionary, Richardson analyzes the more compassionate side of his genius. The misogynist of posthumous legend turns out to have been surprisingly vulnerable—more often sinned against than sinning. Heartbroken at the death of his mistress Eva, Picasso tried desperately to find a wife. Richardson recounts the untold story of how his two great loves of 1915–17 successively turned him down. These disappointments, as well as his horror at the outbreak of World War I and the wounds it inflicted on his closest friends, Braque and Apollinaire, shadowed his painting and drove him off to work for the Ballets Russes in Rome and Naples—back to the ancient world. In this volume we see the artist’s life and work during the crucial decade of 1907–17, a period during which Picasso and Georges Braque devised what has come to be known as cubism and in doing so engendered modernism. Thanks to the author’s friendship with Picasso and some of the women in his life, as well as Braque and their dealer, D. H. Kahnweiler, and other associates, he has had access to untapped sources and unpublished material. In The Cubist Rebel, Richardson also introduces us to key figures in Picasso’s life who have been totally overlooked by previous biographers. Among these are the artist’s Chilean patron, collector, and mother figure, Eugenia Errázuriz, as well as two fiancées: the loveable Geneviève Laporte and the promiscuous bisexual painter Irène Lagut. By harnessing biography to art history, he has managed to crack the code of cubism more successfully than any of his predecessors. And by bringing fresh light to bear on the artist’s private life, he has succeeded in coming up with a new view of this paradoxical man and of his paradoxical work. Never before have Picasso’s revolutionary vision, technical versatility, prodigious achievements, and, not least, his sardonic humor been analyzed with such clarity.

The Religious Art of Pablo Picasso

Download The Religious Art of Pablo Picasso PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520276299
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Religious Art of Pablo Picasso by : Jane Dillenberger

Download or read book The Religious Art of Pablo Picasso written by Jane Dillenberger and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2014-04-17 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first critical examination of Pablo Picasso's use of religious imagery and the religious import of many of his works with secular subject matter. Though Picasso was an avowed atheist, his work employs spiritual themesÑand, often, traditional religious iconography. In five engagingly written, accessible chapters, Jane Daggett Dillenberger and John Handley address Picasso's cryptic 1930 painting of the Crucifixion; the artist's early life in the Catholic church; elements of transcendence in Guernica; Picasso's later, fraught relationship with the church, which commissioned him in the 1950s to paint murals for the Temple of Peace chapel in France; and the centrality of religious themes and imagery in bullfighting, the subject of countless Picasso drawings and paintings.

100 Pablo Picassos

Download 100 Pablo Picassos PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : duopress
ISBN 13 : 1938093399
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 100 Pablo Picassos by :

Download or read book 100 Pablo Picassos written by and published by duopress. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Did you know that Pablo Picasso created over 50,000 works of art in his lifetime? Or that he also wrote poetry? Did you know that his simple drawing of a dove became an international symbol of peace? Pablo Picasso is one of the most celebrated artists in the world, and this vibrant book shows his life in a remarkably original way. By featuring 100 illustrations of Pablo Picassos throughout the pages, young readers will explore the artist's life from his childhood to his major contributions to modern art, from his love for pets to his endless curiosity about life. The book also invites readers to count the Picassos all the way to 100, adding an educational element while discovering the life and work of the great Pablo Picasso. Guided Reading Level: N3

The Success and Failure of Picasso

Download The Success and Failure of Picasso PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307794245
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Success and Failure of Picasso by : John Berger

Download or read book The Success and Failure of Picasso written by John Berger and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2011-12-21 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the height of his powers, Pablo Picasso was the artist as revolutionary, breaking through the niceties of form in order to mount a direct challenge to the values of his time. At the height of his fame, he was the artist as royalty: incalculably wealthy, universally idolized−and wholly isolated. In this stunning critical assessment, John Berger−one of this century's most insightful cultural historians−trains his penetrating gaze upon this most prodigious and enigmatic painter and on the Spanish landscape and very particular culture that shpaed his life and work. Writing with a novelist's sensuous evocation of character and detail, and drawing on an erudition that embraces history, politics, and art, Berger follows Picasso from his childhood in Malaga to the Blue Period and Cubism, from the creation of Guernica to the pained etchings of his final years. He gives us the full measure of Picasso's triumphs and an unsparing reckoning of their cost−in exile, in loneliness, and in a desolation that drove him, in his last works, into an old man's furious and desperate frenzy at the beauty of what he could no longer create.

Pleasure Wars: The Bourgeois Experience Victoria to Freud (The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud)

Download Pleasure Wars: The Bourgeois Experience Victoria to Freud (The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393318273
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (933 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pleasure Wars: The Bourgeois Experience Victoria to Freud (The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud) by : Peter Gay

Download or read book Pleasure Wars: The Bourgeois Experience Victoria to Freud (The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud) written by Peter Gay and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 1999-01-17 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concluding volume in Peter Gay's magisterial study of the European and American middle classes from the 1820s to the outbreak of World War I. Photos.

Picasso's Guernica

Download Picasso's Guernica PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780520060432
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Picasso's Guernica by : Herschel Browning Chipp

Download or read book Picasso's Guernica written by Herschel Browning Chipp and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A brilliant analysis of the picture and the situations of its creation. Rarely, if ever, have I read an account that was more satisfying. It is written in the most clear, concise, and elegant fashion with no wasted words or self-consciously elegant prose. Chipp beautifully documents Picasso's personality and attitudes toward his work, his personal relationships, and his political beliefs. This book is, in many ways, a neat and compact introduction to Picasso as a human being as well as an artist."--Edward J. Sullivan, New York University

A Life of Picasso IV: The Minotaur Years

Download A Life of Picasso IV: The Minotaur Years PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Knopf
ISBN 13 : 0525656758
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (256 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Life of Picasso IV: The Minotaur Years by : John Richardson

Download or read book A Life of Picasso IV: The Minotaur Years written by John Richardson and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The beautifully illustrated fourth volume of Picasso’s life—set in France and Spain during the Spanish Civil War and World War II—covers friendships with the surrealist painters; artistic inspiration around Guernica and the Minotaur; and his muses Marie-Thérèse, Dora Maar, and Françoise Gilot; and much more. Including 271 stunning illustrations and drawing on original and exhaustive research from interviews and never-before-seen material in the Picasso family archives, this book opens with a visit by the Hungarian-French photographer Brassaï to Picasso’s chateau in Normandy, Boisgeloup, where he would take his iconic photographs of the celebrated plaster busts of Marie-Thérèse, Picasso’s mistress and muse. Picasso was contributing to André Breton’s Minotaur magazine and he was also spending more time with the likes of Man Ray, Salvador Dalí, Lee Miller, and the poet Paul Éluard, in Paris as well as in the south of France. It was during this time that Picasso began writing surrealist poetry and became obsessed with the image of himself as the mythic Minotaur—head of a bull, body of a man—and created his most famous etching, Minotauromachie. Richardson shows us the artist is as prolific as ever, painting Marie-Thérèse, but also painting the surrealist photographer Dora Maar who has become a muse, a collaborator and more. In April 1937, the bombing of the town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War inspires Picasso’s vast masterwork of the same name, which he paints in just a few weeks for the Spanish Pavilion at the Paris World’s Fair. When the Nazis occupy Paris in 1940, Picasso chooses to remain in the city despite the threat that his art would be confiscated. In 1943, Picasso meets Françoise Gilot who would replace Dora, and as Richardson writes, “rejuvenate his psyche, reawaken his imagery and inspire a brilliant sequence of paintings.” As always, Richardson tells Picasso’s story through his work during this period, analyzing how it shows what the artist was feeling and thinking. His fascinating and accessible narrative immerses us in one of the most exciting moments in twentieth century cultural history, and brings to a close the definitive and critically acclaimed account of one of the world’s most celebrated artists.

Picasso and Truth

Download Picasso and Truth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691157413
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Picasso and Truth by : T. J. Clark

Download or read book Picasso and Truth written by T. J. Clark and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-05-26 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Picasso and Truth" offers a breathtaking and original new look at the most significant artist of the modern era. From Pablo Picasso's early "The Blue Room" to the later "Guernica", eminent art historian T. J. Clark offers a striking reassessment of the artist's paintings from the 1920s and 1930s. Why was the space of a room so basic to Picasso's worldview? And what happened to his art when he began to feel that room-space become too confined--too little exposed to the catastrophes of the twentieth century? Clark explores the role of space and the interior, and the battle between intimacy and monstrosity, in Picasso's art. Based on the A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts delivered at the National Gallery of Art, this lavishly illustrated volume remedies the biographical and idolatrous tendencies of most studies on Picasso, reasserting the structure and substance of the artist's work. With compelling insight, Clark focuses on three central works--the large-scale "Guitar and Mandolin on a Table" (1924), "The Three Dancers" (1925), and "The Painter and His Model" (1927)--and explores Picasso's answer to Nietzsche's belief that the age-old commitment to truth was imploding in modern European culture. Masterful in its historical contextualization, "Picasso and Truth" rescues Picasso from the celebrity culture that trivializes his accomplishments and returns us to the tragic vision of his art--humane and appalling, naive and difficult, in mourning for a lost nineteenth century, yet utterly exposed to the hell of Europe between the wars.